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%!AB*CEDGFIHKJML@JMNOQPR SUTWVPSUNYXFINZJ[CEDGNZPUFITWO\J
]^_8`^badcfeIgMhji,kY^mln_8`!kYopiMq@iM^res tUcphetU^akY^Yi_8`^beIkYcKrui[eYivUwx_8qyeIi[eYcptqgMruhjizZ{(kY^Yi[|Yhui}auaucp`^
eIi~w!w@t@iMrkY^i,crjinajadieYi 3 m.s AZ t!_EtU^rkYi_Mi8r=tUcphnz{#opt@rjiMq@|ZlMhEtGrukhui,eIi 20 C z|ZiMkIr
ruhjiQ_8`^badcfeIlMhjlQ_8`q@q@iQ|tUhutUcKrnzU_ntUof_8kYopiMhopi;eIlMcrq(tajadcfkYi A ]^@eI`!^Y^YiQoptq(tajauiq@`oftUcphji/eIiQos tcKh*
A q@`o A
M = 29
v ATMFITPJ@PJnTWOJ8XjXMJNZDUNFINT 8DUVL@J@PSUNYXFINZJ[CEDGNZPUFITWO\J
^(opcpkYcfeIieYiq(tajadi*!`opkYq@cpkYi zans l}_8`!kYoKieYtU^akY^Yi_M`^eYkYcrji_Mopcp^eIhjcpkYies tUi=]z!t !in_QkY^i
eIcpadruhjcpYkIrucp`^ruhEtU^bad!iMhEautoKieIinaQcKruinajauina*eIioft[`hjqi@
1

air

v = v0 (1 r2 /r02 )
uz

` r inadr;oft_M``hEeI`^Y^lMihjt!eIcptoKii8r r opihEt `!^eIi=oft(_8`!^eIkYcKrui A


t!
hu`!kYinh/opi,eIlnYcr;q(t!auaucpkYiiM^9`!^_rjcK`!^9eIi z v i8r r A
bkYinoKopi=inadr;optcrjinajadi=q@`Gin^Y^Yi v eIkopcpkYcfeIi

_n`kY!iM=`!kanzYaut^aQ_MtUof_8ko zIrjhu`!kYinhos t_M_MlMoplMhEtGrjcK`!^es kY^Yi|thdrjcp_MkYopi=eYi=kYcfeIi

~ AB*CEDGFIHKJML@JMNOQ8TPUTWL@JMNYXTDUNNZJMH
i_EtUq@|eIicrjinajadies kY^ln_M`kYopiMq@in^!r;tos l}!kbtGrucp`^aukYcKGt^!rji(

v = A(x
u x y
u y)

t in_ A = 1 s A
t! s ln_M`kYopiMq@in^!r*i}arucpoadrjtGrjcK`!^Y^tcKhji

b i=bkYcpeYiinadrd\cKocp^_8`!q@|Yhui}auaucpYoKi
_n9`!^!rjhuinh*!kioKi}aQoKc ^Yi}a*eIi,_8`!kYhEtU^rQau`^r;eIi}a*|ZiMhjZ`opinaQkYio s `^9hjiM|YhjlnauiM^ruinhjt A
e]^(_8`!^adcfeIgnhuiQkY^Yi*|btUhurucf_8kYopi;eIiQkYcfeIi;aucrjkYlMi*in^ x = 1 i8r y = 1 {=o s cK^barEtU^r t = 0 AU `^Y^iMh
os l}!kbtGrucp`^eIioft[ruhEtGin_8ru`!cKhjieYi,_8i8rurui|thdrjcp_MkYopi Ab `q@|thuinh*t in_oft[opc ^YieIi,_M`kYhEtU^r A
i} tUof_8koKinh*optcrjinajadieIi,_Mi8rurui|thdrjcp_MkYoKieIikcpeIiin^9`^_8rucp`^eIkruiMq@| a AZ `!^_8opkaucK`!^
1

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
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%!A  MVTJ8N CEJ[P!J DGFJMOO\J


iMr=eIi@op`^ kYiMkh
z rj`kYhj^Yi@{#oftxcKrui}auauieYi % w(rj`kYhEa
^ _MoKcp^eIhjieYi[hEt `!^
|tUh#q@cp^kIruimtkIru`!kYhxes kYR^ =_M85mm
opcp^eIhji_8`!tUIcptoY Ilm{ kYl ^=60cm
oeIiru`!hjaucp`^ eIim_M`^adrjt^!rjieIiru`!hjaucp`^
A! s inau|t_Mi;tU^Y^kYoftUcphuiQeIi;oftUh inkYh d = 5mm inadr hjiMq@|YopceIi opI_8lnhucp^Yi*eIi*cpaj_8`adcKrul
C
cK^_M=`^Y1N.m.rad
^kYi A
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kYi,eIi=oft(_8``hEeI`^^YlMihjt!eIcftUopi aukYcp t^r;kY^Yiop`copcK^Yl}tUcphui@

v = ( + )
u

*I|YhjcKq@inh i8r iM^9`!^_rjcK`!^9eIi z iMr;optcrjinajadi,t^ koptcKhji A


b+*I|YhjcKq@inh*oKi,_M`kY|YopikYcans iMinhj_MiauRkYh*dopi,_8opcK^eYhui_8in^ruhEtU o A
_n- , os lnkYcpoKcpYhjiz os t^ opimeI`!^rxt ru`!kYhu^loK.i oeIiru`hEaucK`!^ GtkIr = 19, 8 A * ^ eIlneYkYcKhjioft
cpaj_8`adcKruleIi=oft opI_8lMhjcp^Yi A

