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This is a listing of common symbols found within all branches of mathematics. Each symbol is listed
in both HTML, which depends on appropriate fonts being installed, and in TEX, as an image.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&action=edit) .
Contents
1 Symbols
2 Variations
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
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Symbols
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&printable=... 27/07/2011
Symbol Symbol
in
HTML
<
>
in TEX
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Name
Read as
Explanation
Category
equality
x= y means x and y represent the same thing or
is equal to; equals
value.
everywhere
x y means that x and y do not represent the
inequality
same thing or value.
is not equal to; does not
equal
(The forms!=,/=or <> are generally used in
everywhere programming languages where ease of typing
and use of ASCII text is preferred.)
strict inequality
x<y means x is less than y.
is less than, is greater than
order theory x>y means x is greater than y.
proper subgroup
is a proper subgroup of H<G means H is a proper subgroup of G.
group theory
(very) strict inequality
x y means x is much less than y.
is much less than, is much
greater than
x y means x is much greater than y.
order theory
f g means the growth of f is asymptotically
asymptotic comparison
bounded by g.
is of smaller order than, is
of greater order than
(This is I. M. Vinogradov's notation. Another
analytic number theory notation is the Big O notation, which looks like
f= O(g).)
xy means x is less than or equal to y.
inequality
xy means x is greater than or equal to y.
is less than or equal to, is
greater than or equal to
(The forms <= and >= are generally used in
order theory programming languages where ease of typing
and use of ASCII text is preferred.)
subgroup
is a subgroup of
HG means H is a subgroup of G.
group theory
reduction
AB means the problem A can be reduced to
is reducible to
the problem B.Subscriptscanbeaddedtothe
computational complexity to indicate what kind of reduction.
theory
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Karp reduction
is Karp reducible to; is
polynomial-time many-one L1 L2 means that the problem L1 is Karp
reducible to
reducible to L2.[1]
computational complexity
theory
proportionality
is proportional to; varies as y x means that y = kx for some constant k.
everywhere
Karp reduction[2]
is Karp reducible to; is
polynomial-time many-one
reducible to
computational complexity
theory
addition
plus; add
arithmetic
disjoint union
the disjoint union of ...
and ...
set theory
subtraction
minus; take; subtract
arithmetic
negative sign
negative; minus; the
opposite of
arithmetic
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cross product
u v means the cross product of vectors u and
cross
v
linear algebra
R consists of the set of units of the ring R,
along with the operation of multiplication.
group of units
the group of units of
ring theory This may also be written R* as described
below, or U(R).
multiplication
times; multiplied by
3 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4.
arithmetic
dot product
dot
u v means the dot product of vectors u and v
linear algebra
division (Obelus)
divided by; over
6 3or63meansthedivisionof6by3.
arithmetic
quotient group
G/H means the quotient of group G modulo its
mod
subgroup H.
group theory
quotient set
A/~ means the set of all ~ equivalence classes
mod
in A.
set theory
plus-minus
plus or minus
6 3 means both 6 + 3 and 6 3.
arithmetic
plus-minus
10 2 or equivalently 10 20% means the
plus or minus
range from 10 2 to 10 + 2.
measurement
minus-plus
6 (3 5) means both 6 + (3 5) and 6 (3 +
minus or plus
5).
arithmetic
square root
means the nonnegative number whose
the (principal) square root
of
square is x.
real numbers
complex square root
if
is represented in polar
the (complex) square root coordinates with
, then
of
.
complex numbers
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||
||||
Euclidean norm or
Euclidean length or
magnitude
Euclidean norm of
geometry
determinant
determinant of
matrix theory
cardinality
cardinality of; size of; order
of
set theory
norm
norm of; length of
linear algebra
||
divisor, divides
divides
(This symbol can be difficult to type, and its
number theory negation is rare, so a regular but slightly
shorter vertical bar | character can be used.)
conditional probability
P(A|B) means the probability of the event a
given
occurring given that b occurs.
probability
restriction
f|A means the function f restricted to the set A,
restriction of to ;
that is, it is the function with domain Adom
restricted to
(f) that agrees with f.
set theory
such that
such that; so that
| means such that, see ":" (described below).
everywhere
parallel
is parallel to
x||y means x is parallel to y.
geometry
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incomparability
is incomparable to
order theory
exact divisibility
exactly divides
number theory
cardinality
cardinality of; size of; order
of
set theory
connected sum
connected sum of; knot
sum of; knot composition
of
topology, knot theory
aleph number
aleph
set theory
beth number
beth
set theory
cardinality of the
continuum
cardinality of the
continuum; cardinality of
the real numbers; c;
set theory
such that
such that; so that
everywhere
field extension
extends; over
field theory
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factorial
factorial
n! means the product 1 2 ... n.
combinatorics
The statement!A is true if and only if A is false.
asymptotically equivalent
is asymptotically equivalent f~g means
.
to
asymptotic analysis
equivalence relation
(and equivalently
are in the same equivalence a~b means
class
).
everywhere
approximately equal
is approximately equal to xy means x is approximately equal to y.
everywhere
GH means that group G is isomorphic
isomorphism
(structurally identical) to group H.
is isomorphic to
group theory ( can also be used for isomorphic, as
described below.)
