SMK SERI KELEDANG

Trial Examination Semester 1 STPM 2015

Marking scheme
Answers of questions in Section A [15 marks]
1. A
6. D
11. A

2. C
7. A
12. C

3. A
8. B
13. D

4. D
9. C
14. B

5. B
10. D
15. D

Answers of questions in Section B [15 marks]

16. (a) Companion cell , B: Sieve tube element

(b) Structure: The cell is living cell, with thin cellulose cell walls and protoplasm. 1
It consist of sieve elements joined together to form a long tube.

Their end walls are perforated forming sieve plates with sieve pores.

Function: It allows cytoplasmic connections between the sieve elements and the
flow of liquid from one sieve element to the next element.

(c) (i) Mitochondria [if wrong, no mark is given for function]

-Provide energy to move sugars and amino acid into the sieve elements

(ii) Cell fractionation and differentiation centrifugation method.

1
Total(max) : 8 m

17 (a) I: NADH dehydrogenase / Flavoprotein, IV: Cytochrome oxidase (aa3).

(b) Electron transport chain / electron transport system.

2
1

(c)Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, it combines with hydrogen ions to form
water.

(d) (i) Chemiosmosis.

(ii) The electrochemical proton gradient forces hydrogen ions to diffuse through the
ATP synthase complex,

down its electrochemical gradient across the membrane // This potential energy is
used to synthesis ATP.

Total(max) : 7 m

Any
two

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Answers of questions in Section C [30 marks]
18. a) Explain the roles of proteins in the transport of substances into a living cell. [9 marks]
Answers
Marks
P1 Proteins transport substances that cannot pass through the
phospholipid bilayers.
1
P2 Some transmembrane proteins form channels (some are channel
proteins).
1
P3 These channel proteins allow ions or solutes to move across the
membrane by facilitated diffusion.
1
P4 The hydrophilic ion channels allow diffusion of charged ions such as
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl- and HCO3- down their concentration gradient.
1
P5 Some of the protein channels can open or close, they are called gated
channels, eg. voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels.
1
P6 Certain proteins form aquaporins in the plasma membrane to increase
the rate of diffusion of water down the water potential gradient.
1
P7 Some other proteins are carrier proteins which transport small
hydrophilic organic molecules like glucose and amino acids through
the plasma membrane.
1
P8 Carrier proteins alternate between two conformations to move ions or
solutes across the membrane by facilitated diffusion.
1
P9 Binding of glucose or amino acid to the carrier protein molecule
causes the carrier protein to change its shape, so glucose or amino
acid molecule is released into the cell.
1
P10 The channel proteins and the carrier proteins mentioned above
transport substances down the concentration gradient.
1
P11 Some proteins act as pump proteins/ carrier proteins for active
transport of ions or solutes against a concentration gradient.
1
P12 ATP is required in the activity of pump proteins/ carrier proteins in
active transport/ Hydrolysis of ATP and the binding of Pi to the
protein pump changes the protein conformation so substances are
transport across the membrane against the concentration gradient.
1
P13 Proteins involved in active transport include uniport carriers (which
carry a single ion or molecule in a single direction), symport carriers
(which carry two substances in the same direction) and antiport
carriers (which carry two substances in opposite direction).
1
Total(max): 9 m
18. b) Explain the concept of water potential and the importance of water potential values in
determining the direction of water movement at the plant cell membrane.
[6 marks]
Answers
P1 Water potential is the tendency of a solution to lose water// tendency of
water molecules move out from solution.
P2 In pure water, the water molecules have a high free kinetic energy/
high tendency to move very freely.
P3 Addition of solutes decreases the water potential // dilute solutions
have lower water potential than pure water.
P4 Water potential of a solution can be increased by the application of
Pressure.

Marks
1
1
1
1

3
P5 Water potential of pure water (at atmospheric pressure) is 0 kPa.
P6 Water potential of solutions have negative values // The greater the
concentration of solutes, the more negative the water potential.
P7 Water moves from a region with higher water potential to one with
lower water potential (more negative).
P8 Direction of water movement at the plant cell membrane depends on
the water potential of the plant cell and the water potential of its
surrounding.
P9 When the water potential of the surrounding is more negative than the
water potential of the plant cell, water moves out from the cell to the
surrounding(cell undergoes plasmolysis) // When the water potential of
the surrounding is less negative than the water potential of the plant cell,
water moves from the surrounding into the plant cell(cell becomes turgid).
Total(max):