v ASUNZCEJ0/#TWNZCEJ8N PGTJ12
`^aucpeYlMhj`^akY^YioftU^_Mi{[cp^_MiM^eIcpi,_8`!^Ycf!ki=eY`^r;o s tU^ opitkau`q@q@i8r*i}ar*rjhug}a/tUcpYoKi AY t(auin_8rucp`^
es in^ruhjlMi;|Z`!ajadg}eIi;kY^9eIcftUq@g8rjhui = 15cm iMr/_MiMopoKieIi au`hurucpi;kY^xeYcptqgMruhji = 5cm AI t,opt^_8i{
kY^Yi*op`^ kYiMkYh L = 1m A ]^(_8`!^adcfeIgnhui/o s ln_M`kYopiMq@in^!r k^YcpeYcKq@iM^badcp`^Y^iMoes kY^@kcpeIi*cp^_M`q@|YhjinajadcpYopi
i8r*|tUhutUcKr

v = v(x, t)
u
tcrjinajadies iM^ruhjlMi=GtUkYr
1

t
v(0, t) = v (1 exp( ))

` v = 5m.s iMr = 1s A
3+4Z
 = 1kg.L intUkZ
t! i=bkYcpeYil8rjt^rQcp^_M`q@|YhjinajadcpYopizIi8I|YhjcpqinhQoptcrjinajadi

v(x, t)

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
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SGNZCEJ /(TWN

jC JMNZPUTJ
b+*I|YhjcKq@inh*opt@cKruinajaui=eYi=au`hurucpi=i8r;hjiM|YhjlnauiM^rjiMh*ad`!^ hjt|YYi A
_n tUof_8koKinh*oKieIlnYcrad`!hdrEtU^r/op`hEaj!ki t  A
e+*I|YhjcKq@inh*o s t_n_8lMoplMhEtGrjcK`!^ a (x, t) A
i}+* ^eIl}eIkYcphuios ln`!oKkIrjcK`!^9eYioft|Yhjinajadcp`^eYtU^baQoptoftU^_Miop`hEaj!ki
j inoKiniMh*k^Yi_8`^rjhjt!eIcp_8rucp`^eYtU^baQoKi=q@`IeIgMopi A

t

j
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v AXMCMTWHWHKSGOTDGNX[PSUNYXFINOFjJ 
t^akY^rjkYbi(in^ eIi@adi}_rjcK`!^ s = 1 cm z `^m!iMhEadi
es i}tUk ^Y`!^qcfaj_8cpYoKit !in_oKiq@iMhE_8khui A

V1 = 10 cm3

eYiq@inhj_MkYhui[i8r

V2 = 5 cm3

Hg

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t! l8ruinhuq@cp^YiMho s ln_ntUhur h = z z in^ruhjiopina*aukYhut_MinaQopcKYhjina _ A c kYhji~! A


b9`!^!rjhuinhkYi@aucos `^ml}_Mthdrjiopi@auIarjgMq@i[eYi@au`^mlnkYcpoKcpYhjiz_8inoKkYcK_8cadiq@i8r{x`au_McKopopiMh={xkY^i
hjlnkYiM^b_8ikYio s `^9i8I|Yhjcpqinhjt `!^9iMhEtkYinopkYi}a*tU|Y|hu` Icpq@tUrucp`^a/aucKq@|Yopc Z_MtGrjhucf_8i}aj A
H2 O

Hg

~ A N /FJMNZCEJ,P!JHpSxCEDGL#ZVuJ8XEXT8TWH TWO (PR FINmH T8FITP!JXEFIVHpJ[CYSUL  PJZVuJ8XEXTDGN 2


]^ _8`!^adcfeIgnhui kY^ opcf!kcpeIi eIi5q(tajadi `opkYq@cf!ki z*tUk huin|b`aetU^aoKi _Etq| eIi hEt cKrjtUrucp`^
ruiMhjhjinadruhji g A ]^^Y`Urji P (x, y, z) opi=_EbtUq@|9eYi|Yhui}auaucp`^xin^kY^|b`!cK^r M (x, y, z) eYkx kcpeIi A
t! lMq@`^ruhjiMhQ{[|tUhurucph/eYios lnktGrjcK`!^xeIi t cpiMh ru`!inanzo s lnktUrucp`^xeYioft[adrjtUrucfkYieYinakYcfeIina
eYt^akY^@_EtUq@|@eIiQ|bi}aut^!rjiMkYh A ]^inhjtkY^(aj_EYlMq(t|Yhul}_8cfaut^ropinatGIi}a
iMr o s `hjc cp^Yi/eYk[hjiM|ZgMhji
A
(O, x, y, z)
b]^_8`!^aucpeIgnhui=opi,opcpkYcfeIicp^_8`!q|hui}auaucKoKi A * ^eIl}eIkYcphui,opi,_Etq|eIi|Yhui}auaucp`^9iM^ru`!kIr|Z`cp^r
eIkopcpkYcfeIi A ]^^Y`ruinhjt opt|Yhjinajadcp`^9{@opt@aukYhut_8i A
_n s `I_8l}tU^ /rjopt^!rjcpkYitGruruPiMcp^rkY^i[|Yhj`U`!^eIinkYhq(tGIcpq(tUopieIi h = 8605m {#oft(`!ajaui[eIicKoK
q(tUtkYajad!i=iMi@!`|YophjkYgnq@a,cpeIi(kYi `!hdrj` cp_M` Az top_MkYoKinhopt|hui}auaucKi8`!r ^5{_Mi8rurui#|Yhj`U`!^eIinkYh(`^ |YhjiM^beIhjt9kY^i
eopimopcpkYcfeIimi}ar9iM^ tU=cKr1opl kg/L
g nhuinq@iMg^=r_89,`!q@81|Ym.s
hui}auaucpYoKi A P`k=hx1os i}bar.
tUkz/`^ t = =
A ]^9^`Urui oftq@t!auaui=`!oKkYq@cfkYi=|b`!kYh P = P = 1 bar.
Pa
i}+ 4,*I4.10
|YhjcKq@inhoftq(t!auaui;`!oKkqcfkYi iM^#`!^_rjcK`!^xeIi z P i8r P `^_M`^aucfeIlMhjiMhEt=optruinq@|blnhjtU
rukhui,_M`^adrjt^!rji} AY cp^Ylnthucfadinos i8I|Yhjinajadcp`^9aut!_EtU^r*!ki|b`!kYh
`^t
A
j- * ^eIl}eIkYcphuiopi_EtUq@|eIi=|Yhjinajadcp`^{opt|Yhj`U`!^eIiMkh h A x  1 exp(x) 1 + x
kYinoiMhjhuinkYh*huinoptUrucpi=_8`!qq@iMrd\`^9|tUh*hEtU|Y|Z`hur*{[os inadrucpq@tUrucp`^eIi=oftkYi}arjcK`!^_nY
0

