PROBLEM 12.

43
KNOWN: An opaque surface with prescribed spectral, hemispherical reflectivity distribution is
subjected to a prescribed spectral irradiation.
FIND: (a) The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity, (b) Total irradiation, (c) The absorbed radiant flux,
and (d) Total, hemispherical absorptivity.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface is opaque.

ANALYSIS: (a) The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity, , for an opaque surface is given by Eq.
12.58,

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= 1
which is shown as a dashed line on the distribution axes.
(b) The total irradiation, G, follows from Eq. 12.16 which can be integrated by parts,

5 m
10 m
20 m
G=
G d =
G d +
G d +
G d
0
0
5m
10 m

G=

1
W
W
1
W
600
5 0) m + 600
10 5 ) m + 600
( 20 10 ) m
(
(
2
2
m2 m
m2 m
m2 m
G = 7500 W / m 2 .

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(c) The absorbed irradiation follows from Eqs. 12.45 and 12.46 with the form

5 m
10 m
20 m
Gabs =
G d = 1
G d + G ,2
d + 3
G d .
0
0
5 m
10 m

Noting that 1 = 1.0 for = 0 5 m, G,2 = 600 W/m m for = 5 10 m and 3 = 0 for > 10
m, find that

Gabs = 1.0 0.5 600 W / m 2 m (5 0 ) m + 600 W / m 2 m ( 0.5 0.5 )(10 5) m + 0

Gabs = 2250 W / m 2 .
(d) The total, hemispherical absorptivity is defined as the fraction of the total irradiation that is
absorbed. From Eq. 12.45,
G
2250 W / m 2
= abs =
= 0.30.
G
7500 W / m 2

<

<

COMMENTS: Recognize that the total, hemispherical absorptivity, = 0.3, is for the given spectral
irradiation. For a different G, one would then expect a different value for .

PROBLEM 12.59
KNOWN: Spectrally selective, diffuse surface exposed to solar irradiation.
FIND: (a) Spectral transmissivity, , (b) Transmissivity, S, reflectivity, S, and absorptivity, S, for
solar irradiation, (c) Emissivity, , when surface is at Ts = 350K, (d) Net heat flux by radiation to the
surface.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface is diffuse, (2) Spectral distribution of solar irradiation is proportional to
E,b (, 5800K).
ANALYSIS: (a) Conservation of radiant energy requires, according to Eq. 12.56, that + +
=1 or = 1 - - . Hence, the spectral transmissivity appears as shown above (dashed line). Note
that the surface is opaque for > 1.38 m.
(b) The transmissivity to solar irradiation, GS, follows from Eq. 12.55,

S = G ,S d / G S = E ,b ( ,5800K ) d / E b ( 5800K )
0
0

1.38
E ,b ( ,5800K ) d / E b ( 5800K ) = ,1F(0 ) = 0.7 8.56 = 0.599
1
0

S = ,b

<

where 1 TS = 1.38 5800 = 8000 mK and from Table 12.1, F( 0 ) = 0.856. From Eqs. 12.52
1
and 12.57,

S = G ,S d / GS = ,1F( 0 ) = 0.1 0.856 = 0.086

1
0

<

S = 1 S S = 1 0.086 0.599 = 0.315.

<

(c) For the surface at Ts = 350K, the emissivity can be determined from Eq. 12.38. Since the surface
is diffuse, according to Eq. 12.65, = , the expression has the form

= E ,b ( Ts ) d / E b ( Ts ) = E ,b ( 350K ) d / E b ( 350K )
= ,1F( 0 1.38 m ) + ,2 1 F( 0 1.38 m ) = ,2 = 1

<

where from Table 12.1 with 1 TS = 1.38 350 = 483 mK, F( 0 T ) 0.

(d) The net heat flux by radiation to the
surface is determined by a radiation balance

qrad = GS SG S SGS E
qrad = SGS E

qrad = 0.315 750 W / m 2 1.0 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 ( 350K ) = 615 W / m 2 .

