Industrial Training at BSNL

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

TYPE : COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER
COUNTRY : INDIA
AVAILABLITY : NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI
OWNER : THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
WEBSITE : WWW.BSNL.CO.IN

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Contents:
1. History.
2. About BSNL

3.MDF
4.OCB SWITCHING
5.
TAX (Trunk auto exchange)
6. TRANSMISSION

1.

Fiber Optic
2. OFC SPLICING

7.BROAD BAND
8.MOBILE SECTION
1.GSM
2.CDMA
9.INTERNET
10.
Wi-Max
11.
Wireless In Local Loop
12.
Leased Lines
13.
National Internet Backbone (NIB)

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The foundation of telecom network in India was laid by British

sometime in 19th century and history of BSNL is linked with the beginning of
telecom in India was operated as a Government Of India wing. Earlier it was
the part of Post & Telecom (P&T) department. In 1975 the Department of
Telecom (DOT) was separated from P&T. In 1990 the telecom sector was
opened up by Government for private investment, therefore it became
necessary to separate the government policy wing from operations wings.
The Government Of India corporatized the operations wing of DOT on
October 01, 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) .

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BSNL
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest
Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband,
Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India Communications
Corporation Limited) is a public sector communications company in India. It
is the India's largest telecommunication company with 24% market share. Its
headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, New Delhi. It has the status of
Mini-ratna - a status assigned to reputed Public Sector companies in
India.BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now
focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom
services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer's confidence.
Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL
capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges,
18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of
Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5
Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and
planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact
there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide
network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates
across India except Delhi & Mumbai including inaccessible areas of Siachen
glacier and North-eastern region of the country.
BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular
customers, garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That
means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL
connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1
million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base
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and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL
subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through
various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, and Account Less Internet
(CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.
BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent
IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video
through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present
there are 0.6 million DataOne broadband customers. The company has vast
experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of
Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000
certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL plans to expand its customer base
from present 73 millions lines to 125 million lines and infrastructure
investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next
three years. Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of the largest Public
Sector Undertaking with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The
company is planning an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10% to public in the
Rs 300-400 range valuing the company at over $100 billion.

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The primary function of MDF is:

The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; it is called as Fault
Remove Section.
For removing the fault of telephone number, we use the testing. These
testing are T.T.Y. testing, Group testing, etc.
For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or the live tester,
printer and computer test N.E. number of that particular telephone number.
The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of
some specific reason.

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PARTS OF THE MDF:
-> Horizontal side
-> Vertical side
HORIZONTAL SIDE:
It is again subdivided in to two parts
-> Exchange side
-> Line side

Description of the horizontal side:

-> RACK :- On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having
eight tags. The courting is done from up (0) to down (7).
TAG: - Each rack consists of eight tags.
1 tag = 4 core
1 core = 4 bunch
1 bunch = 2 line

-> N.E.:- The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT.

It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF connected by NE.

Fig: NE in MDF

-> WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert

a wedge between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge
works as insulator made of plastic.

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VERTICAL SIDE:
The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is
having 100 pairs. These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone
number to the subscriber.
Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts:
One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the
subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable.
This is how the present day telephone system works. Different
exchanges have different architectures of switching call routing and other
features.

fig: vertical frame in MDF

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SALIENT FEATURES:
OCB stands for organ control bhersion.
Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France.
OMC & S/N duplicated.
Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile,
Videotext etc.
Supports different types of signaling system.
Max. no. of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be used.
Less space requirement.
Automatic fault recovery and remote monitoring.
Environmental requirement is not very stringent.

MAJOR UNITS OF OCB SYSTEM:

1.Subscriber Connection Unit (CSN)
A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension
racks capacity of CSN is 5000.Subs may be analog and digital.
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2.TRUNK & JUNCTION CONNECTION UNIT (SMT)
It is the interface between switching network and
junctions from other exchanges (or remote connection unit).

3.SWITCHING MATRIX
The Switching matrix is a single stage t made up of host
switching matrix and branch selection & amplification function,
SMX is duplicated.