10

1 V
V P T

bADUVuCEJX,PJ ZVjJXEXTDGNmXEFIV=FIN EDUH


^xZ`o{opt,`hjqi=es kY^Yi=eIiMq@cK\au|YYgnhuieIihjt !`^ iMrQi}arQ_8`!q|oKgMruiMq@in^!rQhjiMq@|Yopc es kY^oKcfkYcfeIieYi
q@t!auaui`opkYq@cf!ki _8 A  kYhui A


j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
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t!'*I|YhjcKq@inhoft@`hE_8ieYi,|Yhjinajadcp`^ dF zZeIkYitUkkYcfeIi!zbkYcaMs i8IiMhE_8i,aukYhkY^Yi,t^eIi_8cphj_MkYoptcKhji


kYi,au`ka/kY^tU^ opi { d |Yhjgna A
b+ * ^eIl}eIkYcphuiofthul}adkYoKrjt^ruieIina/`!hj_Mina*eIi=|YhjinajaucK`!^ Ab `q@q@iM^ruinh*oKi=hjlnaukYoKrjtGr A
YATMFITPJ@J8NmVuDGOSGOTDGN 
i8r;eIi=eIcftUq@g8rjhui
zY_8`!^rucpiM^rQeYi
^bt_M`^x_Mopcp^eIhjcpkYi`kY!iMhurnzIeIitUkYruiMkh
o s intk#kajks {kY^Yi@tkIruinkYh h = 10 cm A ]h^m=tc40rrucm
`!kYhu^iMh=oKibt!_8`!^ tUkY2Rru`k=heI10i(cm
au`^5tGIit !in_opt
cKrui}auauitU^ kYoftUcphui A
e

uz
z

M
u

he

 !0"GHTWNZPGVjJJMNVuDUO\SUO TDUN(

t!_Mhucphuio s lnktUrucp`^i8I|Yhjcpq@t^ro s lnkYcpoKcpYhji IeIhu`arEtGrjcpkYi A ]^hjt|Y|ZiMopoKikYioptQ`!hj_Mi_8in^ruhjck i


ans iMinh ntU^r*{[k^Yi,eIcfarEtU^_Mi eIio s tGIiaukYh*kY^Yi=q(tajadi m zaMs ln_MhucKr f = m A
b l8ruinhuq@cp^YiMhoKi_Etq|eIi|YhjinajaucK`!^ P (, , z) A *^eYlneIkYcphjioft`hjq@ieIi=opt(aukYhut_8iopcKYhji A
_n+ * ^9ln_MhucpGtU^roft_M`^auiMhjGtGrucp`^eIioft,q(t!auauies intkzq@`^ruhjiMhQkYiopiopcf!kcpeIi=q@`^rjitUkYrjtU^r*adkh
opina*|thu`!cpaQks cKo^i,eIinaj_8in^etk_8iM^rjhui A
ekYinoKopi=inadr;optGtUopiMkYh;eYi kYios `!^|ZiMkIrtUrdrjiMcp^eIhji,aut^a/huin^!iMhEadinh/es i}tUk
2

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un



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A MNTWGJ8HWHpSGOTDGN PR FIN *JMFI J)(
 optoftGrjcrjkeIi A = 41 zk^ iMkY!i#eIi#oftUh inkYh d = 100 m _8`!kYoKi#eYk ;`hEe tUk ke {oftcrjinajadi
v = 5 km.h
t! tUof_8koKinhoft/`hE_8ieIi  
 df t cpajaut^raukYh
kY^,lMoplMq@in^!reIi q(tajadi aukY|Y|Z`!aul |b`!^_rjkYiMoW
A
dm = d
b  tcKhjik^ aj_EYlMq(t#!in_8ru`hjcpiMo
eYina`hE_8i}a;i8r=iM^5eIlneYkYcKhjioKi[^YcK!intkmes intUk iM^m_EbtkYi|Z`cp^r=eYi
oft#oftUh iMkh;eIioft(hjcKcpgMhji `!huq@ieIkm|Yopt^meIi[o s intkb q@`!^!rjhuinhkYi,opi^cK!intUkes i}tUkinadr|oKka
lMopiM!l=oKiop`^ es kY^Yi=hjcK!i Y_Mtop_MkYopiMh*ofteYlM^YcpinoKoftGrjcK`!^9_M`hjhui}ad|Z`^etU^rui A
A bSGVTSUO TDUN5PJ ZVjJXEXTDGN PSUNYXHKS(OVuD YDGX MVuJ 

