Chapter 2

Single-phase Circuits

BEKG 2433 ELECTRIC SYSTEM

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this class, the student
should be able to:
Analyze the single phase series and parallel RLC

circuit using phasor and complex number method

Calculate the single phase system parameters such
as real power (P), reactive power (Q), apparent
power (S) and power factor (pf).

BEKG 2433

Chapter 2: Single-Phase Circuits

Alternating current circuits with each of the individual
components, resistor, capacitor or inductor. AC circuits
with resistor, inductor and capacitor in series and
parallel.

1.

Introduction

2.

Resistive circuit

3.

Inductive circuit

4.

Capacitive circuit

5.

Series circuit

6.

Parallel circuit

BEKG 2433

1. Introduction
Basic knowledge of:
1) Circuit Theory 1
2) Engineering Math
Ohms Law, Kirchoffs Law, Voltage divider, current divider will
also be used in AC circuit analysis
Weve learnt that AC voltages and currents can be expressed as :
Time domain (Function of time)
Frequency domain (Phasor)
Also have learnt 3 type of relationships between waveforms:
1. In-phase
2. Leads
3. Lags
4

 In the real world, electrical transmission line is in

3 phase Red-Yellow-Blue (RYB) or DC

To most home, only single-phase is being used.

Either Red or Yellow or Blue

Single-phase system Chapter 2

Three-phase system Chapter 3

Voltage and current in time

Voltage as a function of time (time variant):

(t ) Vmax cos(t )
Instantaneous
value

Max value

Phase angle

Radial frequency (rad/sec)

Current as a function of time (time variant):

i(t ) I max cos(t i )

6

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Linear frequency
(cycle/sec)

2f and
f

1
T
Period (sec)

17/09/2015

Voltage and current in phasor

The RMS phasor representation of voltage and current is given
in 3 forms:
Exponential
Polar
Rectangular
usingEuler' s Identity: e j cos j sin

V Vrms e jv Vrms v Vrms cos v jVrms sin v

ji
I I
e
I rms i I rms cos i jI rms sin i
rms
exponential

polar

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

rectangular

Vmax
17/09/2015 2

note : Vrms

Basic AC circuit comprises voltage supply, and load

that is connected to the electric wire
Resistor (R)
Inductor (L)
Capacitor (C)
Well analyze circuits that consist of these components,
either in series or in parallel
R,L,C each has different properties/attributes
which gives different voltage-current relationships
8

2. AC circuit with resistive load

Purely resistive circuit:

Resistor attribute:
Current is proportionally to the
voltage (Ohms Law: V=IR)

Apply Ohms Law: V = IR , but we know VR = e = Vmsint

iR

VR
R

Vm sin t
R

Vm
sin t
R

I m sin t

Noticed that there are no phase difference.

Voltage and current are in phase.
9

Waveform of Voltage & Current in purely resistive

circuit
V=

Phasor diagram of Voltage & Current in the purely

resistive circuit
VR

10

Example:
Consider a purely resistive circuit. If iR = 12 sin(t 18o)A and
R=5, determine VR and draw the waveform

Solution:
VR = IR x R = 12 sin(t 18o)A x 5
= 60 sin(t 18o) V

11

3. AC circuit with inductive load

Consider a purely inductive circuit:
Ideal Inductor attribute:
VL is proportional to the
rate of change of current

Mathematically:

VL L

VL L

diL
dt

Take IL = Im sin t

di L
d
L I m sin t L I m cos t
dt
dt

But we know inductive reactance (Unit in ) of an inductor

XL = L, thus L Im = XLIm = Vm
Also, cos x = sin (x + 90o), substituting.
12

We have VL = Vm sin (t + 90o)..when IL = Im sin t

 Waveform of Voltage & Current in the purely inductive circuit:

Current lag Voltage by 90o or Voltage lead current by 90o

90o

90o

Phasor diagram of Voltage & Current in the purely inductive

circuit

13

Example:
Consider a purely inductive circuit. The voltage across a 0.2H
inductance is VL = 100 sin (400t + 70o)V. Determine iL and sketch it.

Solution:
400 rad/s
Therefore,

X L L 400 0.2 80

Im

Vm 100

1.25 A
XL
80

The current lags voltage by 90, therefore

I L 1.25 sin 400 t 20 A

14

4. AC circuit with capacitive load

Now consider a purely capacitive circuit:

Ideal Capacitor attribute:
iC is proportional to the
rate of change of voltage

IC C

dvC
dt

Mathematically: Take VC = Vm sin t

iC C

dv C
d
C ( Vm sin t ) CVm cos t
dt
dt

But we know capacitive reactance (Unit in ) of a capacitor

XC = 1/C, thus C Vm = Vm/XC = Im
Again, cos x = sin (x + 90o), substituting.
iC = Im sin (wt + 90o).when VC = Vm sin t
15

Waveform of Voltage & Current in the purely capacitive circuit: Voltage

lag Current by 90o or Current lead voltage by 90o

Phasor diagram of Voltage & Current in the purely

capacitive circuit: :

16

Example:
Consider a purely capacitive circuit. The current through
a 0.1F capacitor is IC = 5 sin (1000t + 120o)mA. Determine VC.

