Model Calibration Guide

Version3.2.
ModelCalibrationGuide
AT321_MCG_E5
Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuide
Chapter:
2015Forsk
Release:AT321_MCG_E5(February2015)
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Forsk
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Chapter:
2015Forsk
Contents
AT321_MCG_E5
TableofContents
Introduction........................................................................................ 9
StandardPropagationModel ................................................................. 13
2.1
SPMFormula.......................................................................................... 13
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.2.1
2.2.2.2
2.2.3
TheCorrespondenceBetweentheSPMandHata............................................................ 13
HataFormula ........................................................................................ 13
CorrespondenceBetweenHataandSPMParameters....................................................... 14
ReducingtheHataandSPMEquations.................................................................. 14
EquatingtheCoefficients ............................................................................. 14
TypicalSPMParameterValues.......................................................................... 15
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.2.1
2.3.2.2
2.3.2.3
2.3.2.4
2.3.2.5
2.3.2.6
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
MakingCalculationsinAtoll .............................................................................. 15
VisibilityandDistanceBetweenTransmitterandReceiver ................................................... 15
EffectiveTransmitterAntennaHeight.................................................................... 15
HeightAboveGround ................................................................................ 16
HeightAboveAverageProfile ......................................................................... 16
SlopeatReceiverBetween0andMinimumDistance ...................................................... 16
SpotHt ............................................................................................ 16
AbsoluteSpotHt .................................................................................... 16
EnhancedSlopeatReceiver........................................................................... 17
EffectiveReceiverAntennaHeight ....................................................................... 19
CorrectionforHillyRegionsinCaseofLOS................................................................ 19
Diffraction ........................................................................................... 20
LossesDuetoClutter .................................................................................. 20
RecommendationsforUsingClutterwiththeSPM.......................................................... 21
CollectingCWMeasurementData .......................................................... 27
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
BeforeYouStart........................................................................................ 27
GeographicData...................................................................................... 27
MeasurementData ................................................................................... 27
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys................................................................... 28
SelectingBaseStations ................................................................................ 28
PlanningtheSurveyRoutes............................................................................. 29
RadioGuidelines...................................................................................... 29
AdditionalDeliverableData ............................................................................ 29
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.1.1
4.1.1.2
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2
4.1.2.3
4.1.2.4
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.4.1
4.1.4.2
4.1.4.2.1
4.1.4.2.2
4.1.4.2.3
4.1.4.2.4
TheModelCalibrationProcess ............................................................... 33
SettingUpYourCalibrationProject ........................................................................ 33
CreatinganAtollCalibrationDocument................................................................... 33
SettingCoordinates ................................................................................. 34
ImportingGeoData ................................................................................. 34
ImportingCWMeasurements........................................................................... 34
ImportingaCWMeasurementPath.................................................................... 35
ImportingSeveralCWMeasurementPaths .............................................................. 36
CreatingaCWMeasurementImportConfiguration ....................................................... 38
DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements.............................................................. 39
VerifyingtheCorrespondenceBetweenGeoandMeasurementData .......................................... 42
FilteringMeasurementData ............................................................................ 43
FilteringonClutterClasses............................................................................ 44
SignalandDistanceFiltering .......................................................................... 45
TypicalValues .................................................................................... 46
UsingManualFilteringonCWPoints.................................................................. 46
CreatinganAdvancedFilter......................................................................... 47
UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints................................................. 47
Contents
4.1.4.3
4.1.4.3.1
4.1.4.3.2
4.1.4.3.3
4.1.4.3.4
4.1.4.3.5
4.1.4.3.6
4.1.5
FilteringbyGeoDataConditions.......................................................................50
AboutDiffraction..................................................................................50
AboutSpecificSections.............................................................................50
AboutPotentiallyInvalidMeasurementLevels ..........................................................51
DeletingaSelectionofMeasurementPoints ...........................................................53
UsingFilteringZonesonCWMeasurementPoints .......................................................54
FilteringbyAngle..................................................................................54
SelectingBaseStationsforCalibrationandforVerification...................................................55
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.3.1
4.2.3.2
CalibratingtheSPM .....................................................................................56
QualityTargets .......................................................................................56
SettingInitialParametersintheSPM .....................................................................56
ParametersTab.....................................................................................56
ClutterTab.........................................................................................58
RunningtheSPMCalibrationProcess .....................................................................59
TheAutomaticCalibrationWizard ......................................................................61
TheAssistedCalibrationWizard........................................................................62
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
4.3.2.3
4.3.3
CalibratingHataModels .................................................................................63
QualityTargets .......................................................................................64
SettingInitialParametersintheHataModels ..............................................................64
DefiningGeneralSettings .............................................................................64
SelectinganEnvironmentFormula .....................................................................65
CreatingorModifyingEnvironmentFormulas............................................................65
RunningtheHataCalibrationProcess.....................................................................66
4.4
AnalysingtheCalibratedModel...........................................................................68
4.5
FinalisingtheSettingsoftheCalibratedSPM ................................................................73
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
DeployingtheCalibratedModel...........................................................................75
CopyingaCalibratedModeltoAnotherDocument..........................................................76
DeployingaCalibratedModeltoTransmitters .............................................................76
AdditionalCWMeasurementFunctions ...................................................81
5.1
CreatingaCWMeasurementPath .........................................................................81
5.2
DrawingaCWMeasurementPath .........................................................................82
5.3
MergingMeasurementPathsforaSameTransmitter .........................................................82
5.4
SmoothingMeasurementstoReducetheFadingEffect .......................................................83
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
CalculatingBestServersAlongaCWMeasurementPath ......................................................83
AddingTransmitterstoaCWMeasurementPath ...........................................................84
SelectingthePropagationModel ........................................................................84
SettingtheDisplaytoBestServer ........................................................................84
CalculatingSignalLevels................................................................................84
DisplayingStatisticsOveraMeasurementPath ............................................................84
DisplayingStatisticsOverSeveralMeasurementPaths ......................................................85
2015Forsk
SurveySiteForm .................................................................................89
Chapter1Chap
Introduction
ThischapterpresentstheModelCalibrationGuide.
2015Forsk
Chapter1:Introduction
AT321_MCG_E5
1 Introduction
TheModelCalibrationGuideisintendedforprojectmanagersoranyoneelseresponsibleforcalibratingtheStandardPropa
gationModel(SPM)orHataModels(OkumuraHataandCostHata)usingcontinuouswave(CW)measurements.Tothatend,
the Model Calibration Guide presents you with detailed information on the SPM and guides you through the calibration
processofbothtypesofmodels.
ItisnottheintentionofthisguidetoexplainindetailhowtouseAtoll,nortoprovidedetailedtechnicalinformationabout
Atollprojects.ForinformationonusingAtoll,seetheUserManualandtheAdministratorManual.Fordetailedtechnicalinfor
mationaboutAtollprojects,seetheTechnicalReferenceGuide.
TheModelCalibrationGuidefollowsthecalibrationprocessfromplanningtheCWsurvey,toincorporatingtheCWmeasure
mentsintoAtoll,tousingtheCWmeasurementstocalibratetheSPM.
IfthisisthefirsttimeyouarecalibratingAtollsSPM,youmightwanttoreadthoughtheentireModelCalibrationGuide.Or,
youcangodirectlytothechapterthatinterestsyou:
TheStandardPropagationModel:ThischapterdescribestheAtollSPM,includingtheSPMformulaandtheHatafor
mulaonwhichtheSPMisbased.Otheraspectsdescribedinclude,typicalSPMparametervalues,makingcalculations
usingtheSPM,andrecommendationsforusingtheSPM.
CWMeasurements:ThischapterexplainstheroleofCWmeasurementsincalibratingtheSPM.Italsogivesyouinfor
mationthatwillhelpyousuccessfullyplanandcarryoutaCWsurvey.
TheModelCalibrationProcess:Thischapterexplainstheentirecalibrationprocessforanymodeltype:
CreatinganAtolldocumentthattousetocalibrateapropagationmodel.
ImportingthemeasurementsfromtheCWsurveyintothenewAtolldocument.
FilteringtheimportedCWmeasurementstoensurethatyouareusingonlythemostrelevantdata.
CalibratingtheSPMorHataModels,usingeithertheautomaticortheassistedmethod(SPMonly).
Finalisinganddeployingthecalibratedmodel.
ThisguidealsocontainsanappendixwithadditionalinformationonusingCWmeasurementsinAtoll.