]^mq@`IeIlMopcpauio s tGrjq`ad|YgMhji[|btUh=kY^ tU[|tUhutUcKreIi@q@t!auauiq`!optcKhji
eI`!^!r=oft
ruiMq@|ZlMhEtGrjkYhuiGthucpit in_=!ztUoKrucKrukbeIieIkopcKink A ]^`!adinhu!i T (z) = T M.(1 =az)29t g.mol
i}_ T = 293 K A
]^|YhjiM^beIhjt[kY^Yi|hui}auaucK`!^tkau`oz P = 1 atmA
t!]^ `badinhu!ik^YixeIl}_8hj`cfauajtU^_MieYi(ruinq|ZlMhEtGrjkYhjixeIi 6 C ru`kba,opina % www9q A *^ eIlneYkYcKhji(oft
GtUopiMkYh*^kYq@lnhucfkYieIi a A
b lMq@`^ruhjiMh[opt`hjqkYopixeI`!^Y^tU^ropi_EbtUq@| eIix|hui}auaucK`!^ {os tcpeIieIikYinopkYi}a,|b`ruYg}adi}a
kYios `!^|Yhjln_McpauiMhEt A
_nkYi=GtUkIr P (z = 4000 m) `q@|thuinh*t in_opiq`IeIgnoKieIios tGruq@`ad|YgMhjicfad`ruYinhuq@i A
e]^inkIr;q(tUcp^!rjiM^t^rkarjc biMhoft(eIl}_8hj`cfauajtU^_Miopcp^YlntcKhjieIi,oftruiMq@|ZlMhEtGrjkYhui,t !in_os torjcrjkeIi A
`^aukY|Y|Z`!auitoK`!hjaQkYi=oKi}a |thdrjcp_MkYopina eIikYcfeIina*aukYYcfajadin^!rQiM^ans lnoKin t^rQk^YieIl8rjiM^ruiteYcptU
tUrucf!ki*hulniMhEaucKYopi A cK^aucY|YhjinajaucK`!^i8rrjiMq@|ZlMhEtGrukhui*au`^r oKcplMi}a|tUh P T = P T t !in_
A `!^ruhjiMhtoK`!hja*kYi,_Mi,q@`eYgMopi|Yhuln`!cr;kY^ieIln_Mhu`!cpajajtU^_MiopcK^lntUcphji,eIiopt(ruiMq@|ZlMhEtG

ruk=hui,1,t !4in_o s tUoKrucKrukeYi A


i} tUof_8koKinh*optGtUopiMkYh;eYi a |YhulnkYi=|tUh;_Miq@`IeIgnoKi A

ic

air

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un

1
0
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oKi_Etq|eIicKruinajaui=ans ln_8hjcKr=

v = v(x, y, z)
u
t!' *I|YhjcKq@inh*o s t_n_8lMoplMhEtGrjcK`!^es kY^Yi|btUhurucf_8kYopieIi=kYcfeIi A
b9`!^!rjhuinhkYi(|Z`kYh[kY^ kYcfeIi#|thdtcr}zoft|Yhui}auaucp`^ GtUhjcKi#auiMop`^ opinaop`cfaeIi(os IeIhj`!adrjtUrucfkYi
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_n i8rurui,t @hjq(tGrjcK`!^i}aruinoKopi/karji|b`!kYh*kY^9kYcfeIicfaukYinkIx^Yi  ru`^cKin^
z

v A
NL(DnP 8HpJ[P!JCMHKJ bX PGVjJ 
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qin^rQhjl kYopcKinh;es i}tUkeYtU^baQkY^ hul}_8cp|YcKin^r hjt!eIkYl A
]^_8`^badcfeIgMhjikY^hjln_McK|cKin^!r{#adq@l8rjhucpieIi[huln`!oKkIrjcK`!^tUkIrj`kYheIi,os tUi Oz zZopt#eYcpadrjt^_8i,in^ruhji,opt
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|biMrucKr[`hjc b_8i#eIiadi}_rucp`^ s = 1_8q A
`kIropixauIarjgMq@i(inadr|Yop`^ lxeYt^aos tUruq@`!au|YYgnhui |Yhui}auaucp`^
/i8retU^aQopi,_EtUq@|eIi=|bi}aut^ruiMkhQruiMhjhjinadruhji g = gu _ A  kYhji A
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s

! "HKJ bX PGVjJ (

t!_Mhucphui=oft@_8`^badinhuGtGrjcK`!^eIioftq(tGrucpgMhji=iM^intkzIiM^_M`^aucpeYlMhEtU^r/k^Yi|biMrucKrui,eIkhulni dt A
b+ *I|YhjcKq@inh v iM^`^_8rucp`^ ^`Urjtq@qin^rEQeIi z iM^9tcpajtU^r*o s tU||Yhu` Icpq(tGrucp`^ v  v A
_n l8ruinhuq@cp^YiMhoKi}aQi8I|Yhjinajadcp`^aQeIi a iMr n |Z`kYh;t !`cph v = cste dz/dt = v = cste A
_Mq |th*qcp^kIrui tGruruiM^rjcK`!^tkIxkY^crjlna 
$ /
e tU^a;kYinvoKopi==q@inaukYhui_Mi,eIcpau|Z`!aucrjcinadrd\cKok^Yib`!^Y^Yi=Y`!huop` i

