EVST 191

Trees: Environmental Biology & Global Significance

Fundamental Differences Between Animals and Plants

Animals
Heterotrophic
No vacuole
No cell wall
Tight junctions
Cytokinesis (w/ constriction)
Cell migration critical
Germ line sequestered
Gametic meiosis typical
Few totipotent cells
Limited modularity
Brief organogenesis
Rigid development
Limited biochemistry

Plants
Phototrophic
Vacuoles
Rigid cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Cytokinesis (w/ phragmoplast)
No cell migration
No germ line
Sporic meiosis typical
Many totipotent cells
Extreme modularity
Continual organogenesis
Plastic development
Enormous biochemical diversity

Figure 1.3 Schematic representation of the body of a typical eudicot (Part 1)

Figure 4.4 Pathways for water uptake by the root

Vacuole

Vacuole
Contains vacuolar sap
(water, inorganic ions,
sugars, organic acids,
pigments)
~95% of total cell volume
Surrounded by tonoplast
(synthesized in ER)

Photos : Campbell and Reece

Plastid Developmental Forms

Consider transition in etiolated plants

Photos : plantphys.info

Plastid Developmental Forms

Comparison of plants grown

in the dark vs. light

Figure 16.2 Comparison of seedlings grown in the light versus the dark

Consider transition in
etiolated plants

Photos : plantphys.info

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts
Double-membrane-enclosed plastid
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll
Site of light reactions and dark reactions

Chloroplasts

Chromoplasts
Plastids with high conc. of carotenoid pigments
During fall, chloroplasts breakdown, and chromoplasts
become visible
Photos : commons.wikipedia.com

Tissue Types

Dermal
Epidermis and periderm
Ground
Parenchyma,
collenchyma, and
sclerenchyma
Vascular
Xylem

Photos : Campbell and Reece

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Dermal Tissue Types

Epidermis
Unspecialized cells; guard cells and trichomes
Outermost layer of cells on primary plant
Mechanical protection; minimize water loss; gas exchange
Trichome

Trichome

Cuticle
Stomata
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/6.cover-expansion

Photos : Alison Roberts

Dermal Tissue Types

Periderm (yet another

meristem)
Comprises cork
tissue, cork
cambium, and
phelloderm

bark c
bark

Beneath epidermis:
eventually deeper in
bark
Protective tissue in
roots and stems;
gas exchange with
lenticiles

www.apsnet.org

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Ground Tissue Types

Parenchyma
Cell wall: primary or secondary; lignified, subarized, or
cutinized
Throughout plant body: from mesophyll to pith
Metabolic processes, storage and conduction, wound
healing

Palisades and spongy parenchyma

Parenchyma with purple starch granules

Photos : Alison Roberts

Ground Tissue Types

Collenchyma
Elongated; non-lignified
On periphery in young stems; in cylinders; often along leaf
veins
Support in primary plant body

Photos: http://sydney.edu.au/

Ground Tissue Types

Sclerenchyma: Fibers
Very long; often lignified; often dead at maturity
Located in stems, often associated with xylem and phloem
Support and storage

Photos: http://sydney.edu.au/

Ground Tissue Types

Sclerenchyma: Sclereid
Shape is variable; shorter than fibers; generally lignified;
maybe dead at maturity
Throughout plant (example gritty texture of pears)
Mechanical; protective
Asterosclerids may help move water in some leaves

Asterosclerids in a conifer needle

Vascular Tissue Types

Xylem: Tracheid
Elongated and tapered;
lignified; dead at maturity
Located in the xylem
Water-conduction in
gymnosperms and
angiosperms

Photos: Campbell and Reece

Ground Tissue
Vascular
TissueTypes
Types

Xylem: Vessel elements

Elongated; not as long as
tracheids; several
elements end-end equal
vessel; dead at maturity
Located in xylem
Water-conducting element
in angiosperms

Photos: Campbell and Reece

Ground Tissue
Vascular
TissueTypes
Types

Phloem
Stacks of cells called sievetube elements or sieve-tube
cells; companion cells
support metabolic function;
alive at maturity; alive at
maturity
Located in phloem
Food-conducting element

Photos: Campbell and Reece

Bamboo is stronger than steel

Bamboo
Higher tensile strength than
steel (resistance to pulling
apart)
Fiber network is reinforced
by lignin tissue
Fibers are analogous to
rebar and lignin the
concrete in reinforced
concrete
Grows from equator to subarctic
Grows very fast
www.archiexpo.com

Bamboo is stronger than steel

www.completebamboo.com

www.troutunderground.com

calfeedesign.com
thetravellingtrini.com

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Gambetta G A et al. Plant Physiol. 2013;163:1254-1265

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Primary and secondary cell walls and their relationship to the rest of the cell