Chapter1:Introduction
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2015Forsk
Chapter2Chap
StandardPropagation
Model
Inthischapter,thefollowingareexplained:
"SPMFormula"onpage 13
"The Correspondence Between the SPM and

Hata"onpage 13
"MakingCalculationsinAtoll"onpage 15
StandardPropagationModel.
Thischapterprovidesinformationonthe
Chapter:
12
2015Forsk
Chapter2:StandardPropagationModel
AT321_MCG_E5
2 StandardPropagationModel
TheStandardPropagationModelisapropagationmodelbasedontheHataformulasandissuitedforpredictionsinthe150
to3500 MHzbandoverlongdistances(fromoneto20 km).ItisbestsuitedtoGSM900/1800,UMTS,CDMA2000,WiMAX,
WiFi,andLTEradiotechnologies.
2.1 SPMFormula
TheStandardPropagationModelisbasedonthefollowingformula:
K 1 + K 2 Log d + K 3 Log H Txeff + K 4 DiffractionLoss + K 5 Log d Log H Txeff +
P R = P Tx
K 6 H Rx eff + K 7 Log H Rxeff + K clutter f clutter + K hill LOS
where:
PR
receivedpower(dBm)
P Tx
transmittedpower(EIRP)(dBm)
K1
constantoffset(dB)
K2
multiplyingfactorfor Log d
distancebetweenthereceiverandthetransmitter(m)
K3
multiplyingfactorfor Log H Tx
H Tx
effectiveheightofthetransmitterantenna(m)
K4
multiplyingfactorfordiffractioncalculation. K 4 mustbeapositivenumber.
DiffractionLoss
lossesduetodiffractionoveranobstructedpath(dB)
K5
multiplyingfactorfor Log d Log H Tx
K6
multiplyingfactorfor H Rx
K7
multiplyingfactorfor Log H Rx
H Rx
effectiveheightofthereceiverantenna(i.e.,mobileantennaheight)(m)
K clutter
multiplyingfactorfor f clutter
f clutter
K hill LOS
averageofweightedlossesduetoclutter
correctivefactorforhillyregions(=0incaseofNLOS)
eff
eff
eff
eff
eff
eff
2.2 TheCorrespondenceBetweentheSPMandHata
Inthissection,theHataformulaonwhichtheSPMisbasedisdescribed.ThecorrespondencebetweentheSPMandtheHata
formulaisalsodescribed.
2.2.1 HataFormula
TheSPMformulaisderivedfromthebasicHataformula,whichis:
L = A 1 + A 2 log f + A 3 log h BS + B 1 + B 2 log h BS + B 3 h BS log d a h m C clutter
where,
A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , B 1 , B 2 , B 3
Hataparameters
f
h BS
FrequencyinMHz
EffectiveBSantennaheightinmetres
Distanceinkilometres
a hm
Mobileantennaheightcorrectionfunction
C clutter
Cluttercorrectionfunction
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2015Forsk
The distance in this equation is given in kilometres as opposed to the SPM, where the
distanceisgiveninmetres.
TypicalvaluesforHatamodelparametersare:
A1=69.55for900MHz,A1=46.30for1800MHz
A2=26.16for900MHz,A2=33.90for1800MHz
A3=13.82
B1=44.90
B2=6.55
B3=0
2.2.2 CorrespondenceBetweenHataandSPMParameters
Inthissection,theHataandSPMparametersarecompared.
2.2.2.1 ReducingtheHataandSPMEquations
Becauseyouareonlydealingwithstandardformulas,youcanignoretheinfluenceofdiffractionandcluttercorrection.Itis
understoodthat,withappropriatesettingsofA1andK1,andtakingonlyoneclutterclassintoconsideration,youcansetthe
cluttercorrectionfactortozerowithoutreducingthevalidityofthefollowingequations.
Thecorrectionfunctionformobileantennaheightcanalsobeignored.Themobileantennaheightcorrectionfactoriszero
whenhm=1.5 m,andhasnegligiblevaluesforrealisticmobileantennaheights.TheB3parameterisusuallynotusedandcan
beconsideredtobe0.
TheHataformulacannowbesimplifiedto: L = A 1 + A 2 log f + A 3 log h BS + B 1 + B 2 log h BS log d
where:
A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , B 1 , B 2 ,
Hataparameters
f
h BS
FrequencyinMHz
EffectiveBSantennaheightinmetres
Distanceinkilometres
TheSPMformulacanbesimplifiedto:
L = K 1 + K 2 log d + K 3 log h BS + K 5 log dlog h BS + K 6 h meff + K 7 Log h meff
IfyourewritetheHataequationusingwiththedistanceinmetresasintheSPMformula,youget:
d
L = A 1 + A 2 log f + A 3 log h BS + B 1 + B 2 log h BS log ------------1000
Thisleadstothefollowingequation:
L = A 1 + A 2 log f 3 B 1 + A 3 3 B 2 log h BS + B 1 log d + B 2 log h BS log d
2.2.2.2 EquatingtheCoefficients
IfyoucomparethesimplifiedHataandSPMequations,youseethefollowingcorrespondencebetweenthecoefficients:
K 1 = A 1 + A 2 log f 3 B 1
K2 = B1
K3 = A3 3 B2
K5 = B2
K6 = 0
K7 = 0
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AT321_MCG_E5
2.2.3 TypicalSPMParameterValues
ByreferringtotypicalHataparameters,typicalSPMparameterscanbedeterminedasthefollowing:
K 2 = 44,90
K 3 = 5,83
K 5 = 6,55
K1dependsonthefrequency,someexamplesare:
Projecttype
Frequency(MHz)
K1
GSM900
935
12.5
GSM1800
1805
22
GSM1900
1930
23
UMTS
2045
23.8
1xRTT
1900
23
2300
25.6
2500
26.8
2700
27.9
3300
30.9
3500
31.7
WiMAXandWiFi
a.
2045MHz=(2140+1950)/2.Itistheaverageofthedownlink
anduplinkcentrefrequenciesoftheband.
2.3 MakingCalculationsinAtoll
Inthissection,thedifferentaspectsofmakingcalculationsusingtheSPMareexplainedindetail:
"VisibilityandDistanceBetweenTransmitterandReceiver"onpage 15
"EffectiveTransmitterAntennaHeight"onpage 15
"EffectiveReceiverAntennaHeight"onpage 19
"CorrectionforHillyRegionsinCaseofLOS"onpage 19
"Diffraction"onpage 20
"LossesDuetoClutter"onpage 20
"RecommendationsforUsingClutterwiththeSPM"onpage 21.
2.3.1 VisibilityandDistanceBetweenTransmitterandReceiver
Foreachcalculationpixel,Atolldetermines:
Thedistancebetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver.
If the transmitterreceiver distance is less than the maximum userdefined distance (the break distance), the
receiverisconsideredtobenearthetransmitter.AtollwillusethesetofvaluescalledNeartransmitter.
Ifthetransmitterreceiverdistanceisgreaterthanthemaximumdistance,thereceiverisconsideredfarfromthe
transmitter.AtollwillusethesetofvaluescalledFarfromtransmitter.
Whetherthereceiverisinthetransmitterlineofsightornot.
Ifthereceiverisinthetransmitterlineofsight,Atollwilltakeintoaccountthesetofvalues(K1,K2)LOS.TheLOS
isdefinedbynoobstructionalongthedirectraybetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver.
Ifthereceiverisnotinthetransmitterlineofsight,Atollwillusethesetofvalues(K1,K2)NLOS.
2.3.2 EffectiveTransmitterAntennaHeight
Theeffectivetransmitterantennaheight(HTxeff)canbecalculatedusingoneofsixdifferentmethods:
"HeightAboveGround"onpage 16
"HeightAboveAverageProfile"onpage 16
"SlopeatReceiverBetween0andMinimumDistance"onpage 16
"SpotHt"onpage 16
"AbsoluteSpotHt"onpage 16
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2015Forsk
"EnhancedSlopeatReceiver"onpage 17.
2.3.2.1 HeightAboveGround
Thetransmitterantennaheightisitsheightabovetheground(HTxinmetres).
H Txeff = H Tx
2.3.2.2 HeightAboveAverageProfile
Thetransmitterantennaheightisdeterminedrelativetoanaveragegroundheightcalculatedalongtheprofilebetweena
transmitterandareceiver.Theprofilelengthdependsontheminimumdistanceandmaximumdistancevaluesandislimited
bythetransmitterandreceiverlocations.Distancemin.andDistancemaxareminimumandmaximumdistancesfromthe
transmitterrespectively.