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un



   ! !#"
$


h1

Pompe

h2
source

  "H TWL@JMNOSGOTDGN

PR FIN J8DUNOSGTWNZJ)(

~ AH TWL@JMNOSGOTDGN5PR FINZJ8DGNbO\SUTWNZJ


s intUk cf_8opi/es kY^i`!^rjtUcp^YiQ{kY^Yi/tUkIrjiMkYh eYi h = 14, 6 m |btUhkY^[rukYtUk[eYiQeYcptqgMruhji D = 1 cm A
i8rdrjii}tUk|Yhj`GcKin^!res k^Yi[au`kYhE_8i,aucKrukYlni[{(oft#|Yhj`U`!^eIinkYh h = 4, 2 m A ]^^Yl oKc inhjt@opina|binhdrjina
eIi_EtUh i}a A
t!kYinoKopieI`!cr rjhui#oft|kYcpajajtU^_Mi#q@ln_Mt^Ycf!ki(`kYhj^Ycpix|thoft|Z`q@|bi9|Z`kYhtajadkYhjiMhkY^ eIlnYcKr

Q = 0, 47 L.s
b `!^huin^eIinqin^rlMopin_8ruhj`U\ql}_Mt^YcpkYilMrjt^!r=eIi  w xzbkYinoKopii}aropt#|YkYcfauajtU^_Mi,lMopin_8ruhjcpkYi[i8IcK
lni

bAJ8XDUNZP!JX[S!CjDUFXO TMFJX \O &EDGVTJ[H TWN ESUTWVu J  2


]^ _EYiMhE_EYi#{lMrjtUoKcphos l}ktGrjcK`!^ !kchjl cKropi#|YYln^Y`q@gn^YixeIi|Yhu`!|t tGrjcK`!^5eIk ad`!^ A
ina,`!^eIi}a
t_8`!kadrucf!kina*au`^reIina`^eYina;eIi|Yhui}auaucp`^ adi|Yhj`|bt i}tU^r;eYtU^ba*kY^kYcfeI i_M`q@|YhjinajadcpYopi( i|YYl8
^Y`q@gM^ii}ar#au|tGrjcK` rjiMq@|b`!huinoQi8r#eI`^b_9{ |YhjcK`!hucQ^Y`!^ adrjtUrucp`^Y^btUcphui A i|Yopka@oKi9kcpeIieI`!cr ruhji
_8`q@|YhjinajaucKYopi A ]^ _8`!^aucpeIlnhuinhjtos l}_8`koKinqin^r,cKhjhu`rjtUrucp`^Y^YinoQo s ln_M`kYopiMq@in^!r,i}areY`^_@|Z`UrjiM^rucpiMo;

]v ^=ans cK
^rulnhui}auauitUkI9`^eYina;t!_8`kbarjcpkYi}a;adi|hu`!|t intU^r;eYt^a*kY^ tU=|tUhutUcKreIcftGrj`q@cpkYi[eI`^r;opi
_8`i #_8cpiM^r = = A i|YopkanzY`^_8`!^aucpeIlnhuinhjt kYiopina*`!^eIina* eYi|Yhui}auaucp`^ad`!^!r;auk #autq@qin^r
hjt|YcpeYina|b`!kYh#kYiopina(_8`!q@|Yhui}auaucp`^a `!k eIl8rjiM^rui}ajop`I_MtUopina@au`cpiM^r#teIcftUbtGrucfkYina _8inaxadkYhj|Yhjinad
adcp`^al8rEtU^r=eYitcKYopi[tq@|YoKcKrukbeIi[`!^m_8`!^aucpeIlnhuinhjtx!kiopikcpeIi@aukYYcKrkY^i[`!^eIi[eYi_M`q@|Yhjinajadcp`^
teIcftUtUrucfkYikt!adcK\hulniMhEaucKYopi A
t! _Mhucphui=opinaQl}!kbtGrucp`^ba!lMhjc blMina/|th*oKi_Etq@|9eIi=|YhjinajaucK`!^ P (x, y, z, t) zIopi_EtUq@|eIicrjinajadi
i8roft=q(tajadi*!`opkYq@cpkYi (x, y, z, t) A
lnhuc iMh ks cpo[ttkIrjt^res cp^_M`^Y^kYi}a kYi

evs ln(x,ktUy,rucpz,`^t)a A
b `!hjaQeIk|t!auajt ieYio s `^eYiopina hjt^eIinkYhjaQaukYYcfauauiM^r;eIi}a*|biMrucKrui}aQk_8ruktUrucp`^a=
1

cp
cv

7
5

P = P0 + P (x, y, z, t)

] ^adi=|Yhj`|Z`!aui=eIi=tUcphui=oftruYln`hjcKi=opcK^lntUcphji=eYios t_8`!kadrucf!ki A * ^i ZiMrnzYopinaQl}!kbtGrucp`^baQ|Yhul}_8lM


eIin^!rjinaadiopcK^lntUhjcfadin^!raucopinaQbk_rjktGrjcK`!^aau`^r*tUcpYopina Ab kY||b`ad`!^a*kY^Yi`^eIi,t!_8`!karjcpkYi,eYi
= 0 + (x, y, z, t)