Solution:
Therefore,

1000 rad/s
1
1
XC

10k
C 1000 0.1

Vm Im XC (5mA )(10k) 50 V
The voltage lags current by 900, therefore
VC = 50sin(1000t+30o)V

17

18

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

17/09/2015

Conclusion
Pure
Resistive
V and I
in-phase

Pure
Pure
Inductive Capacitive
V leads I I leads V
by 900
by 900
I lags V V lags I
by 900
by 900

How to memorize the relationships?

C I V I L
19

5. AC circuit with series loads

Series connection? Connect all the components to make them
in series between point A & B. Current is the reference.

B
Parallel connection? Connect all the components to make them
in parallel between point A & B. Voltage is the reference

20

10

Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

Resistance is friction against the motion of electrons. It is present in
all conductors, most notably in resistors. Resistance is
mathematically symbolized by the letter R" and is measured in the
unit of ohms ().
Reactance is inertia against the motion of electrons. It is present
anywhere electric or magnetic fields are developed in proportion to
applied voltage or current, respectively; but most notably in
capacitors and inductors. Reactance is mathematically symbolized by
the letter X" and is measured in the unit of ohms (). It is the
imaginary part of impedance.
Impedance is a comprehensive expression of any and all forms of
opposition to electron flow, including both resistance and reactance.
It is present in all circuits, and in all components. Impedance is
mathematically symbolized by the letter Z" and is measured in the
unit of ohms (), in complex form.
21

BEKP 2323

Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

From previous and with Ohms Law where V = IZ
we get :
Resistor 100
R = 100
X = 0
Z = R + jX
So, Z = 100 +j0 (complex no)
= 100

Z 1000 o ( )

Inductor 100mH
Capacitor 10uF
f = 159.15Hz
f = 159.15Hz
R = 0
R = 0
XL = L = 2f L
XC = 1/C
= 2(159.15)(100m) = 1/2fC
= 100
= 1/(2 x 159.15 x 10u)
Z = R+jXL
= 100
= 0+j100
Z = R - jXC
= j100
= 0 -j100
(complex no)
= j-100
(complex no)
o

Z 100 90

Z 100 90 o

22

11

R & L in series
V VR VL

Applying KVL

V R IR and

Current is the ref.

V L IX L

Thus V I ( R X L )

V VR2 VL2

Also
V

Phasor diagram:

XL

tan 1

VR

VL
VR

I (Reference)

Impedance Triangle:
Z

VL

tan 1

XL
R

cos 1

R
Z

23

Example:
Find:
12
100V,
50Hz

100mH

a) Reactance and
impedance
b) The current
c) Phase between current
and supplied voltage

Answer:
a) 31.42 / 33.63
b) 2.97A
c) 69.1
24

12

R & C in series
V VR VC

Applying KVL

V R IR and

V C IX C

Thus V I ( R X C )
Also
VR

Phasor diagram:

V VR2 VC2

I (Reference)
VR
VC

tan 1

VC
VR

Impedance Triangle:

R
XC

tan 1

XC
R

cos 1

R
Z

25

Example:
0.5 A
C = 8F
V = 230V
86.5Hz

What is the value of R?

Answer: 398

26

13

R, L & C in series

If VL>VC [XL>XC]

V VR VL VC

Apply KVL

V R IR V L IX L and V C IX C
Thus V I ( R X L X C )
V VR2 ( VL VC )2

Also
Phasor diagram:
V [Z]

VL-VC
[XL-XC]

I (Reference)

tan 1

VR [R]

VL VC
X XC
R
tan 1 L
cos 1
VR
R
Z

where Z R j ( X L X C ) and

Z R 2 ( X L X C )2

27

R, L & C in series

If VC>VL [XC>XL]

V VR VL VC

Apply KVL

V R IR V L IX L and V C IX C
Thus V I ( R X L X C )
Also

V VR2 (VC VL ) 2

Phasor diagram:
V [Z]

VC-VL
[XC-XL]

I (Reference)

VR [R]

tan 1

X XL
Vc VL
R
tan 1 C
cos 1
VR
R
Z

where Z R j ( X C X L ) and

Z R 2 ( X C X L )2

28

14

Example:
A circuit having a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100F in series, is connected across a 100V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate the magnitude of
a) the impedance;
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Ans:
a) 19.439
b) 5.1443A
c) VR=61.7316V, VL=242.4195V VC=163.7482V
d) 51.88