H Txeff = H Tx + H 0Tx H 0
where,
H 0Tx isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelattransmitter(m).
H 0 istheaveragegroundheightabovesealevelalongtheprofile(m).
Iftheprofileisnotlocatedbetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver,HTxeffequals HTx
only.
2.3.2.3 SlopeatReceiverBetween0andMinimumDistance
Thetransmitterantennaheightiscalculatedusingthegroundslopeatthereceiver.
H Txeff = H Tx + H 0Tx H 0Rx + K d
where,
H 0Rx isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelatthereceiver(m).
K isthegroundslopecalculatedoverauserdefineddistance(Distancemin.).Inthiscase,Distancemin.isthedis
tancefromthereceiver.
If H Txeff 20m ,Atolluses20 mincalculations.
If H Txeff 200m ,Atolltakes200 m.
2.3.2.4 SpotHt
If H 0Tx H 0Rx then, H Txeff = H Tx + H 0Tx H 0Rx
If H 0Tx H 0Rx then, H Txeff = H Tx
2.3.2.5 AbsoluteSpotHt
H Txeff = H Tx + H 0Tx H 0Rx
Distancemin.anddistancemaxaresetto3000and15000 mfollowingITUrecommenda
tions (low frequency broadcast f < 500 Mhz) and to 0 and 15000 m following Okumura
recommendations(highfrequencymobiletelephony).
Thesevaluesareonlyusedinthelasttwomethodsandhavedifferentmeaningsforeachmethod.
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AT321_MCG_E5
2.3.2.6 EnhancedSlopeatReceiver
AtolloffersanewmethodcalledEnhancedslopeatreceivertoevaluatetheeffectivetransmitterantennaheight.
Figure 2.1:EnhancedSlopeatReceiver
TheXaxisandYaxisrepresentpositionsandheightsrespectively.ItisassumedthattheXaxisisorientedfromthetransmit
ter(origin)towardsthereceiver.
Thiscalculationismadeinseveralsteps:
1. Atolldetermineslineofsightbetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver.
TheLOSlineequationis:
H 0Tx + H Tx H 0Rx + H Rx
Los i = H 0Tx + H Tx ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Res i
d
where,
H Rx isthereceiverantennaheightabovetheground(m).
iisthepointindex.
Resistheprofileresolution(distancebetweentwopoints).
2. Atollextractsthetransmitterreceiverterrainprofile.
3. Hillsandmountainsarealreadytakenintoaccountindiffractioncalculations.Therefore,inorderforthemnottoneg
ativelyinfluencetheregressionlinecalculation,Atollfilterstheterrainprofile.
Atollcalculatestwofilteredterrainprofiles;oneestablishedfromthetransmitterandanotherfromthereceiver.It
determinesthefilteredheightofeveryprofilepoint.Profilepointsareevenlyspacedonthebasisoftheprofilereso
lution.Todeterminethefilteredterrainheightatapoint,Atollevaluatesthegroundslopebetweentwopointsand
comparesitwithathresholdsetto0.05;wherethreecasesarepossible.
Somenotationsdefinedhereafterareusedinnextpart.
H filt isthefilteredheight.
H orig istheoriginalheight.Theoriginalterrainheightisdeterminedfromextractedgroundprofile.
Whenfilteringstartsfromthetransmitter:
Letusassumethat H filt Tx Tx = H orig Tx
Foreachpoint,therearethreedifferentpossibilities:
H
i H
Res
i 1
orig
orig
a. If H orig i H orig i 1 and ----------------------------------------------------- 0,05 ,
Then, H filt Tx i = H filt Tx i 1 + H orig i H orig i 1

H
i H
Res
i 1
orig
orig
b. If H orig i H orig i 1 and ----------------------------------------------------- 0,05
Then, H filt Tx i = H filt Tx i 1

c. If H orig i H orig i 1
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2015Forsk
Then, H filt Tx i = H filt Tx i 1

If,aswell, H filt i H orig i
Then, H filt Tx i = H orig i
Whenfilteringstartsfromthereceiver:
Letusassumethat H filt Rx = H orig Rx
Foreachpoint,therearethreedifferentpossibilities:
H
i H
i + 1
Res
orig
orig
- 0,05 ,
a. If H orig i H orig i + 1 and ------------------------------------------------------
Then, H filt Rx i = H filt Rx i + 1 + H orig i H orig i + 1

H
i H
i + 1
Res
orig
orig
- 0,05
b. If H orig i H orig i + 1 and ------------------------------------------------------
Then, H filt Rx i = H filt Rx i + 1

c. If H orig i H orig i + 1
Then, H filt Rx i = H filt Rx i + 1
If,aswell, H filt i H orig i
Then, H filt Rx i = H orig i
Then,foreverypointofprofile,Atollcomparesthetwofilteredheightsandchoosesthehigherone.
H filt i = max H filt Tx i H filt Rx i
4. Atolldeterminestheinfluencearea,R.Itcorrespondstothedistancefromreceiveratwhichtheoriginalterrainprofile
plus30metresintersectstheLOSforthefirsttime(whenbeginningfromtransmitter).
Theinfluenceareamustsatisfyadditionalconditions:
R 3000m ,
R 0,01 d ,
Rmustcontainatleastthreepixels.
Whenseveralinfluenceareasarepossible,Atollchoosesthehighestone.
Ifd<3000m,R=d.
5. AtollperformsalinearregressiononthefilteredprofilewithinRinordertodeterminearegressionline.
Theregressionlineequationis:
y = ax + b
d i dm Hfilt i Hm
i
a = ----------------------------------------------------------------------2
d i dm
and b = H m ad m
where,
1
H m = --n
Hfilt i
i
iisthepointindex.OnlypointswithinRaretakenintoaccount.
R
d m = d ---2
d(i)isthedistancebetweeniandthetransmitter(m).
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AT321_MCG_E5
Then,Atollextendstheregressionlinetothetransmitterlocation.Itsequationis:
regr i = a i Res + b
6. Then,Atollcalculatestheeffectivetransmitterantennaheight, H Txeff (m).

H 0Tx + H Tx b
H Txeff = ------------------------------------2
1+a
IfHTxeffislessthan20 m,Atollrecalculatesitwithanewinfluencearea,whichbeginsatthetransmitter.
If H Txeff 1000m ,1000mwillbeusedincalculations.
If H Txeff islessthan20 m,anadditionalcorrectionistakenintoaccount(step 7).
7. If H Txeff islessthan20 m(ornegative),Atollevaluatesthepathlossusing H Txeff = 20m andappliesacorrection

factor.
Therefore,if H Txeff 20m ,
L model = L model H Txeff = 20m d f + K lowant
where,
20 1 H Txeff 20
d
K lowant = --------- 0,3 H Txeff 20 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------5
d
d
10
9,63 + ------------- 6,93 + -------------
1000
1000
2.3.3 EffectiveReceiverAntennaHeight
H Rxeff = H Rx + H 0Rx H 0Tx
where,
H Rx istheheightofthereceiverantennaabovetheground(m).
H 0Rx isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelatthereceiver(m).
H 0Tx isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelatthetransmitter(m).
The calculation of effective antenna heights ( H Rxeff and H Txeff ) is based on extracted
DTMprofiles.Theyarenotperformedproperlyifyouhavenotimportedheights(DTMfile)
beforehand.
2.3.4 CorrectionforHillyRegionsinCaseofLOS
AnoptionalcorrectivetermenablesAtolltocorrectpathlossforhillyregionswhenthetransmitterandthereceiverarein
lineofsight.
Therefore,ifthereceiverisinthetransmitterlineofsightandthehillyterraincorrectionoptionhasbeenselected:
L model = K 1 LOS + K 2 LOS log d + K 3 log H Txeff + K 5 log H Txeff log d + K 6 H Rx + K clutter f clutter + K hill LOS
Whenthetransmitterandthereceiverarenotinlineofsight,thepathlossformulais:
L model =K 1 NLOS + K 2 NLOS log d + K 3 log H Txeff + K 4 Diffraction + K 5 log H Txeff log d + K 6 H Rx + K clutter f clutter
K hill LOS isdeterminedinthreesteps.Influencearea,R,andregressionlineareassumedtobeavailable.