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un



   ! !#"
$

|ZlMhjcK`IeIi T i8reYiop`^ kYiMkhes `^eIi A , o s tUcfeIies kY^_Mtop_MkYo!es `hEeIhjieIi hEtU^eIinkYh}z8q@`^ruhjiMh!ki
os `!^(|binkIr^Yl opc iMhopi*ruinhuq@i;^`^(opcK^Yl}tUcphui ruinhuq@i_M`^i}_rucKjeYiMGtU^ropi*ruinhuq@i*cp^adrjtGrjcK`!^Y^tcKhji
{@_8`!^eIcKrucp`^kYi v  c ` c inadr;opt@_8lnoKlnhucKruleIi}a*`^beIina*t!_8`kbarjcpkYi}a A
_n]^xaukY|Y|Z`!aui;os l}_8`koKinqin^rcKhjhj`UrjtUrucp`^Y^iMo A `^rjhuinh{os tcpeYieIinalnktUrucp`^a oKcp^YlnthucfaulMinakYi;opi
|Z`Uruin^rucpiMoeIi}aQcrjinajadi}aQ`ZlMcKr{[os lnktGrjcK`!^9eYi s ;opiMq[binhdr,
son

son

1 2
4 = 0
c2 t2

 kYi=hjiM|YhjlnauiM^rui c
e9`!^!rjhuinhkYi9|Z`kYh@kY^ tU|tUhutUcKr(eIcptUru`!qcfkYi9oKi}a[`!^eIi}a[t!_8`kbarjcpkYi9adi9|Yhj`|t iM^r@{oft
crjinajadi
r
cson =

RT0
M

i} tUof_8koKinh*optcrjinajadieIkau`^eYtU^baQo s tUcph;{(v ~ A


j @t auiM^ajtGrjcK`!^tkeIcKrucpi=^s inadrQ|bta/oKcp^Yl}tUcphui=q(tUcfa/ thucpieIit M`^xop` tUhjcrjYq@cpkYi op`ceYi  in_EI
^YinhE A ]^5eYl ^YcKr[toK`!hjaos cp^ruiM^badcKrul#t!_8`kbarjcpkYi@_8`!qq@i(opi@oK` tUhjcKruYq@i(eIk hjt|Y|Z`hur=eIi#eYiMkI
tUq@|YopcKrukeIi}a;eIi|YhjinajaucK`!^m


IdB = 20 log

p
p0

` p i}ar;opiadinkYcpoes tUkeIcpYcpoKcKrul,{ % www;( p = 2.10 Pa A


i8r@es cK^ruin^aucrjl
^ tU|Y|btUhjiMcpo|Yhj`IeIkYcKrkY^ ad`!^ eIixhul}!kiM^_Mi
A to
_8koKinh P tcK^auckYios tq@|YoKcKrukbeIi(eIioftxcKrui}auauifA =kY1000H
iMoi}aro s tUq@|YopcrjkeIi(eIk5eIIlM|Y=oft_M60dB
iMq@iM^r=eIina
|thdrjcp_MkYoKi}a*eIi=kYcfeIi

5
z

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un

%w



   ! !#"
$

&('*),+-/. 2 -,? 8.;:3.*+[< (6 >@?9.*?

%!A!  H TCESGOTDGN PJHKSxHKDGTP!J ;DGTfXMJ8FITWHWHpJ1


t!kYinoKopi;eI`cKr rjhuiQofteIc Zlnhuin^_8i*eIi*|YhjinajaucK`!^[in^!rjhuiQopina eYiMkIi8ruhjlMq@cKrulnaes kY^@rjkY!tkeYivIz wq
t !t^rkY^ eYcptqgMruhji[eIi w_8qy|Z`kYh=ks cKo|YkYcfajadiruhEtU^au|b`!hdrjiMh 400 cm .s es inajauiM^_Mi =
= 0, 2 Pa.sY
950 kg.m
b+ * ^ aukY|Y|Z`!ajtU^rkY^ hEteYcKin^!reIi#|hui}auaucK`!^ _M`^adrjt^!r}zeIlMruiMhjq@cK^iMh|th,!kiMot!_ruinkYh,opi(hjt !`^
es kY^GtUcfauauintk9ajtU^ kYcp^eI`!creIcpq@cK^kYinh*|b`!kYhkYi=oft_McKhE_8koptUrucp`^ad`!cr*hjlneIkYcKrui,eYi w 
_n|ZiMhukadcp`^9!]^iMkYr|ZiMhukauiMhkY^@|tUrucpiM^riM^ % @t i}_kY^[bt!_8`^eIi;wYz  eYi/|opt!adq(t eIin^aucrjl
|Yhj`I_EYi*eIi*o s intkbeIi*cpaj_8`adcKrul
A os tc kYcKopopi/kYrucpoKcfadlni*t=kY^YiQoK`!^ kiMkYh eIi*~!_8q
i8r;k^eYcptqgMruhjieIi,wYz q@q A  =kYin1,oKop4.10
itUkYruiMPka.s
h*qcp^Ycpq( tUopi=tUkIr;cpocK^barEtUopoKinh*oKi=b t!_8`!^
3