4.AUXILLIARY
(SMA)

EQUIPMENT

CONTROL

STATION

It consists of frequency receiver/generator conference call

CCTS, tone generators etc,

5.CONTROL UNIT (SMC):

The

six control units are as under:

Multi register (MR) for connecting and disconnecting calls.
Translator (TR) for storing exchange database.
Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs.
Marker (MQ) for performing connection & disconnection of
subscribers.
Ccs-7 controller (PC) for carrying out routing & traffic
management functions.
Matrix system handler (GX) for monitoring connection in
S/N.

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It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking

suitable actions at the event of faults. Magnetic disks each of
capability 1.2 GB for various stages.

5.TAX (Trunk auto exchange)

This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial tone and
how the call is made and processed.

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The call is transmitted from telephone to:

Caller
/
D.P
/
Pillar
/
MDF
/
Exchange
/
Tax
/
Exchange
/
MDF
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\
Pillar
\
D.P
\
Receiver

There are two types of media:

Guided Media (OFC)

Un-Guided Media.

6.1.Fiber Optics:
The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and
optical-fiber applications are numerous. Telecommunication applications are
widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These
involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a
meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs
in one of several cable designs.
ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS:
Fiber Optics has the following advantages :

SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the

gigabits
BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be
"refreshed" or strengthened.
RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as
radios, motors or other nearby cables.
MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

Fiber Optic System :

Optical Fibre is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is
transmitted through a glass or plastic fibre, in the form of light, following the
transmission sequence give below :
(1) Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals.
(2) Electrical Signals are Coverted into light Signals.
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(3) Light Travels Down the Fiber.
(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
(5) Electrical Signals are Decoded into Information.
- Inexpensive light sources available.
- Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds because low loss
fiber are used at high data rates.

Fig: 4.1 Fiber optic system

6.2.OFC SPLICING
Splices are permanent connection between two fibres. The splicing involves
cutting of the edges of the two fibres to be spliced.
Splicing Methods
The following three types are widely used :
1. Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.
2. Mechanical splicing.
3. Fusion splicing.
Adhesive Bonding or Glue Splicing
This is the oldest splicing technique used in fibre splicing. After fibre end
preparation, it is axially aligned in a precision Vgroove. Cylindrical rods or
another kind of reference surfaces are used for alignment. During the
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alignment of fibre end, a small amount of adhesive or glue of same refractive
index as the core material is set between and around the fibre ends. A two
component epoxy or an UV curable adhesive is used as the bonding agent.
The splice loss of this type of joint is same or less than fusion splices. But
fusion splicing technique is more reliable, so at present this technique is very
rarely used.
Mechanical Splicing
This technique is mainly used for temporary splicing in case of emergency
repairing. This method is also convenient to connect measuring instruments
to bare fibres for taking various measurements.
The mechanical splices consist of 4 basic components :
(i) An alignment surface for mating fibre ends.
(ii) A retainer
(iii) An index matching material.
(iv) A protective housing
A very good mechanical splice for M.M. fibres can have an optical
performance as good as fusion spliced fibre or glue spliced. But in case of
single mode fibre, this type of splice cannot have stability of loss.
Fusion Splicing
The fusion splicing technique is the most popular technique used for
achieving very low splice losses. The fusion can be achieved either through
electrical arc or through gas flame.The process involves cutting of the fibres
and fixing them in micropositioners on the fusion splicing machine. The
fibres are then aligned either manually or automatically core aligning (in
case of S.M. fibre) process. Afterwards the operation that takes place involve
withdrawal of the fibres to a specified distance, preheating of the fibre ends
through electric arc and bringing together of the fibre ends in a position and
splicing through high temperature fusion.