AH means the wreath product of the group A
wreath product
by the group H.
wreath product of by
group theory This may also be written Awr H.
normal subgroup
is a normal subgroup of NG means that N is a normal subgroup of
group G.
group theory
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ideal
is an ideal of
IR means that I is an ideal of ring R.
ring theory
antijoin
the antijoin of
relational algebra
semidirect product
the semidirect product of
group theory
semijoin
the semijoin of
relational algebra
natural join
the natural join of
relational algebra
therefore
Sometimes used in proofs before logical
therefore; so; hence
consequences.
everywhere
because
because; since
Sometimes used in proofs before reasoning.
everywhere
end of proof
Used to mark the end of a proof.
QED; tombstone; Halmos
symbol
(May also be written Q.E.D.)
everywhere
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material implication
(may mean the same as , or it may have
implies; if then
propositional logic, Heyting the meaning for functions given below.)
algebra
( may mean the same as ,[4] or it may have
the meaning for superset given below.)
material equivalence
A B means A is true if B is true and A is
if and only if; iff
false if B is false.
propositional logic
The statement A is true if and only if A is
false.
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exclusive or
=:
:=
definition
is defined as; is equal by
definition to
(Some writers use to mean congruence).
everywhere
P: Q means P is defined to be logically
equivalent to Q.
congruence
ABC DEF means triangle ABC is
is congruent to
congruent to (has the same measurements as)
geometry triangle DEF.
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{,}
{:}
{|}
{}
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empty set
means the set with no elements.[5] {}means
the empty set
the same.
set theory
set membership
is an element of; is not an a S means a is an element of the set S;[5] a
element of
S means a is not an element of S.[5]
everywhere, set theory
subset
superset
AB means AB but AB.
is a superset of
set theory
(Some writers use the symbol as if it were the
same as .)
set-theoretic union
AB means the set of those elements which
the union of or ; union
are either in A, or in B, or in both.[6]
set theory
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set-theoretic intersection
AB means the set that contains all those
intersected with; intersect
elements that A and B have in common.[6]
set theory
A B means the set of elements in exactly one
symmetric difference
of A or B.
symmetric difference
set theory (Not to be confused with delta, , described
below.)
AB means the set that contains all those
set-theoretic complement
elements of A that are not in B.[6]
minus; without
set theory ( can also be used for set-theoretic
complement as described above.)
function arrow
f:XY means the function f maps the set X
from to
into the set Y.
set theory, type theory
function arrow
f:a b means the function f maps the element
maps to
a to the element b.
set theory
function composition
fg is the function, such that (fg)(x) = f(g(x)).
composed with
[7]
set theory
N means either { 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} or { 1, 2, 3, ...}.
natural numbers
N; the (set of) natural
numbers
numbers
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n
p
Zn
p-adic integers
the (set of) p-adic integers
Note that any letter may be used instead of p,
numbers such as n or l.
Zp
projective space
P; the projective space, the
projective line, the
means a space with a point at infinity.
projective plane
topology
(X) means the probability of the event X
probability
occurring.
the probability of
probability theory This may also be written as P(X), Pr(X), P[X] or
Pr[X].
rational numbers
Q; the (set of) rational
means {p/q: p, q}.
numbers; the rationals
numbers
real numbers
R; the (set of) real numbers;
means the set of real numbers.
the reals
numbers
complex numbers
C; the (set of) complex
means {a+bi: a,b}.
numbers
numbers
quaternions or Hamiltonian
quaternions
H; the (set of) quaternions means {a+bi+cj+dk: a,b,c,d}.
numbers
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Big O notation
big-oh of
Computational complexity
theory
infinity
infinity
numbers
floor
floor; greatest integer;
entier
numbers
ceiling
ceiling
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[:]
[]
[,]
[,,]
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commutator
the commutator of
group theory, ring theory [a,b]= abba, if a, b R (a ring or
commutative algebra).
triple scalar product
[a,b,c]= abc, the scalar product of ab
the triple scalar product of
with c.
vector calculus
function application
f(x) means the value of the function f at the
of
element x.
set theory
f(X) means { f(x):x X }, the image of the
function f under the set X dom(f).
image
(This may also be written as f[X] if there is a
image of under
risk of confusing the image of f under X with
everywhere the function application f of X. Another
notation is Imf, the image of f under its
domain.)