v A SUHKCMFIH
PJ J8VOJX,PJ@CYSUV!J12
^ rjkYbi5eIi eYcptqgMruhji D = 5mm zQeIimhjk `adcKrul  = 0, 10mm zrjhjt^au|b`!hdrjieIimos i}tUk { 20 C
cpaj_8`adcKrul = 10 P a.s AY i,eYlMYcKraMs lMopgM!i{ Q = 20cm .s A
t! tUof_8koKinh*optcrjinajadi=q@`Gin^Y^YitUcp^auckYi=oKi^Y`!qYhjieIi iM^Y`!opea A
b- , os tUcfeIieIkeIcpt hEtUq@q@ieIi``eY[`!kYhj^Ycin^xtU^Y^i8Iiz_Mtop_MkYoKinhoft|ZiMhuruieYi_Eth i*kY^YcKrjtUcphji
iM^|YhjinajaucK`!^zI_Us inadrd{GeIcKhjizoft|binhdrji,eIi,_EtUh i|th/k^Ycrjl,eIiop`^ kYiMkYh;eYirjkYZi L = 1m A

~ AH TWL@JMNOSGOTDGN5PR FINZJ8DGNbO\SUTWNZJ


iM|YhjiM^beIhuio s i8IiMhE_8cf_8i eIioftaulntU^b_8i|hul}_8lneYiM^ruiiM^(rjiM^t^!r*_8`!q@|IruieIina/|ZiMhuruina/eIi=_EtUh i}ahjl kY
oKcpgMhjina A ]^9|huin^eIhEtkY^ioK`!^ kYinkYh*eIi,_8`!^eIkYcKrui L = 6 m A
bA J8XFIVuJP!J[HKS(}TfXMCjDGXTWO @PR FINmL[TJMH
i;q@cpiMoZ^Y`^x_MhucfadrjtUopopcpaulaui_8`!q@|b`!hdrji_8`!qq@i;k^#kYcfeIieI`^roftcfau_M`!aucrjlzUrjhug}a cpq@|b`!hdrEtU^rui!zeIcpq@c
^kiop`hEaukYi;oftrjiMq@|ZlMhEtGrukhuitk q@in^!rji A ]^#inkIrq@i}adkYhjiMh/_8iMrdruicpaj_8`adcKrul{~w zruinq@|blnhjtUrukYhji
`cfaucK^Yi*eIi;_MiMopoKi;eYi*o s cK^rjlMhjcKinkYhes kY^Yi*hjk_EYi!zUi8rtkauauceIi*oftruinq@|blnhjtUrukYhjiQq@tUIcKq(tUopi;eIiQrjhjt GtUcpoIop`hEa
eIk(_8`^beIcrjcK`!^Y^Yinqin^reIk@qcpiMob|tUhos tU|Ycf_8kYoKruinkYh A ]^@i in_rjkYi;oftqi}adkhui*|th _8`!q|btUhEtUcfad`!^[t i}_/kY^
oKcfkYcpeYi;cpajkYiMkI(eIi;hjl8lnhuin^_8iopi opI_8lMhj`o CH OH CHOH CH OHzeIi;cpaj_8`adcKrul_8`^^ki
|Yhul}_8cfadlnq@iM^rnzIiMrQ|hu`I_EYieIi,_MiMopoKieIkq@cKino A
t!]^ qi}adkhui9opt5eIkYhjlMi t eYios l}_8`!kYoKinq@iM^r(optqcp^tcKhji9es kY^i9q(t!auaui m eIi9kcpeIi!z|tajajtU^r
es kY^hjlnauiMhj`!cKh*aukY|blnhucpiMkh{(kY^hjlnauiMhj`!cKhQcp^IlMhjcpiMkYh}z|thos cp^ruinhuq@lneYcptcKhji,es kY^rukYZi!iMhurucf_Mto
es i8ruhjlMq@cKrul}a  iMr zYeIi hEtU^beIiop`^ kYiMkh
zYeIi=hEt `!^(cK^rulnhucpiMkh AI i}aQeIc lMhjiM^rjina
|thdrjcKi}a eIk(eIcfad|Z`!aucrjcau`^r cpau`oplMi}aruiM hjqcfkYLiMq@=in^!AB
r cpau`oftGrjcK`!^[^`^@huin|YhjlnauiMR^rulniQaukYh oft  kYhui
|Z`kYh*kYi=o s `^|YkYcfauauiruhEt tcKopopiMhQ{[~!w zIoptruinq|ZlMhEtGrjkYhjilMrjtU^r*_8`!^!rjh !oKlnieYt^a/oKi}a*v,hjlnauiMhu
`!cKhEa A
t!_EtU^rkYi[oKi}a|binhdrjinaeIi_EbtUh inaad`!^!r=eI`^^YlMi}a|btUhoftx`hjqkYopi[eIi[|b`!cpauiMkcKopoKii8rkYiopina
|Yhjinajadcp`^ba/tkIxiMrjhulnq@crjlna  i8r  eIk9rukYZi,au`^r P = P 1 atm zYeIlMq@`!^!rjhuinh;kYi@


Q
= constante

b]^i in_8rukYiopinaQq@inaukYhjina*aukYcp t^ruinanzY{@~w


Iq(tajauil}_8`!kYoKlni m = 12, 30 g |ZiM^etU^r t = 2 min A
" qcpiMo

q@t!auaui@ln_M`kYoplMi m = 11, 45 g |ZiM^etU^r t = 1 min A t
" op_MlMhj`o*= 1, 41g.cm
cfaj_8`!aucKrul=GtUkIr = 1,=26g.cm
{@~w A
0, 63 Pa.s

