BODYFLUID,ELECTROLYTES&ACIDBASEBALANCE

1. ****Definebodyfluidandgiveitsdistribution/Classifybodyfluidcompartments
withvolume.Mentiontheelectrolyte&nonelectrolytecrystalloidsinplasma.
Whatdoyoumeanbytranscellularfluid&mentionitsimportance.Mentionthe
methodsbywhichbodyfluidvolumesaremeasured.
2. ****writedownthedailywaterinput&outputinadult(of70kghealthyadult
person).Whatis***waterturnover&howitcanbecalculated?Whydoesachild
getquicklydehydratedthanadults?
3. ***Defineaniongap&giveitsnormalrange.Mentionthefourcausesof
increasedaniongapmetabolicacidosiswithbiochemicalbasis.Givethe
importanceofaniongap.Writethecausesofnormochloraemic&
hyperchloraemicmetabolicacidosis.
4. ****Define&Classifysimpleacidbasedisorderswithprimarydefect&cause.
Howmetabolic&respiratoryacidosisiscompensatedandcorrected?/Givethe
primarydefect,compensation&correctionofsimpleacidbasedisorderin
tabulatedform.Mentionacidbaseparameterswiththeirrefferencevalue./Write
thelaboratoryparameterstodetectacidbasedisorder.Givetheirnormalvalues.
5. ***Defineandclassifydiuresis.Writethedifferencebetweenthem./writethe
H
differencebetweenosmoticdiuresis&waterdiuresis.whatislimitingp
ofurine?
6. Givethemechanismofbicarbonatereabsorption&bicarbonategenerationby
thekidney.
7. Definehypokalaemia&hyperkalaemia.Mentionthreeimportantcausesofeach
&consequencesofthecondition.
8. *WhatisGFR,tubularload,plasmaload,renalthreshold,transportmaximum&
**plasmaclearance?MentionthefactorsaffectingGFR.Howcanyoucalculate
plasmaclearance?
9. Enumeratethefunctionsofkidney.*Mentionthebasicmechanismofurine
formation.Namethekidneyfunctiontests.
10. *Name/classifythevolumedisorders.HowADHregulatesbodyfluidvolume?
Mentionthefeaturesofdehydration.Writethecauseofisotonicvolume
contraction.
11. Whatisglycosuria?whydoesitoccurinuncontrolleddiabetesmellitus?
++
12. WhataretheformsofCa
presentinplasma?howbloodCalevelis
maintained?
13. MentiontheimportantelectrolytesinECF&ICF.Mentionthenormalrangeof
Na,K,Cl,HCO
inECF.WritethedifferencebetweenECF&ICF.Howserum
3
sodium&potassiumlevelareregulated?/Howkidneymaintainnormalserum
+
Na
concentration?Definehyponatremia.Writethecause&consequenceof
hyponatremia.Writethecauseofhypernatremiawheretotalsodiumcontentis
increased&sodiumcontentisdecreased.
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BODYFLUID,ELECTROLYTES&ACIDBASEBALANCE
14. Mentiontheurinarybuffers.HowPO
bufferacts?
4
15. Explainbodyisanetacidproducer.Howacidbasebalanceismaintainedin
healthyindividual?
16. Namethesubstancesthatarecompletelyreabsorbedfromrenaltubules.
17. Givethebiochemicalbasisofbicarbonategenerationbythekidneytubules.
18. Howwaterisregulatedinourbody?

Writeshortnoteson:
a. Obligatoryminimum/obligatoryurinevolume
b. Waterbalance
c. Aniongap
d. Diuresis
e. Hypovolumicdisorder
f. GFR
g. Waterturnover
h. Bonebuffer
++
i. Ca
homeostasis
+
j. TransmembraneK
flux
k. Waterintoxication
l. Osmolargap