()
(,)
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(,)
],[
(,]
],]
[,)
[,[
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open interval
(Note that the notation (a,b) is ambiguous: it
open interval
could be an ordered pair or an open interval.
order theory The notation ]a,b[ can be used instead.)
left-open interval
half-open interval; left-open
interval
order theory
right-open interval
half-open interval; rightopen interval
order theory
inner product
inner product of
There are many variants of the notation, such
linear algebra as u|v and (u|v), which are described
below. For spatial vectors, the dot product
notation, xy is common. For matrices, the
colon notation A:B may be used. As and
can be hard to type, the more keyboard
friendly forms < and > are sometimes seen.
These are avoided in mathematical texts.
average
average of
statistics
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linear span
(linear) span of;
linear hull of
Note that the notation u,v may be ambiguous:
linear algebra it could mean the inner product or the linear
span.
The span of S may also be written as Sp(S).
subgroup generated by a set
means the smallest subgroup of G (where S
the subgroup generated by G, a group) containing every element of S.
is shorthand for
.
group theory
tuple
An ordered list (or sequence, or horizontal
tuple; n-tuple; ordered
vector, or row vector) of values.
pair/triple/etc; row vector;
sequence
(The notation (a,b) is often used as well.)
everywhere
|
(|)
|
|
summation
sum over from to
of
arithmetic
product
product over from to
of
arithmetic
means a1a2an.
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Cartesian product
the Cartesian product of;
the direct product of
set theory
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derivative
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gradient
f (x1, , xn) is the vector of partial
del, nabla, gradient of
derivatives (f / x1, , f / xn).
vector calculus
divergence
del dot, divergence of
vector calculus
curl
curl of
vector calculus
partial derivative
partial, d
boundary
boundary of
M means the boundary of M
topology
degree of a polynomial
f means the degree of the polynomial f.
degree of
algebra (This may also be written deg f.)
x means a (non-infinitesimal) change in x.
delta
(If the change becomes infinitesimal, and
delta; change in
even d are used instead. Not to be confused
calculus with the symmetric difference, written ,
above.)
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Laplacian
Laplace operator
vector calculus
Dirac delta function
Dirac delta of
hyperfunction
Kronecker delta
Kronecker delta of
hyperfunction
projection
Projection of
relational algebra
Pi
3.1415926_ or227
<:
<
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perpendicular
is perpendicular to
geometry
orthogonal complement
orthogonal/perpendicular
complement of; perp
linear algebra
coprime
is coprime to
number theory
independent
is independent of
probability
bottom element
the bottom element
lattice theory
bottom type
the bottom type; bot
type theory
comparability
is comparable to
order theory
entailment
entails
model theory
inference
infers; is derived from
propositional logic,
predicate logic
partition
is a partition of
number theory
tensor product, tensor
product of modules
tensor product of
linear algebra
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multiplication
(Multiplication can also be denoted with or ,
times; multiplied by
or even simple juxtaposition. * is generally
arithmetic used where ease of typing and use of ASCII text
is preferred, such as programming languages.)
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convolution
convolution, convolved
f*g means the convolution of f and g.
with
functional analysis
z* means the complex conjugate of z.
complex conjugate
conjugate
( can also be used for the conjugate of z, as
complex numbers described below.)
Variations
In mathematics written in Arabic, some symbols may be reversed to make right-to-left
(boustrophedon) writing and reading easier. [11]
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See also
References
1. ^ Rnyai, Lajos (1998), Algoritmusok(Algorithms), TYPOTEX, ISBN963-9132-16-0
2. ^ Berman, Kenneth A; Paul, Jerome L. (2005), Algorithms: Sequential, Parallel, and Distributed,
Boston: Course Technology, p. 822, ISBN0-534-42057-5
3. ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New
York: Cambridge University Press, p.66,ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43641333)
4. ^ Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (1990) [1953], "Chapter 8.3: Conditional Statements and Material
Implication", Introduction to Logic (8th ed.), New York: Macmillan, pp.268269, ISBN0023250356,
LCCN89-37742 (http://lccn.loc.gov/89037742)
5. ^ a b c d e Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 3, ISBN0-41260610-0
6. ^ a b c d Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 4, ISBN0-412-606100
7. ^ Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 5, ISBN0-412-60610-0
8. ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New
York: Cambridge University Press, p.62,ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43641333)
9. ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New
York: Cambridge University Press, pp.6970, ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43641333)
10. ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New
York: Cambridge University Press, pp.7172, ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43641333)
11. ^ M. Benatia, A. Lazrik, and K. Sami, "Arabic mathematical symbols in Unicode
(http://www.ucam.ac.ma/fssm/rydarab/doc/expose/unicodeme.pdf) ", 27th Internationalization and
Unicode Conference, 2005.
External links
The complete set of mathematics Unicode characters (http://krestavilis.com/math.php)
Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
(http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html)
Numericana: Scientific Symbols and Icons
(http://www.numericana.com/answer/symbol.htm)
TCAEP - Institute of Physics (http://www.tcaep.co.uk/science/symbols/maths.htm)
GIF and PNG Images for Math Symbols (http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html)
Mathematical Symbols in Unicode
(http://tlt.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/math.html#browsers)
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