1
1
1
1

1
6m

19. a) With a suitable example, explain in detailed about three types of cofactors. [9 marks]
i) Prosthetic Groups [3 m]
A prosthetic group is a non-protein organic molecule that binds tightly on a
permanent basis to the protein part of the enzyme (apoenzyme).
1
The prosthetic group is involved in the catalytic function of the enzyme.
1
Haem is present in the enzyme catalase which catalyses hydrogen peroxide into
oxygen and water. // Haem is found in the prosthetic group of cytochromes which
are electron carriers. It takes part in oxidation-reduction reactions.
1
Maximum: 3 marks
ii) Coenzymes [3 m]
Coenzymes are small, non-protein organic molecules.
1
They bind loosely and temporarily to the active site of the enzyme.
1
The coenzymes readily detach and help to transfer chemical group, atoms or
electrons from one enzyme to another.
1
Many coenzymes are derivatives of vitamins especially group B vitamins, NAD
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) for example is formed from niacin // Other
examples include NADP and CoA.
1
It is a coenzyme for a number of dehydrogenase enzymes and acts as a
hydrogen acceptor.
1
Succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate + NAD+
--> Fumarate + NADH + H+
(coenzyme)
Maximum: 3 marks
iii) Enzyme Activators [3 m]
Activators are inorganic ions such as Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Cl-.
1
They may attach temporarily to the enzyme and change its active site to make the
shape more suitable for a reaction to take place.
1
The ion may also bind the enzyme and substrate together.
1
Calcium ions are needed to activate thrombokinase which converts prothrombin to
thrombin in blood clotting. // Chloride ions increase salivary amylase activity.
1
Maximum: 3 marks
Total(max) : 9 m

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19. b) Tabulating the differences between cellular respiration in animal cells under sufficient
oxygen supply condition and condition with sufficient oxygen but in presence of high partial
pressure of carbon monoxide.
[6 marks]
Condition with sufficient oxygen
With sufficient oxygen and high
Marks
partial pressure of carbon monoxide
P1 Aerobic respiration occurs (in
Anaerobic respiration occurs (only in
1/0
cytoplasm and mitochondria).
cytoplasm).
P2 38 molecules of ATP are
2 molecules of ATP are produced
1/0
produced from one glucose
from one glucose molecule.
molecule.
P3 Complete oxidation of glucose
Incomplete oxidation of glucose
1/0
can occur.
occurs.
P4 The respiration involves
The respiration only involves
1/0
glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs
glycolysis. Link reaction, Krebs cycle
cycle and electron transport
and the electron transport chain are
chain.
not involved.
P5 Carbon dioxide and water are
lactate are produced // no carbon
1/0
produced.
dioxide and water are produced.
P6 Respiration in this condition is
Prolonged respiration in this
1/0
normal for the animal cells to
condition causes damage to the
carry out cell activities.
central nervous system and heart
and even death.
Total(max): 6 m

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20. a) Explain why C4 plant is more efficient in photosynthesis compared to C3 pant.
.
[9 marks]
Answers
Marks
Formation of ATP during photosynthesis [max: 6 m]
P1 C4 plant (leaf) has Krantz anatomy that is not found in C3 plant. //
concentric arrangement of 2 layer of cells, mesophyll cells and bundle sheath
cell around vascular bundle in C4 plant(leaf), but not in C3 plant.
1
P2 PEP carboxylase (in the chloroplast of mesophyll cell) has higher affinity
for CO2 compared to RUBP carboxylase/Rubisco in C3 plant. // PEP
carboxylase in C4 plant has lower Km than that of Ribisco in C3 plant.PEP
carboxylase.
1
P3 PEP carboxylase (in mesophyll cell) enable very efficient absorption of
carbon dioxide even at low carbon dioxide concentrations.
1
P4 PEP carboxylase fix atmospheric CO2 forming 4 carbon
compound/oxaloacetate in mesophyll cell that does not occurs in C3 plant.
1
P5 this concentrates CO2 in bundle sheath cell (where Calvin cycle occurs).
1
P6 reduction/decarboxylation of malate into pyruvate releases/produces a
higher level of CO2 concentration in CO2 fixation (in bundle sheath cell.)
1
P7 this reduced photorespiration in C4 plant that often occurs in C3 plant.
1
P8 CO2 fixation occurs twice at same time (spatial CO2 fixation) in 24
hours/all the time.
1
P9 although only fewer and smaller chloroplast in mesophyll cells, but the
granum is large/active granal activities(to produce ATP and NADH).
1
P10 there are many/abundant chloroplasts in bundle sheath cell with high
granal activities to produce ATP and NADPH (that needed in Calvin cycle/food
production).
1
Total(max):
20. b) Explain the importance of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis.

9m

[6 marks]

Answers
Marks
P1 ATP and NADPH are used in the light-independent reactions/ Calvin
cycle (in the stroma).
1
P2 - ATP is important to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrate.
1
P3 In Calvin cycle, ATP donates a phosphate to glycerate 3-phosphate to
form glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate.
1
P4 NADPH donates hydrogen atoms to glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate in the
formation of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate.
1
P5 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (triose phosphate) are used for
biosynthesis of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids.
1
P6 ATP is also needed in the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP), the carbon-acceptor.
1
P7 ATP donates a phosphate to ribulose phosphate to form ribulose
Bisphosphate.
1
Total(max):
6m