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Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that includes

or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies, which may be divided into
channels or frequency bins. Broadband is always a relative term, understood
according to its context. The wider the bandwidth, the greater the
information-carrying capacity. In radio, for example, a very narrow-band
signal will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry speech; a still broader
band is required to carry music without losing the high audio frequencies
required for realistic sound reproduction. A television antenna described as
"normal" may be capable of receiving a certain range of channels; one
described as "broadband" will receive more channels. In data
communications a modem will transmit a bandwidth of 56 kilobits per
seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line; over the same telephone line a
bandwidth of several megabits per second can be handled by ADSL, which is
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described as broadband (relative to a modem over a telephone line, although
much less than can be achieved over a fiber optic circuit, for example).
IN DATA COMMUNICATIONS:
Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband networks or
broadband Internet and may have the same meaning as above, so that data
transmission over a fiber optic cable would be referred to as broadband as
compared to a telephone modem operating at 56,000 bits per second.
However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a more
technical sense to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of data
are sent simultaneously to increase the effective rate of transmission,
regardless of actual data rate. In network engineering this term is used for
methods where two or more signals share a medium.
IN VIDEO:
Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to
systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are
modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is the
term's antonym, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in
composite form with an audio subcarrier. The act of demodulating converts
broadband video to baseband video.
However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet video has
come to mean video files that have bitrates high enough to require
broadband Internet access in order to view them.
Broadband video is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand.
IN DSL:
The various forms of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are broadband in
the sense that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel
above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of wires
IN ETHERNET:
A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full
bandwidth, as in 100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common
interface to broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has a high data
rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as broadband. Ethernet provisioned
over cable modem is a common alternative to DSL
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BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit, multiprotocol, convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet Backbone-II
(NIB-II), that will provide convergent services through the same backbone
and broadband access network. The Broadband service will be available on
DSL technology (on the same copper cable that is used for connecting
telephone), on a countrywide basis spanning 198 cities.
In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India at par
with more advanced nations. The services that would be supported includes
always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential and business
customers, Content based services, Video multicasting, Video-on-demand
and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video conferencing, IP Telephony,
Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-site MPLS VPNs
with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscribe will be able to
access the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System
(SSSS)portal.
OBJECTIVES

To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps)

To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband

customers

To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers.

To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc. through the

Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS).

To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either timebased or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the
option to select the services through web server

To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services.

TECHNICAL CAPABILITY
The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi
Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed
to provide reliable routes to cover all possible destinations within and
outside the country. Layer 1 of the network will consist of a high speed
Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core Routers connected with high
speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are located on the national
DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level to provide for high
transmission speeds.

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Advantage of MPLS over other Technologies
MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a service provider like BSNL to have
complete control over parameters that are critical to offering its customers
service guarantees with regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and
availability.
Equipment's required in customer premises are
Filter:-The filter separates out the signal for telephone. (Called as
Splitter)
Modem:-The modem directs the signal to PC and TV.
Set Top Box (STB)-The STB converts the digital IP based signal to
a form compatible with the TV set.
PC and TV
Equipment's required towards exchange side
DSLAM
BRAS
TIER 1
TIER 2
BNG
MPLS
GATEWAYS

Digital subscriber loop (DSL)

A high speed digital communication line
Has several advantages over other high speed communication
solutions.
DSL runs on existing copper
DSL helps carriers reduce congestion on their voiceswitching systems
Very high speed.
Different types of DSL are
1. ADSL
2. SDSL
3. VDSL
4. RADSl

Services available through Broadband:

High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access

service with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.

Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change

bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with
256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session.

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Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application

in distance education, telemedicine etc

Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their
private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.

Video and Audio Conferencing:

Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and
time shifted TV

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Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations fitted
with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or building, located
throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication network and switching
system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell
sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8 miles) away.
When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone
exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile switch
when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal
being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch seamlessly between
sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are performed to allow the device to
switch sites without interrupting the call.
Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters which
broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets and the switch.
The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider
or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. Many
of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing environments, particularly in scenic areas.
The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes
digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that achieves
this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are
grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with Japan, are all analog
and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all
digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA.
The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a cell
phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-established,
the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signaling
that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the reconnect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is
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then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the
original account.
Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in 2001. They are all
digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice services and include W-CDMA
(known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO. China will launch a third generation
technology on the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use a mix of predesignated frequency bands
determined by the network requirements and local regulations.
In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user's body, the first
fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehicle-mounted antenna, and
handset (known as car phones and bag phones) were limited to a maximum 3 watts Effective
Radiated Power. Modern handheld cell phones which must have the transmission antenna held
inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP.
Regardless of the potential biological effects, the reduced transmission range of modern
handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural locations as compared to car/bag phones, and
handhelds require that cell towers be spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of
transmission power.
Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of the phone,
which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a 3 watt cellular booster.
Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular repeater may be used, which uses a long distance
high-gain dish antenna or yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far outside of normal
range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local antenna that allows any cell
phone within a few meters to function properly.