4

<

PROBLEM 12.65
KNOWN: Opaque, horizontal plate, well insulated on backside, is subjected to a prescribed irradiation.
Also known are the reflected irradiation, emissive power, plate temperature and convection coefficient
for known air temperature.
FIND: (a) Emissivity, absorptivity and radiosity and (b) Net heat transfer per unit area of the plate.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Plate is insulated on backside, (2) Plate is opaque.

ANALYSIS: (a) The total, hemispherical emissivity of the plate according to Eq. 12.37 is
E
E
1200 W / m 2

E b ( Ts )

= 0.34.

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Ts4 5.67 10 8 W / m 2 K 4 ( 227 + 273) 4 K 4

The total, hemispherical absorptivity is related to the reflectivity by Eq. 12.57 for an opaque surface.
That is, = 1 - . By definition, the reflectivity is the fraction of irradiation reflected, Eq. 12.51, such
that
= 1 Gref / G = 1 500 W / m 2 / 2500 W / m 2 = 1 0.20 = 0.80.

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The radiosity, J, is defined as the radiant flux leaving the surface by emission and reflection per unit
area of the surface (see Section 12.24).
J = G + Eb = Gref + E = 500 W / m 2 +1200 W / m 2 = 1700 W / m 2.
(b) The net heat transfer is determined from
an energy balance,

<

qnet = qin qout = G G ref E qconv

qnet = ( 2500 500 1200 ) W / m 2 15 W / m 2 K ( 227 127 ) K = 700 W / m 2 .

<

An alternate approach to the energy balance using the

radiosity,

qnet = G J qconv
qnet = ( 2500 1700 1500 ) W / m 2
qnet = 700W/m 2 .
COMMENTS: (1) Since the net heat rate per unit area is negative, energy must be added to the
plate in order to maintain it at Ts = 227C. (2) Note that . Hence, the plate is not a gray body.
(3) Note the use of radiosity in performing energy balances. That is, considering only the radiation
processes, q net = G J.

PROBLEM 12.123
KNOWN: Amplifier operating and environmental conditions.
FIND: (a) Power generation when Ts = 58C with diffuse coating = 0.5, (b) Diffuse coating from among three (A,
B, C) which will give greatest reduction in Ts , and (c) Surface temperature for the conditions with coating chosen
in part (b).

SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Environmental conditions remain the same with all surface coatings, (2)
Coatings A, B, C are opaque, diffuse.
ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance
on the amplifiers exposed surface,
E& in E& out = 0, find

Pe + As S GS + sky G sky E b q conv

= 0
4
Pe = As Ts4 + h ( Ts T ) SG S sky Tsky

Pe = 0.13 0.13 m2 0.5 ( 331 ) 4 + 15 ( 331 300 ) 0.5 800 0.5 ( 253 ) 4 W / m2

Pe = 0.0169m2 [0.5 680.6 + 465 0.5 800 0.5 232.3 ]W / m2 = 4887 W.

<

(b) From above, recognize that we seek a coating with low S and high to decrease Ts . Further, recognize that
S is determined by values of = for < 3 m and by values of for > 3 m. Find approximate values as
Coating
A
B
C

0.5
0.3
0.6
S

0.8

0.3

0.2

S/

1.6

0.333

Note also that sky . We conclude that coating C is likely to give the lowest Ts since its S/ is substantially
lower than for B and C. While sky for C is twice that of B, because Gsky is nearly 25% that of GS, we expect
coating C to give the lowest Ts .

(c) With the values of S, sky and for coating C from part (b), rewrite the energy balance as
4
Pe / A s + SGS + sky Tsky
T s4 h ( Ts T ) = 0

4.887 W / ( 0.13 m ) + 0.2 800 W / m2 + 0.6 232.3 W / m 2 0.6 Ts4 15 ( Ts 300 ) = 0

2

Using trial-and-error, find Ts = 316.5 K = 43.5C.

<

COMMENTS: (1) Using coatings A and B, find Ts = 71 and 54C, respectively. (2) For more precise values of
S, sky and , use Ts = 43.5C. For example, at Ts = 3 (43.5 + 273) = 950 mK, F0-T = 0.000 while at Tsolar
= 3 5800 = 17,400 mK, F0-T 0.98; we conclude little effect will be seen.