1. Foreveryprofilepointwithintheinfluencearea,Atollcalculatesheightdeviationbetweentheoriginalterrainprofile
andregressionline.Then,itsortspointsaccordingtothedeviationanddrawstwolines(paralleltotheregressionline),
onewhichisexceededby10%oftheprofilepointsandtheotheroneby90%.
2. Atollevaluatestheterrainroughness,h;itisthedistancebetweenthetwolines.
3. Atollcalculates K hill LOS .
K hill LOS = K h + K hf
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2015Forsk
If 0 h 20m , K h = 0
Else K h = 7,73 log h 2 15,29 log h + 6,746
If 0 h 10m , K hf = 2 0,1924 H 0Rx + H Rx regr i Rx
H
+H
regr i
h
0Rx
Rx
Rx
Else K hf = 2 1,616 log h 2 + 14,75 log h 11,21 ------------------------------------------------------------
iRxisthepointindexatreceiver.
2.3.5 Diffraction
Fourmethodsareavailabletocalculatediffractionlossoverthetransmitterreceiverprofile.Thesemethodsareexplainedin
theTechnicalReferenceGuide.
Deygout
EpsteinPeterson
Deygoutwithcorrection
Millington
Alongthetransmitterreceiverprofile,youcantakeoneofthefollowingintoconsideration:
Groundaltitudeandclutterheight(Considerheightsindiffractionoption).Inthiscase,Atollusesclutterheightinfor
mationfromtheclutterheightsfileifitisavailableintheATLdocument.Otherwise,Atollconsidersaverageclutter
heightspecifiedforeachclutterclassintheclutterclassesfiledescription.
Onlygroundaltitude.
2.3.6 LossesDuetoClutter
Atollcalculatesf(clutter)overamaximumdistancefromthereceiver.
n
f clutter =
Li wi
i=1
where,
L:lossduetoclutterdefinedontheCluttertabbytheuser(indB).
w:weightdeterminedthroughtheweightingfunction.
n:numberofpointstakenintoaccountovertheprofile.Pointsareevenlyspaceddependingontheprofileresolution.
Fourweightingfunctionsareavailable:
uniformweightingfunction: w i = 1---
i
triangularweightingfunction: w i = ------------n
dj
j=1
d i = D d' i ,wherediisthedistancebetweenthereceiverandtheithpointandDisthemaximumdistancedefined.
d
log ----i + 1
D
logarithmicweightingfunction: w i = ------------------------------------n
d
log ----j + 1
D
j=1
d
----i
D
e 1
exponentialweightingfunction: w i = ------------------------d
n
----j
D
e 1
j=1
Thefollowingchartshowstheweightvariationwiththedistanceforeachweightingfunction.
20
AT321_MCG_E5
Figure 2.2:LossesduetoClutter
2.3.7 RecommendationsforUsingClutterwiththeSPM
ThedecisionofwhatclutterinformationyoushouldusewiththeSPMdependsonthetypeandqualityoftheavailableinfor
mation.Normallyyouwanttousethemostdetailedandmostaccurateinformation.Thissectiongivesafewrecommenda
tionsonusingtheinformationavailabletoyouefficientlywiththeSPM.Thefollowingscenariosarepossible:
Noclutterheightinformationisavailable:Youdonothaveaclutterheightfileandtheheightperclutterclassiseither
notdefined,oristooroughlydefined.Inthiscase,youshoulddefinealossperclutterclassandnotusetheheightper
clutterclass.Formoreinformation,see"LossesDuetoClutter"onpage 20.
Noclutterheightfileisavailable:Youdonothaveaclutterheightfile.However,theclutterclassesfilehasrelatively
gooddatadefiningtheheightperclutterclassandhasahighenoughresolution.Inthiscase,youcanusetheheight
perclutterclass,but,ifyouusetheheightperclutterclass,youmustnotdefinealossperclutterclass.Formoreinfor
mation,see"ClutterHeightperClass"onpage 22.
Clutterheightfileisavailable:Youhaveaclutterheightfileavailablethathasaccuratedataoveraresolutionthatis
fineenoughforyournetwork.Inthiscase,youshouldusetheclutterheightfile.But,ifyouusetheclutterheightfile,
youmustnotusealossperclutterclass.Formoreinformation,see"ClutterHeightFile"onpage 23.
Moreinformationisgivenoneachoptioninthefollowingsections.
LossesperClutterClass
Ifyouspecifylossesperclutterclass,asillustratedinFigure 2.3,youmustnotconsiderclutteraltitudesindiffractionlossover
thetransmitterreceiverprofile.Thisapproachisrecommendediftheclutterheightinformationisstatistical(i.e.,wherethe
clutterisroughlydefinedandwithoutadefinedaltitude).
Because the Standard Propagation Model is a statistical propagation model, using this
approachisrecommended.
21
2015Forsk
Figure 2.3:Settinglossesperclutterclass
ClutterHeightperClass
Ifyouconsiderclutterheightperclass,asillustratedinFigure 2.5,youmustnotdefineanylossperclutterclass.Inthiscase,
f(clutter)willbe"0;"lossesduetoclutterwillonlybetakenintoaccountincalculateddiffraction.Thisapproachisrecom
mendediftheclutterheightinformationissemideterministic(i.e.,wheretheclutterisroughlydefinedwithanaveragealti
tudeperclutterclass).
Whentheclutterheightinformationisanaverageheightdefinedforeachclutterclass,youmustspecifyareceiverclearance
perclutterclass.Bothgroundandclutterheightareconsideredalongtheentiretransmitterreceiverprofileexceptovera
specificdistancearoundthereceiver(clearance),inwhichAtollbasesitscalculationsonlyontheDTM.Theclearanceinfor
mationisusedtomodelstreetsbecauseitisassumedthatthereceiverisinthestreet.
Figure 2.4:TxRxprofile
InFigure 2.4,thegroundaltitudeandclutterheight(inthiscase,averageheightspecifiedforeachclutterclassintheclutter
classesmapdescription)aretakenintoaccountalongtheprofile.
22
AT321_MCG_E5
Figure 2.5:Settingswhenusingclutterheightssetperclass
ClutterHeightFile
Ifyouuseaclutterheightfile,donotdefineanylossperclutterclass,asillustratedinFigure 2.5.Inthiscase,f(clutter)willbe
"0;"lossesduetoclutterwillonlybetakenintoaccountincalculateddiffraction.Thisapproachisrecommendediftheclutter
heightinformationisdeterministic(inthiscase,wherethereisaclutterheightfile).
Itisnotnecessarytodefinereceiverclearanceiftheheightinformationisfromaclutterheightfile;theclutterheightinfor
mationisaccurateenoughtobeusedwithoutadditionalinformationsuchasclearance.Atollcalculatesthepathlossifthe
receiverisinthestreet(i.e.,ifthereceiverheightishigherthantheclutterheight).Ifthereceiverheightislowerthanthe
clutterheight,thereceiverisassumedtobeinsideabuilding.Inthiscase,Atolldoesnotconsideranydiffractionforthebuild
ing(oranyclearance)buttakesintoaccounttheclutterclassindoorlossasanadditionalpenetrationloss.Nevertheless,Atoll
doesconsiderdiffractioncausedbysurroundingbuildings.InFigure 2.6onpage 24thisdiffractionisdisplayedwithagreen
line.
Inordertoconsiderindoorlossesinsideabuildingwhenonlyusingadeterministic
cluttermap(i.e.,aclutterheightmap),youmustcleartheIndoorCoveragecheckbox
whencreatingapredictionorindoorlosseswillbeaddedtwice(oncefortheentire
receptionclutterclassandonceasindoorlosses).
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2015Forsk
Figure 2.6:Diffractioncausedbysurroundingbuildingswhenthereceiverisindoors
Figure 2.7:Clutterclasssettingswhenusingaclutterheightfile
24
Chapter3Chap
CollectingCW
MeasurementData
continuouswavemeasurementdata.
Thischapterprovidesinformationoncollecting
"BeforeYouStart"onpage 27
"Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys" on

page 28
Chapter:
26
2015Forsk
Chapter3:CollectingCWMeasurementData
AT321_MCG_E5
3 CollectingCWMeasurementData
CWmeasurements,i.e.,measurementsmadeinthefieldforasingletransmitteratagivenfrequency(continuouswave),are
usedtocalibratepropagationmodels.CreatingCWmeasurementsinAtollcanbemadeeitherbyimportingmeasurements
orgeneraldatasamples(includingPlanetdata)orbypastingmeasurementresultsdirectlyinthedocument.