Mobile Section:
In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes place.
There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place,
GSM
CDMA

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8.1.GSM
INTRODUCTION
A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of three major
subsystems: the network subsystem, the radio subsystem, and the
operation support subsystem. In order to ensure that network operators
will have several sources of cellular infrastructure equipment, GSM
decided to specify not only the air interface, but also the main interfaces
that identify different parts. There are three dominant interfaces, namely,
an interface between MSC and the base Transceiver Station (BTS), and an
Um interface between the BTS and MS.
GSM NETWORK STRUCTURE
Every telephone network needs a well-designed structure in order to route
incoming
called to the correct exchange and finally to the called subscriber. In a
mobile network,
this structure is of great importance because of the mobility of all its
subscribers [1-4].
In the GSM system, the network is divided into the following partitioned
areas.

GSM service area;

PLMN service area;
MSC service area;
Location area;
Cells.;

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Fig: 6.1 GSM Architechture

MS
The MS includes radio equipment and the man machine interface (MMI)
that a subscribe needs in order to access the services provided by the
GSM PLMN. MS can be installed in Vehicles or can be portable or handheld
stations. The MS may include provisions for data communication as well
as voice. A mobile transmits and receives message to and from the GSM
system over the air interface to establish and continue connections
through the system.
BASE STATION SYSTEM
The BSS is a set of BS equipment (such as transceivers and controllers)
that is in view by the MSC through a single A interface as being the entity
responsible for communicating with MSs in a certain area. The radio
equipment of a BSS may be composed of one or more cells. A BSS may
consist of one or more BS. The interface between BSC and BTS is
designed as an A-bis interface. The BSS includes two types
of machines: the BTS in contact with the MSs through the radio interface
and the BSC, the latter being in contact with the MSC. The function split is
basically between transmission equipment, the BTS, and managing
equipment at the BSC. A BTS compares radio transmission and reception
devices, up to and including the antennas, and also all the signal
processing specific to the radio interface. A single transceiver within BTS
supports eight basic radio channels of the same TDM frame. A BSC is a
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network component in the PLMN that function for control of one or more
BTS. It is a functional entity that handles common control functions within
a BTS.
BTS
As stated, the primary responsibility of the BTS is to transmit and receive
radio signals from a mobile unit over an air interface. To perform this
function completely, the signals are encoded, encrypted, multiplexed,
modulated, and then fed to the antenna system at the cell site. Transcoding to bring 13-kbps speech to a standard data rate of 16 kbps and
then combining four of these signals to 64 kbps is essentially a part of
BTS, though, it can be done at BSC or at MSC. The voice communication
can be either at a full or half rate over logical speech channel. In order to
keep the mobile synchronized, BTS transmits frequency and time
synchronization signals over frequency correction channel (FCCH and
BCCH logical channels. The received signal from the mobile is decoded,
decrypted, and equalized for channel impairments.
Random access detection is made by BTS, which then sends the message
to BSC. The channel subsequent assignment is made by BSC. Timing
advance is determined by BTS. BTS signals the mobile for proper timing
adjustment. Uplink radio channel measurement corresponding to the
downlink measurements made by MS has to be made by BTS.