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un



   ! !#"
$


%!%

g
L

 ! 0"

J8XFIVuJPJHKS(}TfXMCjDGXTWO @PR FIN L[TJMH (

tUof_8koKinh*optcpaj_8`adcKrul eIkq@cpiMo A
YATMFITPJ@PJnTWOJ8XjXMJNZDUNFINT 8DUVL@J@PSUNYXFINZJ[CEDGNZPUFITWO\J 
^@oKcfkYcfeIiQhuYln`UkcpeIc bt^!r i8IiMq@|YopiU_8`!oKopizG|Z`opqgnhui/`!^eIkbeIiQr|Zi 
  
[eYi
q@t!auaui`!oKkqcfkYi zZaMs ln_M`kYopieYt^a*kY^Yi_8`!^eIkYcKrui_MoKcp^eIhjcpkYi[es tUIi]zZt in_=k^YieIcfarjhucpYkIrjcK`!^
ruhEtU^auinhjajtUopieIi}a*crjinajadi}a*eIi=opt`!huq@i@
#
"
  n+1
n
3n + 1
r

uz
1
v = v0
n+1
r0

` inadr*opt@_M``!hjeY`^Y^YlnihEteYcptoKi!z oKi=hEt `!^xeIi=opt@_M`^eIkcrjii8r 0 < n 1 kY^9|tUhEtUq@g8rjhui=tU||binoKl


cK^eYrcp_Mi=eYi,_8`q@|Z`huruinqin^r*es l}_8`koKrinqin^r A
t!kYinoKopi=inadr;optcrjinajadi=q@`Gin^Y^Yi v
b in|Yhul}adin^ruiMhQopi|Yhj` oeIi}aQcrjinajadi}a*eYtU^aQopi,_Mt!a n = 1 i8r n = A
_n tUof_8koKinhoft*q@`GiM^^YieIio s lM^Yinh cKi_8cp^Yl8rjcpkYi`opkYq@cf!kiadkhoft;adi}_rjcK`!^eIhj`cKruieIiopt_8`^beIkYcKrui A
* ^eIl}eIkYcphuiopi_8`i #_8cpiM^res lM^iMh cpi_McK^YlMrucfkYi eI l ^c|tUh
0

1
3

ec =

v2
2

j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un

%v



   ! !#"
$

&('*),+-/.10 2 .*++
6 ,+  . ?
G),-.

%!A
NZJYJMOTWO\JJ8OFINZJ UVuSUNZP!JMFIHWHKJ
;kI@eIiMkIi8ruhjlMq@cKrul}aes k^@rukYZi*`^(t=eIiMkY[YkYopopina eIi*hEt `!^ahui}ad|Zin_8rucKa i8r t in_
z
oKirukbi,i}ar*l}!kcK|Zl,es kY^hu`!YcK^i8r;kYc|ZiMhjqiMreIitUcphui_M`q@qkY^cpkYinh*oKi}aQRYkYopoKi}Ra _8 A c RkYhui > RA
1

Robinet

R2
R1

 ! 0"

i=hu`!Ycp^Yi8r*inadr;cp^YcrjcptoKinq@iM^r*iMhjq@lzYkYi,aui|btajadiM rucpo oK`!hjajks `!^xos `!kYhui


v A TWHL PR JjSUFmJ8NbO VjJ[P!J8F  ZHKSUNYX SGVuSUHWH 8HpJX
]^ _M`^aucfeIgMhji(eIiMkI5|YoftU^a|btUhEtUopoKgnoKi}aMzZruhjgna,|Yhu`I_EYi}a=o s kY^ eIi(os tUkIrjhui(iMr,iM^Iinhuq(tU^reIi(os intUk A ]^
`auiMhjikY^Yi,taj_8in^aucK`!^_Mt|YcpoKoftUcphuieIi=tkIruinkYh h A
l

t!'*I|YhjcKq@inhoft`hE_8i!ks iMinhj_Mi(opt|tUhj`c/adkYh[o s cp^!rjiMhut_Mi#iM^ `!^_rjcK`!^ eIi z l oK`!^ kiMkYheIina


|YoftU^aE/i8r t^ opieIi,_8`!^rjt_8rE A
b+ * ^eIl}eIkYcphuioftoK`!ceI`^Y^btU^r*o s taj_8in^adcp`^_Mt|YcpoKoftUcphui h A
_n ;||YoKcf_MtUrucp`^ ^kYq@lMhjcf!ki ruin^aucK`!^ aukY|ZiMh b_8cpiMopopieIios i}tUk = 75 q A q z 0 iMr
A
r = 1mm
~ A HpDGOO\SUTfX8DUN5PR FINZJSGT FITWHWHKJ(PR S!C8TJMV
 GtUopkYiMhoKi[hjt !`^ es kY^5_8oKcp^eIhji[es t!_8cpiMheYiop`^ kYiMkYh
_Mqy|b`!kYh=!ks cpo
|kYcpajaui,`rdruinh{xopt
adkYhut_MieYio s intk A ]r ^9iMhEtos |Z`Urugnaui r  l AY$  A l = 3
q  A q zGq(tajadi/`!oKkqcfkYiQeIiQo s t_McKinh =
3+4Z
, ruiM^badcp`^adkY|ZiMh b_McKinoKopi*eIios intUk = 75 
M
_
q
A
A
8
j
ZunIE ju} n \ nM 
j un
1

acier

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