Whenyouimportmeasurements,youcansavethesettingsusedduringtheimportprocedureinaconfigurationwhichyou
canusedthenexttimeyouimportsimilarmeasurements.
Atoll enables very complete management of CW measurements and provides several features allowing you to update
geographicaldata,defineadditionalfields,ordefinehowthepathwillbedisplayed.
ThischapterpresentsthepointstobeconsideredwhenplanningaCWsurveyinordertogetthemostaccurateanduseful
measurements.OnceyouhavemadeaCWsurveyandhavecollectedtheCWmeasurements,importingthemintoAtolland
usingthemtocalibrateapropagationmodel(SPMorHatamodels)isexplainedin"SettingUpYourCalibrationProject"on
page 33.
AtolloffersotherpossibilitiesforworkingwithCWmeasurements.Formoreinformation,seeChapter5:AdditionalCWMeas
urementFunctions.
3.1 BeforeYouStart
BeforeyoumakeaCWsurvey,itisessentialtoproperlyprepareforit.Thissectiondescribesthedatayoumusthavebefore
youstartyourCWsurvey:
"GeographicData"onpage 27
"MeasurementData"onpage 27.
3.1.1 GeographicData
YoumusthaveuptodategeographicdatawhenyouareplanningyourCWsurvey.IfyouperformaCWsurveyonanareafor
whichyoudonothaveuptodategeographicdataofsufficientquality,youwillnotbeabletousetheCWmeasurementsyou
havecollectedtocalibratethepropagationmodel.Inanycase,uptodategeographicdatawillbelaterrequiredtoproduce
realisticresultsincoveragepredictions.
Thetypesofgeographicdatayouwillneedarethefollowing:
Rastergeographicdata:TheSPMorHataModelscanuserastergeographicdataasinput.Itcanobtaintheground
elevationinformationfromtheDTM(DigitalTerrainModel)filesandclutterinformationfromeitherclutterclasses
filesorclutterheightsfiles.
Clutter classes files describe the land cover (dense urban areas, buildings, residential areas, forests, open areas, villages
etc.). In these files, the ground is represented by a grid where each pixel corresponds to a code allocated to a main type
of cover, in other words, to a clutter class. Clutter height maps describe the altitude of clutter over the DTM with one altitude
defined for each pixel. Clutter height maps can offer more precise information than defining an altitude per clutter class
because, in a clutter height file, it is possible to have different heights within a single clutter class.
DTM and clutter class files must be of a sufficiently high resolution to obtain a high-quality and accurate results in a
calibration project. The resolution of geographic data should typically be:
25morlessforurbanareas
50morlessforruralareas.
Vector data: Vector maps, representing at least major roads, are useful for planning and verifying measurement
surveyroutes.
Scannedmaps:Scannedmapsareusefulforplanningandverifyingmeasurementsurveyroutesinurbanareas.
3.1.2 MeasurementData
ItisstronglyrecommendedtouseCW(continuouswave)measurementstocalibratetheSPMorHatamodels.Althoughitis
possibletocalibratetheSPMorHatamodelsusingdrivetestdata,itisnottherecommendedapproach:
Sincedrivetestdataaremadeonarealnetwork,partofthemeasuredsignalisactuallyduetointerference.
Usingdirectionalantennasimpliesthatthepropagationcalculationstronglydependsontheaccuracyofantennapat
terns,andonlythemeasurementpointsinthedirectionofthemainbeamarerelevant.
Severalfrequenciesaremeasuredfordrivetestdata,althoughtheSPMorhatamodelsarecalibratedonlyforabase
frequency.
Thesamplingrateofeachmeasuredstationislowbecausealotofstationsarescannedatthesametime.Therefore,
theLeecriterioncannotbefulfilled(see"GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys"onpage 28).
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2015Forsk
Onlythesignalfromthebestserverisscannedand,therefore,thesignallevelismeasuredoveronlyashortdistance
fromeachtransmitter.Therefore,themodelwillonlybecalibratedforcoveragepredictionsandnotfortheevaluation
ofinterference.
Therefore, you should plan CW measurement surveys if you need measurements to calibrate the SPM or Hata models.
However,beforeplanningandperformingCWameasurementsurvey:
Determinethenumberofrequiredpropagationmodelsdependingonrepresentativeareatypes(urban,suburban,
flat_rural,hilly_rural,etc.),andonthenumberoffrequencybands(GSM900,GSM1800,UMTS,etc.).Onepropaga
tionmodelforeach"areatypefrequencyband"pairmustbecalibrated.
Selectarepresentativeareaofeachareatype,wherethemeasurementsurveycampaignswillbeperformed.
For each area type, select at least 8 sites (6 for calibration and 2 for verification), which respect the conditions
describedin"GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys"onpage 28.
Foreachselectedsite,defineasurveyroute,whichrespectstheconditionsdescribedin"GuidelinesforCWMeasure
mentSurveys"onpage 28.
Ensurethatitwillbepossibletorespectallothercriteriadescribedin"GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys"on
page 28whenperformingthemeasurementsurvey.
3.2 GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys
ThequalityofthecalibratedpropagationmodeldependsstronglyonthequalityoftheCWmeasurements.Therefore,you
canonlymeetthequalitytargetsiftheCWmeasurements,onwhichthecalibrationwillbebased,areofgoodquality,the
providedradiodataarecorrect,andthecalibrationproceduredescribedin"TheModelCalibrationProcess"onpage 33is
followed.
ThissectiongivessomeinformationforplanningaCWmeasurementsurvey.Keepingthisinformationinmindwhenyouare
planningthesurveyroutewillhelpguaranteehighqualitymeasurementsthatcanserveasinputfortheSPM(orHatamodels)
calibrationproject.
Inthissection,thefollowingaredescribed:
"SelectingBaseStations"onpage 28
"PlanningtheSurveyRoutes"onpage 29
"RadioGuidelines"onpage 29
"AdditionalDeliverableData"onpage 29.
3.2.1 SelectingBaseStations
WhenselectingstationstobeusedintheCWmeasurementsurvey,thefollowingguidelinesshouldberespected:
A minimum of about eight stations should be measured for each propagation model to be calibrated. The exact
numberofstationsdependsontheterrain.
Toavoidproblemsifthemeasurementsofoneormorestationsmustberejected,amini
mumof10 stationsforeachpropagationmodeltobecalibratedisrecommended.
Selectedstationsshouldfulfilthefollowingconditions:
28
ThestationsshouldhavegoodRFclearance,inotherwords,thestationsselectedshouldnotbeobstructedinany
direction.
Anomnidirectionalantennashouldbeused.
Theantennasonthemeasuredstationsshouldrepresentthefullvariationofantennaheights(typicallyfrom20 m.
to50 m.)intheareacoveredbythesurvey.Ahistogramdisplayingtheantennaheightscanbeausefultoolin
determiningwhatantennaheightsshouldberepresented.
Theterrainwithinarelevantradiusaroundeachselectedstationshouldberepresentativeoftheentireareacov
eredbythesurvey.Forexample,inarelativelyflatregion,allruralstationsselectedshouldbesurroundedbyrel
ativelyflatterrainwithinaradiusof10 km;astationsurroundedwithhillyterrainwouldnotgivemeasurements
representativeoftheentirearea.
Ifthereisavarietyofdifferenttypesofclutterinthesurveyarea(open,urban,suburban,denseurban,etc.),there
shouldbeasequaladistributionaspossibleofthemajorcluttercategorieswithinarelevantradiusofeachstation.
Thereshouldbesufficientroadsavailabletoenableeasyaccesswithtransmissionequipmentonallsidesofeach
station.
AT321_MCG_E5
3.2.2 PlanningtheSurveyRoutes
WhenselectingsurveyroutestobeusedintheCWmeasurementsurvey,thefollowingguidelinesshouldberespected:
Measurementsurveysshouldbeperformedoveralongenoughdistancetoallowthenoisefloorofthereceivertobe
reached.Typicaldistancesare:
Ruralareas:approximately10 km
Suburbanareas:approximately2 km
Urbanareas:approximately1 km
Themeasurementroutesmustbelaidoutsothattheyhaveequalnumbersofsamplesnearaswellasfarfromthe
stationinalldirections.