BTS-BSC Configurations
There are several BTS-BSC configurations: single site; single cell; single
site; multicell; and multisite, multicell. These configurations are chosen
based on the rular or urban application. These configurations make the
GSM system economical since the operation has options to adapt the best
layout based on the traffic requirement. Thus, in some sense, system
optimization is possible by the proper choice of the configuration. These
include Omni directional rural configuration where the BSC and BTS are on
the same site; chain and multidrop loop configuration in which several
BTSs are controlled by a single remote BSC with a chain or ring
connection topology; rural star configuration in which several BTSs are
connected by individual lines to the same BSC; and sectorized urban
configuration in which three BTSs share the same site amd are controlled
by either a collocated or remote BSC.
BSC
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The BSC, as discussed, is connected to the MSC on one side and to the
BTS on the other. The BSC performs the Radio Resource (RR) management
for the cells under its control. It assigns and release frequencies and
timeslots for all MSs in its own area. The BSC performs the intercell
handover for MSs moving between BTS in its control. It also reallocates
frequencies to the BTSs in its area to meet locally heavy demands during
peak hours or on special events. The BSC controls the power transmission
of both BSSs and MSs in its area. The minimum power level for a mobile
unit is broadcast over the BCCH. The BSC provides the time and frequency
synchronization reference signals broadcast by its BTSs. The BSC also
measures the time delay of received MS signals relative to the BTS clock.
If the received MS signal is not centered in its assigned timeslot at the
BTS, The BSC can direct the BTS to notify the MS to advance the timing
such that proper synchronization takes place.
MSC
As stated, the main function of the MSC is to coordinate the set up of calls
between GSM mobile and PSTN users. Specifically, it performs functions
such as paging, resource allocation, location registration, and encryption.
Specifically, the call-handling function of paging is controlled by MSC.
MSC coordinates the set up of call to and from all GSM subscribers
operating in its areas. The dynamics allocation of access resources is done
in coordination with the BSS. More specifically, the MSC decides when and
which types of channels should be assigned to which MS. The channel
identity and related radio parameters are the responsibility of the BSS,
The MSC provides the control of interworking with different networks. It is
transparent for the subscriber authentication procedure. The MSC
supervises the connection transfer between different BSSs for MSs, with
an active call, moving from one call to another. This is ensured if the two
BSSs are connected to the same MSC but also when they are not . In this
latter case the procedure is more complex, since more then one MSC in
involved. The MSC performs billing on calls for all subscribers based in its
areas. When the subscriber is roaming elsewhere, the MSC obtains data
for the call billing from the visited MSC. Encryption parameters transfers
from VLR to BSS to facilitate ciphering on the radio interface are done by
MSC. The exchange of signaling information on the various interface
toward the other network elements and the management of the interface
themselves are all controlled by the MSC. Finally, the MSC serves as a
SMS gateway to forward SMS messages from Short Message Service
Centers (SMSC) to the subscribers and from the subscribers to the
SMSCs. It thus acts as a message mailbox and delivery system.
VLR
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The VLR is collocated with an MSC. A MS roaming in an MSC area is
controlled by the VLR responsible for that area. When a MS appears in a
LA, it starts a registration procedure. The MSC for that area notices this
registration and transfers to the VLR the identify of the LA where the MS is
situated. A VLR may be in charge of one or several MSC LAs. The VLR
constitutes the databases that support the MSC in the storage and
retrieval of the data of subscribers present in its area. When an MS enters
the MSC area borders, it signals its arrival to the MSC that stores its
identify in the VLR. The information necessary to manage the MS is
contained in the HLR and is transferred to the VLR so that they can be
easily retrieved if so required.
HLR
The HLR is a database that permanently stores data related to a given
set of subscribers. The HLR is the reference database for subscriber
parameters. Various identification numbers and addresses as well as
authentication parameters, services subscribed, and special routing
information are stored. Current subscriber status including a subscribers
temporary roaming number and associated VLR if the mobile is roaming,
are maintained.
The HLR provides data needed to route calls to all MS-SIMs home based
in its MSC area, even when they are roaming out of area or in other GSM
networks. The HLR provides the current location data needed to support
searching for and paging the MS-SIM for incoming calls, wherever the MSSIM may be. The HLR is responsible for storage and provision of SIM
authentication and encryption parameters needed by the MSC where the
MS-SIM is operating. It obtains these parameters from the AUC.
The HLR maintains record of which supplementary service each user has
subscribed to and provides permission control in granting services. The
HLR stores the identification of SMS gateways that have messages for the
subscriber under the SMS until they can be transmitted to the subscriber
and receipt is knowledge. Some data are mandatory, other data are
optional. Both the HLR and the VLR can be implemented in the same
equipment in an MSC (collocated). A PLMN may contain one or several
HLRs.
AUC
The AUC stores information that is necessary to protect communication
through the air interface against intrusions, to which the mobile is
vulnerable. The legitimacy of the subscriber is established through
authentication and ciphering, which protects the user information against
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unwanted disclosure. Authentication information and ciphering keys are
stored in a database within the AUC, which protects the user information
against unwanted disclosure and access.
In the authentication procedure, the key Ki is never transmitted to the
mobile over the air path, only a random number is sent. In order to gain
access to the system, the mobile must provide the correct Signed
Response (SRES) in answer to a random number (RAND) generated by
AUC.
Also, Ki and the cipher key Kc are never transmitted across the air
interface between the BTS and the MS. Only the random challenge and
the calculated response are transmitted. Thus, the value of Ki and Kc are
kept secure. The cipher key, on the other hand, is transmitted on the SS7
link between the home HLR/AUC and the visited MSC, which is a point of
potential vulnerability. On the other hand, the random number and cipher
key is supposed to change with each phone call, so finding them on one
call will not benefit using them on the next call.
The HLR is also responsible for the authentication of the subscriber
each time he makes or receives a call. The AUC, which actually performs
this function, is a separate GSM entity that will often be physically
included with the HLR. Being separate, it will use separate processing
equipment for the AUC database functions.
EIR (EQUIPMENT IDENTIFY REGISTER)
EIR is a database that stores the IMEI numbers for all registered ME units.
The IMEI uniquely identifies all registered ME. There is generally one EIR
per PLMN. It interfaces to the various HLR in the PLMN. The EIR keeps
track of all ME units in the PLMN. It maintains various lists of message.
The database stores the ME identification and has nothing do with
subscriber who is receiving or originating call. There are three classes of
ME that are stored in the database, and each group has different
characteristics.
White List: contains those IMEIs that are known to have been assigned
to valid MSs. This is the category of genuine equipment.
Black List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have been reported stolen.
Gray List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have problems (for example,
faulty software, wrong make of the equipment). This list contains all MEs
with faults not important enough for barring.

