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Class 1
6. The second reaction in Glycolysis (an isomerase) is written backwards in this problem (which
makes the real answers different than that in the textbook), it should be:
Glucose-6-phosphate Fuctose-6-phosphate
Keq = 0.508
This is an aldose ketose. Think about this reaction: one ring structure going to another.
a. What is the Go ?
Note: this is different from the answer in the text which was calculated from the reverse
of the glycolytic pathway.
c. Why are Go and G different? One is under standard conditions, the other, G is the
actual G in the conditions that either are artificial (in this case) or natural in the cell with the
actual concentrations of metabolites in the cell. This is what we will look at to see the actual
thermodynamics of whole metabolic pathways.
Go = -7.3 kJ/mole
Creatine + Pi
b. ATP + H2O
Fructose + Pi
Go = 30.5 kJ/mole
ATP + H2O
Go = -43.0 kJ/mole
ADP + Pi
14. This problem is just like problem 6 above. Do it and get the answers which is for the G in the
cell: -13 kJ/mole. You need to use the RT at 37oC which is 2.58 kJ/mole and not that much different
from that at 25oC, but use the right one anyhow.
19. Daily use of ATP by Human Adults. First of all, the calculation of the G of ATP synthesis from
known concentrations of the substrates and products in a liver cell at 37 oC. Then we can calculate
the weight of ATP used each day in a 150 pound human (68 kg).
a. The G. Data: Go of ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 kJ/mole and just the opposite sign for
synthesis. In liver cell: [ATP] = 3.5 mM, [ADP] = 1.5 mM, and [P i] = 5.0 mM.
So for the synthesis: ADP + Pi ATP + H2O
G = Go + RT lnQ
[0.0035 M ]
[ 0.0015 M ] [0.005 M ]
c. That is certainly not the mass in your cells, but the metabolic flux is rather rapid (even
though the total amount/day is large) keeping the concentrations low, in the mM range.
20. Rates of turnover of the and phosphates of ATP. Here the data is about having 32P labeled
ATP in either the -phosphate or the middle, -phosphate (the -phosphate is ester linked to ribose
carbon 5) and then measuring the radioactivity in the cells inorganic fraction as P i. Data: shows that
rapidly the -phosphate occurs in the inorganic fraction, and the -phosphate is slower entering the
inorganic fraction. This is because there are many reactions that use ATP energy in the -to- acid
anhydride bond (ATP ADP + Pi). There are reactions that use the other ATP acid anyhydride bond
(ATP AMP + PPi) between the -to- phosphates. See the next question. The pyrophosphate (PP i)
that is formed is then converted to 2 Pi by the enzyme pyrophosphatase.
Class 2
24. The mitochondrial electron transport pathway from NADH to oxygen, the overall equation is
simple:
NADH + H+ + O2 NAD+ + H2O
Here is Table 13-7 standard reduction potential of some half cells (half reactions)
c. About how many ATPs can this generate given it costs 52 kJ/mole to make ATP in the
mitochondrion? Easy, 220 kJ/mole / 52 kJ/mole = ~4 (4.2 would be wrong, you cant have
part of an ATP !
25. What is the E with different concentration of NAD + and NADH? Basic thermo calculations from:
E = E o +
RT
nF
ln (
[electron acceptor]
[electrondonor ] )
Lets first make this simple, and get one number for
RT
nF
2.48 kJ /mole
kJ
2 x 96.5
vmole
= 0.013 v.
26. Making a list of increasing tendency to accept electrons (check Table 13-7 above).
-ketoglutarate < NADP+ < oxaloacetate < O2
-0.38v
< 0.82v
27. Just for fun! Which would likely go in the direction shownjust reading Table 13-7
Reaction
Malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH
Acetoacetate + NADH -OH-butyrate + NAD+
Pyruvate + NADH Lactate + NAD+
Pyruvate + -OH-butyrate Lactate + acetoacetate
Malate + Pyruvate oxaloacetate + Lactate
Acetaldehyde + succinate ethanol + fumarate
Eo
-0.154v
-0.026v
0.135v
0.161v
-0.019v
-0.228v