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Kultur Dokumente
2012(270-274)
Okonkwo et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol.2 Issue 4 Oct. 2012(270-274)
comparing it with calibration curve(8) the vast majority of
plastic products are made from petroleum based synthetic
polymers that do not degrade in a land fill in a compost like
environment. Therefore the disposal of these products
poses serious environmental problems. Conversion of
biomass to energy, cellulose and hemicelluloses are
normally reduced to mono and disaccharides. Fuel from
petroleum are discouraged because of the pollutants they
emit into the air.
Preparation of Standard
Standard solutions of glucose, fructose, sucrose,
maltose and lactose were each prepared from the pure
substance. A standard solution of the mixture was also
prepared by mixing equal weight of glucose, fructose,
sucrose, maltose and lactose.
The concentrations of each of the sugars used were
2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 15% and 20%.
Methods Preparation
Okonkwo et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol.2 Issue 4 Oct. 2012(270-274)
Figure 1: shows the plot of various sugar with concentration using refractometry
Table 2: ANOVA two-factor without replication refractometry
Summary
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
2
6
8.0181
1.33635
3.95E-07
4
6
8.0343
1.33905
3.71 E-07
6
6
8.0507
1.341783
3.58E-07
8
6
0.0705
1.345083
4.7E-07
10
6
8.0865
1.34775
7.55E-07
15
6
8.1272
1.354533
1.19E-06
20
6
8.1616
1.360267
4.6E-06
Fructose
7
9.4235
1.346214
7.56E-05
Glucose
7
9.4303
1.347186
7.92E-05
Sucrose
7
9.4274
1.346771
8.9E-05
Maltose
7
9.4252
1.346457
6.34E-05
Lactose
7
9.4152
1.345029
5.993E-05
Standard mixture
7
9.4273
1.346757
7.53E-05
ANOVA
Source of
Variance
Row
SS
Df
MS
P-value
F crit
0.00263
0.000438
623.8519
4.3E-30
2.420523
Columns
1.96E-05
5
3.92E-06
5.581904
0.000945
2.533555
Total
0.002671
41
Table 3: show the result of angle of rotation with various sugar standards and standard mixture at different
concentration using polarimeter
Angle of rotation
Concentration
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
mixture
2%
-3.1
+1.0
+1.2
+1.1
+1.1
-0.7
4%
-11.7
+2.8
+4.0
+3.3
+2.5
+1.1
6%
-16.7
+5.3
+6.8
+5.8
+4.1
+3.2
8%
-19.6
+7.9
+9.8
+6.2
+5.2
+4.8
10%
-22.6
+9.5
+13.2
+8.2
+6.2
+5.2
15%
-24.9
+11.7
+16.7
+10.2
+9.7
+7.5
20%
-30.2
+14.7
+18.2
+13.7
+11.2
+8.7
Unknown (10%): Angle of rotation, 0 = +3.5
Temperature = 29OC
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Okonkwo et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol.2 Issue 4 Oct. 2012(270-274)
Figure 2: show the plot of various sugar with concentration using polarimetry
Table 4: Anova: Two-Factor without Replication Polarimetry
Summary
2
4
6
8
10
15
20
Count
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Sum
8.2
25.4
41.9
53.5
64.9
80.9
96.7
Average
1.366667
4.233333
6.9833
8.9166
10.816
13.483
16.116
Variance
0.7506
14.310
24.261
30.817
41.193
40.481
57.941
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Standard Mixture
7
7
7
7
7
7
128.8
52.9
69.9
48.5
40
31.4
18.4
7.5571
9.9857
6.9285
5.7142
4.4857
80.406
23.799
41.014
17.852
13.451
9.3580
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Rows
Columns
Errors
Total
SS
Df
MS
P-value
F crit
953.655
887.146
161.641
2002.444
6
5
30
41
158.942
177.429
5.38804
29.499
32.930
2.66E
2.56E
2.4205
2.5335
turning the knob until the proper angle of the analyzer was
reached. In this instrument, the eye sees a split field whose
section must be match in light intensity.
The value of the angle through which the plane of
polarized light has been rotated was read directly from the
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Okonkwo et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol.2 Issue 4 Oct. 2012(270-274)
sensitivity (R2 = 0.99) being the best out of the two. This
implies that any of the monosaccharide and disaccharides
can be determined with refractometer with the highest
degree of sensitivity.
References
2. Ray S. Biodegradable
Polymer for Industrial
Application. Ray Smith,. ISBN 0849334667 (2005).
Conclusion
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