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8.2.CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

(CDMA):
INTRODUCTION
Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in
the Telecom Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms
of capital and manpower. So far, the subscriber loop has remained in the
domain of the copper cable providing cost effective solution in past. Quick
deployments of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote
locations coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new
Access Technologies. The various technological options available are as
follows :
1. Multi Access Radio Relay
2. Wireless In Local Loop
3. Fibre In the Local Loop

Different Codes
Walsh Code :
In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by unique Walsh code. All
such codes are orthogonal to each other. The individual subscriber can start
communication using one of these codes. These codes are traffic channel
codes and are used for orthogonal spreading of the information in the entire
bandwidth. Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation between the
multiple signals transmitted by the base station.
The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows:
(a) Repeat the function right
(b) Repeat the function below
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(c) Invert function (diagonally)

Long code :
the long pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 242 characteristic
polynomial. With this long code the data in the forward direction (Base to
Mobile) is scrabled. The PN codes are generated using linear shift registers.
The long code is unique for the subscribers and is known as users address
mask.

Short Code :
The short pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 215 characteristic
polynomial. This short code differentiates the cells & the sectors in a cell. It
also consists of codes for I & Q channel feeding the modulator.
Advantages
CDMA wireless access provides the following unique advantages:

1. Larger Capacity :
let us discuss this issue with the help of Shannons Theorem. It states that
the channel capacity is related to product of available band width and S/N
ratio.

C = W log 2 (1+S/N)
Where C = channel capacity
W = Band width available
S/N = Signal to noise ratio.
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It is clear that even if we improve S/N to a great extent the advantage that
we are expected to get in terms of channel capacity will not be proportionally
increased. But instead if we increase the bandwidth (W), we can achieve
more channel capacity even at a lower S/N. That forms the basis of CDMA
approach, wherein increased channel capacity is obtained by increasing both
W & S/N. The S/N can be increased by devising proper power control
methods.