29

6. AC circuit with parallel loads

The reference is now voltage, instead of current as in series circuit
CIVIL concept still can be applied
I

V reference

V
IR

IL

IL

IR

KCL will be used

I
IR
V

IC

IC

IR

V reference
30

15

R & L in parallel

I IR IL
V
IR
and
Applying KCL
R
V
Voltage is the Ref.
Thus I
R
1
Also I V
R2

Phasor diagram:
(Reference)

tan 1

IL
IR

tan 1

R
XL

cos 1

Z
R

IL
V
XL
1
2
XL

V
XL

1
1
1
2
2
R
XL

31

R & C in parallel
Applying KCL

I IR IC
V
IR
and
R
V
Thus I
R
1
Also I V
R2

Phasor diagram:

tan 1

IC
IR

tan

R
XC

cos 1
(Reference)

Z
R

IC
V
XC
1
2
XC

V
XC

1
1
1
2
2
R
XC

32

16

Example:
Three branches, possessing a resistance of 50, an inductance of
0.15H and a capacitance of 100F respectively, are connected in
parallel across a 100V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate:
a) the current in each branch
b) the supply current
c) the phase angle between the supply current and the supply
voltage

33

Problem in AC circuit with series-parallel load can be

solved using 2 methods:
Phasor method
Complex number method

34

17

Solution:
First, draw the circuit:

Then calculate the reactance:

X L 2 f L 2 50 Hz 0.15 H 47.12

X C 1 / 2fC 1 / 2 (50)(0.0001F ) 31.83

35

a) Now calculate the current in each branch;

Since it is parallel, we know that Voltage same at each branch. V is
used as the reference
Complex Number Method:

Phasor Method:
IR

V 1000(V )

R 500()

I & V in phase in R

I R 200 A
IL

V
1000

X L 47.1290

I lags V by 900

I L 2.12 900 A
IC

V
1000

X C 31.83 90

I leads V by 900

I C 3.14900 A

IR

V
100

2 j0
Z1 (50 j 0)

200 A
IL

V
100

j 2.12
Z2
(0 j 47.12)

2.12 90o A

IC

V
100

j 3.14
Z 3 (0 j31.83)

3.14900 A

36

18

b) the supply current;

Apply KCL,

I S I R I L IC

Phasor Method:
I
IR = 2A

Complex Number Method:

IC-IL
= 3.14A -2.12A
= 1.02A

I I R I L IC
2 ( j 2.12) ( j 3.14)
2 j1.02

V ref

2 A 2 1 .02 A 2 2 .25 A

1.02 A
o
tan 1
27.02
2A
I 2.25 27.02 0 A

I 2 .25 27 .02 0 A

Same Answer..

37

Example:
A circuit having a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100F are connected in series across a 100V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate
a) the impedance;
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage

Solution:
First, draw the circuit:
R = 12
100V, 50 Hz
L = 0.15H
C = 100F
38

19

X L 2 f L 2 50 0.15 47.12
X C 1 /( 2fC ) 1 /[ 2 (50)(100 )] 31.83
a) the impedance;
Complex Number Method:

Phasor Method:
V [Z]
VL-VC
[XL-XC]

I (Reference)

Z R j( X L X C )

VR [R]
Z

12 j (47.12 31.83) 12 j15.29

19.4451.87 o

47.12-31.83
= 15.29

I
12

12 15.29 2 19.44
2

15.29
o
0
51.87 Z 19.4451.87
12

tan 1

39

b) the current;
Complex Number Method:

Phasor Method:
Apply Ohms Law

V
I
Z

1000
19.4451.87 0
0

5.14 51.87 A
0

V
Z
100
3.1764 j 4.0473
12 j15.29

5.14 51.870 A

40

20

c) the voltages across R, L and C;

Complex Number Method:

Phasor Method:

VR IR (5.14 51.87 0 )(12)

VR = I x Impedance across R only

100
(
)(12)
12 j15.29

VR 62 51.87 V
0

VL IX L (5.14 51.87 )(47.1290 )

0

62 51.87 0 V
VL= I x Impedance across L only

VR 24238.130V
VC IX C (5.14 51.87 0 )(31.83 900 )
VR 164 141.87 V
0

100
(
)( j 47.12)
12 j15.29
24238.130V

VL= I x Impedance across C only

100
(
)( j 31.83)
12 j15.29
164 141.87 0 V

41

d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Complex Number Method:

Phasor Method:

I 5.14 51.870 A

Refer to the phasor diagram

V 10000V
V leads I by 51.87o or I lags V by 51.87o

42

21