Thesurveyroutesshouldnotcrossforestsorrivers;suchcluttertypesshouldbeavoided.Evenprofilesbetweenthe
transmitterandthereceivershouldnotcrosssuchkindsofclutter,ifthesetypesofclutterarenotespeciallyrepre
sentativeofthearea.Thesepointswillhavetobefilteredoutduringthecalibrationprocess.
Whenplanningthesurveyroutes,anyproposedroutesshouldbepresentedforapprovaltotheprojectmanagerin
theformofvectormapsinaformatthatcanbeimportedinAtoll.
ThemapsusedtoplanthesurveyroutesshouldusethesameprojectionsystemasthescannedmapsintheAtollcal
ibrationproject.Thiswillallowyoutovalidatethesurveyroutesbeforehand.
TheGPSoftheCWmeasurementequipmentshouldbeconfiguredtomatchthatofthemappingdata.
Ifpossible,beforeactuallymakingthesurvey,youshouldtrytoensureconsistencybetweenthecoordinatesgivenby
theGPSonthesurveyroutewiththoseusedinAtollbymakingatestdrivewithouttakingmeasurements.
3.2.3 RadioGuidelines
WhenplanningaCWmeasurementsurvey,thefollowingradioguidelinesshouldbeconsidered:
TheareatobecoveredbytheCWmeasurementsurveymustbescannedbeforeperformingthedrivetesttoensure
thatthereisnointerference.
Onlyonefrequencymustbemeasuredduringasinglesurvey.
Thefrequencymeasuredmustbeclean:
ForGSM,theremustbe3contiguousunusedchannels(i.e.,aclearanceof200 kHzoneithersideofthemeasured
signal).
ForUMTSandCDMA2000,theremustbeoneunusedcarrier.Thiscanbeverifiedbycheckingwhethertherecep
tionlevelisatzerowhenthetransmitterisoff.
InLTE,measurementsaretreatedbyAtollasbeingRSsignallevelsonabearerandnottheRSRP(theRSRPbeinga
measurementonasubcarrierof15kHz).
TheLeecriterionmustbesatisfiedintermsofsamplingratetoovercometheeffectsoffastfading.
At least 36 samples must be collected over a distance of 40. But, because the required rate depends on the highest
speed the vehicle would travel during the survey, the vehicle speed must be adapted accordingly. The following table
provides a list of required rates corresponding to different vehicle speeds in order to respect the Lee criterion for a
frequency 900 MHz.
HighestSpeed(Km/h)
SamplingRate(samplespersec)
60
45
90
68
120
90
150
113
Themeasuredsignalsoverthedistanceof40shouldbeaveraged,withthemeansignallevel(50thpercentile)being
theonestored.
The maximum distance between 2 stored measurement points should be equal to one half the resolution of the
clutterfileused.Thisisnecessarytoobtainagoodrepresentativesampleofeachclutterclass.
Atleast5,000pointsperstationmustremainafteraveraging.Atypicalnumberofpointspermeasuredstationis
between10,000and20,000points.
3.2.4 AdditionalDeliverableData
Duringthesurvey,certaintypesofinformationshouldbecollectedinadditiontomeasurements.Thisadditionalinformation
willaidininterpretingthecollectedCWmeasurementdataandwillincreasetheoverallqualityofnotonlytheCWsurveybut
ofthesubsequentcalibration.
29
2015Forsk
Thefollowingdatashouldbecollectedduringthesurvey:
Measurementdata:Theradiodatacollectedshouldmeetthefollowingcriteria:
Themeasurementstobeimportedshouldcorrespondtotheaverageofthemeasuredsignalsoverthedistance
of40.
Themaximumdistancebetween2storedmeasurementpointsshouldbeequaltoonehalftheresolutionofthe
clutterclassfileused.Thisisnecessarytoobtainagoodrepresentativesampleofeachclutterclass.
The survey should have at least 5,000 points per station. A typical number of points per measured station is
between10,000and20,000points.
Arooftopsketch:Arooftopsketchmustbeprovidedindicatingthelocationsof:
Thetransmittingantenna
Anyrooftopobstacles(includingtheirrelativelocation,distancefromtransmitter,andheight)
Anynearbyobstacles(forexample,otherbuildings)within400 m.ofthetransmitter(includingtheirrelativeloca
tion,distancefromtransmitter,height,andwidth)
Panoramicphotographs:Panoramicphotographsshouldbetakenfromeachrooftopofeachstationstartingfrom
northandturningclockwise.Thesephotographsshouldshowthesurroundingsinalldirections.Theazimuthandsta
tionnumbershouldberecordedforeachphotograph.
Transmissiondata:Thefollowingdatashouldberecordedforallstations:
Receptiondata:Thefollowingdatashouldberecordedforallstations:
PrecisecoordinatesofeachstationmeasuredduringtheCWsurvey
Antennapatterns,downtilt,azimuth(iftheantennaisnotperfectlyomnidirectional),andantennaheight
Transmissionpower,andtransmissiongainandlosses
Receiverheight,receiversensitivity,andreceptiongainandlosses
Thevoltagestandingwaveratio(VSWR)(shouldbe< 1.5).
Vectormaps:VectormapsofeachsurveyrouteshouldbecollectedtobeimportedintotheAtollcalibrationproject
priortothemeasurementsurvey.
EachCWmeasurementfileshouldbeaccompaniedbya"SurveySiteForm"indicating:
Detailsdescribingthestation
Thelocationsofanyspuriousmeasurementswherethephysicalclutterdatadoesnotcoincidewiththemappingdata
Anyusefulinformationaboutincidentsthatmayhaveoccurred.
Youcanfindanexampleofasurveysiteformin"SurveySiteForm"onpage 89.
30
Chapter4Chap
TheModelCalibration
Process
"SettingUpYourCalibrationProject"onpage 33
"CalibratingtheSPM"onpage 56
"CalibratingHataModels"onpage 63
"AnalysingtheCalibratedModel"onpage 68
"FinalisingtheSettingsoftheCalibratedSPM"on
page 73
"DeployingtheCalibratedModel"onpage 75
Thischapterexplainsthemodelcalibrationprocess.
Chapter:
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2015Forsk
Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess
AT321_MCG_E5
4 TheModelCalibrationProcess
Thischapterexplainsthepropagationmodelcalibrationprocess,fromcreatingorselectingtheprojectyouwillusetocali
bratethemodel,tocalibratingthemodel,todeployingthecalibratedpropagationmodel.Twotypesofmodelscanbecali
brated:SPMandHataModels(HokumuraandCostHata).
Beforeyoucanbeginthecalibrationprocess,youmustensurethatyouhaveproperlypreparedfortheprocess.First,the
necessaryCWmeasurementsmustbeavailable.ForinformationonplanningtheCWmeasurementsurvey,see"Collecting
CWMeasurementData"onpage 27.
WhentheCWmeasurementdataisavailable,youcanbegintheSPMcalibrationprocess:
1. Settingupthecalibrationproject:ThefirststepconsistsofcreatinganAtolldocumentwithallofthenetworkand
geographical data necessary to recreate the CW measurement survey area. When the Atoll document has been
createdwithallthenecessarydata,youcanimporttheCWmeasurementdataandfiltertheminordertoensurethat
onlymeaningfuldataisusedforcalibration.
"SettingUpYourCalibrationProject"onpage 33.
2. CalibratetheSPM:WhentheCWmeasurementdatahasbeenselectedandfiltered,youcanbegincalibratingthe
model.Youmustfirstsetafewinitialparametersinthepropagationmodelandthenyoucanbeginthecalibration
process,usingeithertheautomatedortheassistedmethod.Aftercalibration,Atolloffersseveraldifferentwaysfor
youtoanalysethecalibratedpropagationmodel.
"CalibratingtheSPM"onpage 56.
3. Finalisingthecalibratedpropagationmodel:Whenyouhavecalibratedthepropagationmodelandaresatisfiedwith
theresults,youmustmakeafewfinaladjustmentstocompensateforvaluesthatcouldnotbecalibrateddueto
missingorincompletedata.Themissingvaluescanbeextrapolatedfromexistingdataorfromstandardvalues.
"FinalisingtheSettingsoftheCalibratedSPM"onpage 73.
4. Deployingthecalibratedpropagationmodel:Thefinalpropagationmodelcannowbedeployedtothetransmitters
forwhichitwascalibrated.
"DeployingtheCalibratedModel"onpage 75.