2.

Vocoder and variable data rates:

As the telephone quality speech is band limited to 4 Khz when it is digitized

with PCM its bit rate rises to 64Kb/s Vocoding compress it to a lower bit rate
to reduce bandwidth. The transmitting vocoder takes voice samples and
generates an encoded speech/packet for transmission to the receiving
vocoder. The receiving Vocoder decodes the received speech packet into
voice samples. One of the important feature of the variable rate vocoder is
the use of adaptive threshold to determine the required data rate. Vocoders
are variable rate vocodes. By operating the vocoder at half rate on some of
the frames the capacity of the system can be enhanced without noticeable
degradation in the quality of the speech. This phenomenon helps to absorb
the occasional heavy requirement of traffic apart from suppression of
background noise. Thus the capacity advantage makes spread spectrum an
ideal choice for use in areas where the frequency spectrum is congested.

3.

Seamless Hand-off :

CDMA provides soft hand-off feature for the mobile crossing from one cell to
another cell by combining the signals from both the cells in the transition
areas. This improves the performance of the network at the boundaries of
the cells, virtually eliminating the dropped calls.

4.

No Frequency Planning :

A CDMA system requires no frequency planning as the adjacent cells use the
same common frequency. A typical cellular system (with a repetition rate of
7) and a CDMA system is shown in the following figures which clearly
indicates that in a CDMA network no frequency planning is required.
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Fig: 7.1 CDMA ]frequency

Fig: 7.2GSM Frequency

5. High Tolerance to Interference :

The primary advantage of spread spectrum is its ability to tolerate a fair
amount of interfering signals as compared to other conventional systems.
This factor provides a considerable advantage from a system point of view.

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INTRODUCTION
Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create enterprisewide network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
It may or may not include connection to Internet.
Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web
protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the
immense informational resources of an organization to each individuals desktop
with minimal cost, time and effort.
The Intranet defines your organization and display it for everyone to see.
WHO NEEDS AN INTRANET:
In an Intranet environment is used to communicate over two or more networks
across different locations.
1. Users having multi-locations with multi-networks.
2. Users having single locations with multi-networks.
3. Users having single locations with single networks.
WHATS REALLY COOL ABOUT INTRANET:
From a technology point of view, an Intranet is simply beautiful Because:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

It
It
It
It
It

is
is
is
is
is

saleable.
Interchangeable.
platform independent
Hardware independent.
vendor independent.

WHY INTRANET FOR AN ORGANIZATION:

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Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
Variety of valuable applications of Intranet applications improve communication
and productivity across all areas of an enterprise.
An Intranet can give immediate access to products specifications, pricing charts and
new collaterals, sales lead, competitive information and list of customer wins
Including profit/loss analysis, thus boosting the success of the business.
APPLICATIONS OF INTRANET
1. Publishing Corporate documents
Corporate documents such as newsletters, annual reports, maps, company facilities,
price lists, products information literature can be easily published and propagated
across an organization. Intranet technology facilitates efficient, timely and accurate
communication across the entire corporate organization and cuts down on the cost
of publishing the information on paper every now and then.
2. Access into searchable directories
Intranet provides rapid access to corporate phone books and the like. By using this
technology, information can be made more widely available. Excellent Mailing
Facilities .With Intranet mail products mailing attachment of documents, sound,
vision And other multimedia is facilitated. With the evolution of this web technology
one-to-many communication has become more effective.
3. Proper Sharing of Information
Using Intranet technology, applications such as Bulletin Board Services can help
every individual in an organization to put forth his views on various topics and
discuss it with others in the organization.
4. Developing Groupware Applications
The flow of documents can be automated by incorporating intranet in an
organization. Thus the overall efficiency of an organization increases as less manual
and paper involvement will be required. Typical examples are sanctioning of
expense reports/travel reports, Conference room booking, etc.

