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Chapter 4
Health
Topic Outcomes
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Content
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4.0 Health
4.1 Introduction to health aspects at work
4.2 Effects on hazardous substances
4.3 Introduction to toxicology
4.4 Introduction to physical hazard noise,
vibration
4.5 Introduction to environmental health
4.6 Awareness of regulation relating to safety
and health
3
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Importance:
i.
Productivity
ii.
Contribute to sustainable
development
iii. Employability
iv. Public health
Hazardous Substances
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ii.
iii.
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Toxicology Agent
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Entry Organ
Ingestion
Mouth or
stomach
Inhalation
Mouth or
nose
Injection
Cuts in skin
Dermal
Absorption
Skin
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Method of Control
Enforcement of rules on
eating, drinking and
smoking
Ventilation, respirators,
hoods and other personal
protective equipment
Proper protective
clothing
Proper protective
clothing
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1. Form
~ Cr3+ is relatively non-toxic whereas
Cr6+ causes skin or nasal corrosion
and lung cancer. *Chromium (oxidation states +3 and +6)
is described with complex ions
with water, ammonia and chloride ion
Toxicology Dosage,
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dose-time relationship
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3. Exposure route
~ ingested chemicals, when absorbed
from the intestine*, distribute first to
the liver and may be immediately
detoxified
~ inhaled toxicants immediately enter the
general blood circulation and can
distribute throughout the body prior to
being detoxified by the liver
*usus
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4. Selective toxicity/Species
~ an insecticide* is lethal (cause
death) to insects but relatively
non-toxic to animals
~ antibiotics are selectively toxic
to microorganisms while virtually
non-toxic to humans
*An insecticide is a chemical used against insects
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6. Sex
~ male rats are 10 times more sensitive
than females to liver damage from DDT*
~ female rats are twice as sensitive to
parathion as male rats
*DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is an organochlorine insecticide
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7. Ability to be absorbed
~ ethanol is readily absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract* but
poorly absorbed through the skin
~ organic mercury is readily absorbed
from the gastrointestinal tract;
inorganic lead sulfate is not
*The human gastrointestinal tract is the stomach and intestine,
sometimes including all the structures from the mouth to the anus
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8. Metabolism
~ Detoxification is the process by
which a xenobiotic* is converted to
a less toxic form
~ Bioactivities is the process by
which a xenobiotic may be converted
to more reactive or toxic forms.
*a chemical compound as a drug, pesticide, or carcinogen
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9. Distribution
~ Fat tissue, liver, kidney, and
bone are the most common
storage depots.
~ Blood serves as the main avenue
for distribution. Lymph* also
distributes some materials.
*Lymph is clear or white fluid that travels through vessels, moves
within tissues and work to keep all the parts of the body clean
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Toxicology Effects
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NOISE
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Sound or Noise?
What is Noise?
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Action level 85 dB
Continuous sound should not
more than 90dB
Impulse Noise should not more
than 140 dB
Noise Dosimeters
Mobile/variable noise
sources
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Effect of Noise
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*Tinnitus is a term that describes any sound that a person can hear that comes
from inside the body rather than from an outside source
NOISE CONTROL
Common City Sounds Decibels (dBA)
quiet home
20
normal talking
40
ringing telephone
60
air conditioner
75
*Sustained exposure to noise over 90
decibels can cause permanent hearing
loss.
shouting
subway train
honking horns
jack hammers
loud music
jet take-off
100
120
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Effect of Noisecont
Time-weighted average noise (TWAN) ~
determine if exposures are exceeded:
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=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
76%
75%
74%
76%
76%
75%
75%
76%
76%
76%
Note: The above Noise Doses are based on using the 80 dBA (Low)
threshold.
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80
32
85
16
90
95
100
105
110
0.5
115
0.25
120
0.125
125
0.063
130
0.031
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*TWAN 8 hours
25
80
50
85
100
90
200
95
400
100
*TWAN - Time Weighted Average Noise Levels shows a worker's daily exposure to
occupational noise (normalized to an 8 hour day), taking into account the average
levels of noise and the time spent in each area. This is the parameter that is used by
the OSHA Regulations and is essential in assessing a workers exposure and
what action should be taken
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3.0
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
10
0.4
11
0.3
12
0.2
Noise Control
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1, TWAN
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NOISE LEVEL
86 dB
86 dB
82 dB
78 dB
Tip: Use table 3 to estimate the differences in noise exposure. And table 1 to
make decision whether the worker expose to noise below /exceed the PEL
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8:00-10:00am
90 dBA
10:00-11:00am
95 dBA
11:00-12:30pm
75 dBA
12:30-1:30pm
85 dBA
1:30-2:00pm
95 dBA
2:00-4:00pm
90 dBA
Tip: Use table 1 to estimate the percentages in noise exposure. And table 2
to make decision whether the worker expose to noise below /exceed the PEL
Noise Control
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Attenuation* Method:
- Reducing sound intensity
- Porous mediums, air, insulator
- Used muffler or silencer
Noise Controlcont
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Engineering Control
- modification
or replacement of
equipment, or related physical change at
the noise source or along the
transmission path that reduces the noise
level at the employee's ear
- e.g: mufflers on heavy equipment
exhausts or on air release valves
Engineering Control
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Muffler
Silencer
Engineering Control
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Attenuation Method
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Attenuation Method
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Administrative Control
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Earmuffs
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Formable
Formable
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Good Fit
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Improper Fit
Vibration Hazard
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
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Radiation Hazard
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Two categories:
Ionizing Radiation
Radiation Hazard
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Non-ionizing Radiation
Adverse effects:
Light (Glare)
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Poor illumination:
Eye strain, headache, eye pain, congestion
around cornea and eye fatigue
Excessive brightness:
Discomfort, annoyance and visual fatigue
Intense direct glare*
Blurring of vision and lead to accidents
*Glare is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight
Heat
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Indirect effects:
o
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Cold
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*Loss of
feeling
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Dehydration.
4.
Frostbite.
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6. Hypothermia.
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Environmental health addresses all human-healthrelated aspects of both the natural environment
and the built environment. Environmental health
concerns include:
1.Air quality, including both ambient
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3.
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DOSH
Department of
Occupational
Safety and Health
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Descending
sequence
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PART I: PRELIMINARY
PART II: APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS
PART III:NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR OCC.
SAFETY AND HEALTH
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Where
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3. Meeting
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