4.1 SettingUpYourCalibrationProject
Whenyousetupthecalibrationproject,youmustfirstcreateorselectanAtolldocumentwiththenetworkandgeographical
datanecessarytorecreatetheCWmeasurementdatasurveyarea.CreatingtheAtolldocumentisexplainedin"Creatingan
AtollCalibrationDocument"onpage 33.IfyoualreadyhaveanAtolldocumentthatyouwillusetocalibratethepropagation
model,youcancontinuedirectlywith"ImportingCWMeasurements"onpage 34.
WhenyouhaveimportedtheCWmeasurements,yournextstepistoverifythattheCWmeasurementdatayouhavejust
importedcorrespondtothegeographicaldataoftheAtolldocumentyouwillbeusingforcalibration.Thisstepisveryimpor
tantbecauseAtollwillusethegeographicaldataofthedocumenttoevaluatetheCWmeasurementpoints.Ifthepointsare
notproperlysituatedonthemap,Atollwillnotbeabletoapplythecorrectgeographicaldata,especiallycluttertoeachpoint.
Thisisexplainedin"VerifyingtheCorrespondenceBetweenGeoandMeasurementData"onpage 42.
Intheory,theimportedmeasurementvaluesaresupposedtobesmoothedbythemeasurementequipmentsothattheyare
notsubjecttoanyfadingeffect.Inthecasethefadingeffectsoccuronthemeasuredsamples,andinordertoimprovethe
inputdataforcalibration,youcanaveragethembydefiningasmoothingslidingwindowasexplainedin"SmoothingMeas
urementstoReducetheFadingEffect"onpage 83.
OnceyouaresatisfiedthatthepositionsoftheCWmeasurementpointscorrespondproperlytothegeographicaldatainthe
Atolldocument,youcanfilterouttheCWmeasurementdatathat,forvariousreasons,cannotbeusedinthecalibration
process.Thisisexplainedin"FilteringMeasurementData"onpage 43.
After preparing the CW measurement data, the final step before proceeding to the calibration step is selecting the base
stationsthatwillbeusedforcalibrationandthosethatwillbeusedtoverifythecalibrationprocess,asexplainedin"Selecting
BaseStationsforCalibrationandforVerification"onpage 55.
4.1.1 CreatinganAtollCalibrationDocument
YoucancreatetheAtollcalibrationdocumentinoneoftwoways:
Fromatemplate:YoucancreateanewAtolldocumentfromatemplate.Atollisdeliveredwithatemplateforeach
technologyyouwillbeplanningfor.Forinformationoncreatingadocumentfromatemplate,seetheUserManual.
Fromanexistingdocument:IfyoualreadyhaveanexistingdocumentcoveringtheCWmeasurementsurveyarea,
youcanmakeacopyofittouseinthecalibrationprocesssothatyoucancalibratethepropagationmodelwithout
33
2015Forsk
makingchangestotheoriginaldocument.Forinformationonmakingacopyofanexistingdocument,seetheUser
Manual.
Onceyouhavecreatedthecalibrationdocument,youmustsetafewnecessaryparametersandimportorcreatetheprelim
inarydata.Thesestepsareexplainedinthefollowingsections:
"SettingCoordinates"onpage 34
"ImportingGeoData"onpage 34.
4.1.1.1 SettingCoordinates
InAtoll,youdefinethetwocoordinatesystemsforeachAtolldocument:theprojectioncoordinatesystemandthedisplay
coordinatesystem.Bydefault,thesamecoordinatesystemisusedforboth.
Themapsdisplayedintheworkspacearereferencedwiththesameprojectionsystemastheimportedgeographicdatafiles;
thus,theprojectionsystemdependsontheimportedgeographicfile.
Allimportedrastergeographicfilesmustbeusethesamecartographicsystem.Ifnot,you
mustconvertthemtoasinglecartographicsystem.
FormoreinformationontheprojectionanddisplaycoordinatesystemsinAtoll,seetheUserManual.
4.1.1.2 ImportingGeoData
Thegeographicdatais an importantpart of anAtolldocument whenthe documentis going tobe used fora calibration
project.Severaldifferentgeographicdatatypesareusedinacalibrationproject:
DigitalTerrainModel:TheDTMdescribestheelevationofthegroundoversealevelandisindispensableinacalibra
tionproject.
ClutterClasses:Theclutterclassgeodatafiledescribeslandcoverorlanduse.Eitherclutterclassesorclutterheights
mustbepresentinacalibrationproject.
ClutterHeights:ClutterheightmapsdescribethealtitudeofclutterovertheDTMwithonealtitudedefinedperpixel.
Clutterheightmapscanoffermorepreciseinformationthandefininganaltitudeperclutterclassbecause,inaclutter
heightfile,itispossibletohavedifferentheightswithinasingleclutterclass.
Theonlypropagationmodelsthatcantakeclutterheightsintoaccountincalculationsare
theStandardPropagationModelandWLLmodel.
Vector Maps: Maps with possible survey routes defined as vectors can be imported to verify the planned survey
routesagainstothermaps.
Scanned Images: Scanned images are geographic data files which represent the actual physical surroundings, for
example,roadmapsorsatelliteimages.Theyareusedtoprovideaprecisebackgroundforotherobjects.Although
theyarenotusedincalculations,theycanbeusedtoverifytheaccuracyofproposedsurveyroutes.
WMSRasterformatGeoDataFiles:RasterimagesfromaWebMapService(WMS)server.TheimagemustbeinTIF
formatandbereferencedinthedocument;itcannotbeembedded.YoucanuseaWMSimagetoaddapreciseback
groundforotherobjects,ortoaddplacenames,oramapofroadways.WMSimagesarenotusedincalculations.
FormoreinformationonanyofthegeographicdataformatsthatcanbeusedinAtoll,seetheUserManual,andtheTechnical
ReferenceGuide.Forinformationonimportinggeographicdata,seetheUserManual.
4.1.2 ImportingCWMeasurements
InAtoll,youcanimportCWmeasurementfilesintheformofASCIItextfiles(withtabs,commas,semicolons,orspacesas
theseparator),withDAT,TXT,andCSVextensions.ForAtolltobeabletousethedatainimportedfiles,theimportedfiles
mustcontainthefollowinginformation:
ThepositionoftheCWmeasurementpoints.Whenyouimportthedata,youmustindicatewhichcolumnsgivethe
abscissaandordinate(XYcoordinates)ofeachpoint.
Themeasuredsignallevelateachpoint.
Theimportedfilescanalsocontainotherinformation,suchaspointnamesandfieldcharacteristics,thatcanbeusedtodefine
thedisplayofmeasurementpoints,forexample,tofilterpoints.
YoucanimportasingleCWmeasurementfileorseveralCWmeasurementfilesatthesametime.IfyouregularlyimportCW
measurementfilesofthesameformat,youcancreateanimportconfiguration.Theimportconfigurationcontainsinformation
34
AT321_MCG_E5
thatdefinesthestructureofthedataintheCWmeasurementfile.Byusingtheimportconfiguration,youwillnotneedto
definethedatastructureeachtimeyouimportanewCWmeasurementfile.
Inthissection,thefollowingaredescribed:
"ImportingaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 35
"ImportingSeveralCWMeasurementPaths"onpage 36
"CreatingaCWMeasurementImportConfiguration"onpage 38
"DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements"onpage 39.
4.1.2.1 ImportingaCWMeasurementPath
ToimportaCWmeasurementfile:
1. ClicktheNetworktabintheexplorerwindow.
2. RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder.Thecontextmenuappears.
3. SelectImportfromthecontextmenu.TheOpendialogueappears.
4. Selectthefileorfilesyouwanttoopen.
5. ClickOpen.TheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogueappears.
6. OntheGeneraltab:
a. EnteraNamefortheCWmeasurement.Bydefault,theCWmeasurementisgiventhenameofthefilebeingim
ported.
b. UnderReferenceTransmitter,selecttheTransmitterwithwhichtheCWmeasurementsweremade,itstechnol
ogy,anditstransmittingFrequencyduringthemeasurementsurvey.
c. UnderReceiver,entertheHeightofthereceiver,theGain,andtheLosses.
d. UnderMeasurements,definetheUnitusedfortheCWmeasurements.
e. IftheCoordinatesusedfortheCWmeasurementdataaredifferentthantheonedisplayed,clicktheBrowsebut
ton(
)andselectthecoordinatesystemused.