FIG: 10.1 TYPICAL INTERANET SETUP

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TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE INTRANET TECHNOLOGY

Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type
of servers and browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed
over the corporate LAN .
A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a server which
can be accessed by individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through the
network.
The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive, especially if your users are already
connected by LAN. Most popular Intranet web servers can run on a platform widely
found in most organizations. Basic requirements for setting up an intranet site are:
REQUIREMENTS :
Software :
Server : OS can be Windows server, Unix, LINUX .Web Server s/w should be
installed
Client : OS can be Windows workstation, LINUX .Web Browser software
HARDWARE:
Server: 4 GB RAM, 360 GB secondary storage, Pentium processor with CD ROM .
Client: 1GB RAM, 180 GB Secondary storage, Pentium processor .

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SCOPE:
The Wi-MAX certification mark is given to product that pass conformity and
Interoperability test for the IEEE 802-16 standard which caters for the Air interface
standard for point-to-multipoint broad-band Internet access over a wireless
connection.
GENERAL DETAILS OF WI-MAX:
Wi-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave
Access. It is an ideal method for ISP to deliver high speed broadband to locations
where wired connections would be difficult or costly. Wi-MAX delivers a point-tomultipoint architecture. It doesn't require a direct line of sight between the source
and endpoint and it has a service range of 50 Kms. It provides a shared data rate of
up to 70 Mbps, which is enough to service up to a thousand homes with high-speed
access.
THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF WI-MAX ARE:
High speed of broadband service upto 70 Mbps.
Wireless rather than wired access, so that it would be a lot less expensive than
cable or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and much easier to extend to suburban and
rural areas.
Broad coverage like the cell phone network instead of small Wi-Fi hotspots , 50
Kms.
There are following, two corresponding Wi-MAX standards:
1. IEEE 802.16-2004 is for fixed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless
access. It is akin to a faster, airborne version of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or
cable-modem services, It is also called first Non Line of Sight (NLOS), Broad-Band
Wireless access (BWA) standard.

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2. IEEE 802.16e is for mobile wireless access from laptops and hand held. It is
analogous to a faster version of third-generation (3G) telecommunications
technology. (Wi-Max proponent Intel Corp. has
promised 802.16e-enabled laptops by early 2007)
WORKING OF WI-MAX:
Wi-MAX operates similar to Wi-Fi but at higher speeds, over greater distances and
for a greater number of users. It consists of following two parts:
a) A Wi-MAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower, and which can provide
coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km).
b) A Wi-MAX receiver, and antenna could be like a PCMCIA (Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association) card, or they could be built into a laptop
similar to Wi-Fi access.
It can provide two forms of wireless service:
a) The non-line-of-sight, Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on your
computer connects to the tower. In this mode, Wi-MAX uses a lower frequency range
- 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to Wi-Fi). As lower-wavelength transmissions are not as
easily disrupted by physical obstructions they provided non line of sight coverage.
b) The line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more
stable, so it is able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight
transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges
reaching a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies, there is less interference and
lots more bandwidth as shown in Figure 12(b).1

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Fig 12(b).2 Working of Wi-Max

WI-MAX (IEEE 802.16) SPECIFICATIONS:

Range: 30 miles (50-kms) radius from base station.

Speed: 70 Mbps.
Line-of-sight not needed between user and base station.
Frequency bands: 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz (licensed and unlicensed Bands)

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This is a communication system that connects customers to the Public Switched

Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as a substitute for conventional
wires fsor all or part of the connection between the subscribers and the telephone
exchange.
Countrywide WLL is being offered in areas that are non-feasible for the normal
network.
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Helping relieve congestion of connections in the normal cable/wire based network
in urban areas.
1. Connecting the remote and scattered rural areas.
2. Limited mobility without any air-time charge

BSNL provides leased lines for voice and data communication for various application on
point to point basis. It offers a choice of high, medium and low speed leased data circuits
as well as dial-up lines. Bandwidth is available on demand in most cities. Managed
Leased Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with speeds of nx64
kbps upto 2mbps, useful for Internet leased lines and International Principle Leased
Circuits (IPLCs).
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Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP)

operations. The networking equipments like access servers, routers and
modems are critical to the successful functioning of ISP.
An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

equipments as given below.

Access server
Router
Modem bank
LAN (Local Area Network) components
Security server
Rack, console & power supply
Network management agent.
8. Help desk

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