CWmeasurementsareusuallymadeusingWGS84.Bydefaultthecoordinatesystem
displayedinthecoordinatesfieldisthedisplaysystemusedinthedocument.IftheCW
measurementsweremadeusingWGS84,besuretoselectWGS84,ageographicsystem
asindicatedbytheglobesymbol(
).
7. ClicktheSetuptab(seeFigure 4.1).Ifyoualreadyhaveanimportconfigurationdefiningthedatastructureofthe
importedfileorfiles,youcanselectitfromtheConfigurationlistontheSetuptaboftheImportofMeasurement
Filesdialogue.Ifyoudonothaveanimportconfiguration,continuewithstep 8.
a. UnderConfiguration,selectanimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.
b. Continuewithstep 9.
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2015Forsk
Figure 4.1:TheSetuptaboftheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogue
WhenimportingaCWmeasurementpathfile,existingconfigurationsareavailable
intheFilesoftypelistoftheOpendialogue,sortedaccordingtotheirdateofcre
ation.AfteryouhaveselectedafileandclickedOpen,Atollautomaticallyproposes
aconfiguration,ifitrecognisestheextension.Incaseseveralconfigurationsare
associatedwithanextension,Atollchoosesthefirstconfigurationinthelist.
The defined configurations are stored, by default, in the file "MeasImport.ini",
located in the directory where Atoll is installed. For more information on the
MeasImport.inifile,seetheAdministratorManual.
8. UnderFile,ontheSetuptab:
a. Enterthenumberofthe1stMeasurementRow,selectthedataSeparator,andselecttheDecimalSymbolused
inthefile.
b. ClickSetuptolinkfilecolumnsandinternalAtollfields.TheCWMeasurementSetupdialogueappears.
c. SelectthecolumnsintheimportedfilethatgivetheXCoordinatesandtheYCoordinatesofeachpointintheCW
measurementpathfile.
YoucanalsoidentifythecolumnscontainingtheXYcoordinatesofeachpointintheCW
measurementpathbyselectingthemfromtheFieldrowofthetableontheSetuptab.
d. IntheMeasurementsbox,selectthefieldthatcontainsthevalueofthemeasuredsignalforeachdefinedpoint.
e. ClickOKtoclosetheCWMeasurementSetupdialogue.
f. Ifthereisotherdataavailableinthefile,inthetableunderFile,definetheTypeforeachadditionalcolumnof
data.
9. Onceyouhavedefinedtheimportparameters,clickImport.TheCWmeasurementdataareimportedintothecurrent
Atolldocument.
4.1.2.2 ImportingSeveralCWMeasurementPaths
ToimportseveralCWmeasurementfiles:
36
AT321_MCG_E5
Youcanselectcontiguousfilesbyclickingthefirstfileyouwanttoimport,pressingSHIFT
andclickingthelastfileyouwanttoimport.Youcanselectnoncontiguousfilesbypressing
CTRLandclickingeachfileyouwanttoimport.
6. OntheGeneraltab:
a. EnteraNamefortheCWmeasurement.Bydefault,theCWmeasurementisgiventhenameofthefilebeingim
ported.
b. UnderReferenceTransmitter,selecttheTransmitterwithwhichtheCWmeasurementsweremade,itstechnol
ogy,anditstransmittingFrequencyduringthemeasurementsurvey.
c. UnderReceiver,entertheHeightofthereceiver,theGain,andtheLosses.
d. UnderMeasurements,definetheUnitusedfortheCWmeasurements.
e. IftheCoordinatesusedfortheCWmeasurementdataaredifferentthantheonedisplayed,clicktheBrowsebut
ton(
).
7. ClicktheSetuptab(seeFigure 4.1).Ifyoualreadyhaveanimportconfigurationdefiningthedatastructureofthe
importedfileorfiles,youcanselectitfromtheConfigurationlistontheSetuptaboftheImportofMeasurement
Filesdialogue.Ifyoudonothaveanimportconfiguration,continuewithstep 8.
a. UnderConfiguration,selectanimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.
b. Continuewithstep 9.
WhenimportingaCWmeasurementpathfile,existingconfigurationsareavailable
intheFilesoftypelistoftheOpendialogue,sortedaccordingtotheirdateofcre
ation.AfteryouhaveselectedafileandclickedOpen,Atollautomaticallyproposes
aconfiguration,ifitrecognisestheextension.Incaseseveralconfigurationsare
associatedwithanextension,Atollchoosesthefirstconfigurationinthelist.
8. UnderFile,ontheSetuptab:
inthefile.
f.
Ifthereisotherdataavailableinthefile,inthetableunderFile,definetheTypeforeachadditionalcolumnof
data.
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2015Forsk
9. Ifyouwishtosavethedefinitionofthedatastructuresothatyoucanuseitagain,youcansaveitasanimportcon
figuration:
a. OntheSetuptab,underConfiguration,clickSave.TheConfigurationdialogueappears.
b. Bydefault,Atollsavestheconfigurationinaspecialfilecalled"MeasImport.ini"foundinAtollsinstallationfolder.
Incaseyoucannotwriteintothatfolder,youcanclickBrowsetochooseadifferentlocation.
c. EnteraConfigurationNameandanExtensionofthefilesthatthisimportconfigurationwilldescribe(forexample,
"*.csv").
d. ClickOK.
Atollwillnowselectthisimportconfigurationautomaticallyeverytimeyouimportadrivetestdatapathfilewith
theselectedextension.Ifyouimportafilewiththesamestructurebutadifferentextension,youwillbeableto
selectthisimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.
Youdonothavetocompletetheimportproceduretosavetheimportconfigura
tionandhaveitavailableforfutureuse.
WhenimportingaCWmeasurementfile,youcanexpandtheMeasImport.inifile
byclickingthebutton( )infrontofthefileintheSetupparttodisplayallthe
availableimportconfigurations.Whenselectingtheappropriateconfiguration,the
associationsareautomaticallymadeinthetableatthebottomofthedialogue.
Youcandeleteanexistingimportconfigurationbyselectingtheimportconfigura
tionunderSetupandclickingtheDeletebutton.
10. Onceyouhavedefinedtheimportparameters,youcanimporttheselectedfiles:
Whenimportingseveralfilesforthesametransmitter:ClickImportAll.TheCWmeasurementdataareimported
intothecurrentAtolldocument.
When you click the Import All button, Atoll does not import files that do match the
currentlyselectedimportconfiguration.Itdisplaysanerrormessageandcontinueswith
thenextfile.
Whenimportingseveralfilesfordifferenttransmitters:
i.
ClickImport.TheCWmeasurementdataareimportedintothecurrentAtolldocument.
ii. ClicktheGeneraltabtoensurethattheinformationontheGeneraltab,especiallytheReferenceTransmitter
selected,reflectthecurrentfilebeingimported.
iii. Ifnecessary,clicktheSetuptabandredefinetheimportconfigurationforthecurrentfilebeingimported.
iv. ClickImporttoimportthecurrentfile.
v. Repeatthesestepsforeachfilebeingimported.
4.1.2.3 CreatingaCWMeasurementImportConfiguration
IfyouregularlyimportCWmeasurementfilesofthesameformat,youcancreateanimportconfigurationthefirsttimeyou
importtheCWmeasurementfiles.Theimportconfigurationcontainsinformationthatdefinesthestructureofthedatainthe
CWmeasurementfile.Byusingtheimportconfiguration,youwillnotneedtodefinethedatastructureeachtimeyouimport
anewCWmeasurementfile.
TocreateaCWmeasurementimportconfiguration:
6. ClicktheSetuptab(seeFigure 4.1).
7. UnderFile,ontheSetuptab,definethedatastructureofthefileorfilesyouhaveselected:
inthefile.
38
AT321_MCG_E5
f.
Ifthereisotherdataavailableinthefile,inthetableunderFile,definetheTypeforeachadditionalcolumnof
data.
8. OntheSetuptab,underConfiguration,clickSave.TheConfigurationdialogueappears.
a. Bydefault,Atollsavestheconfigurationinaspecialfilecalled"MeasImport.ini"foundinAtollsinstallationfolder.
Incaseyoucannotwriteintothatfolder,youcanclickBrowsetochooseadifferentlocation.
b. EnteraConfigurationNameandanExtensionofthefilesthatthisimportconfigurationwilldescribe(forexample,
"*.csv").
c. ClickOK.
Atollwillnowselectthisimportconfigurationautomaticallyeverytimeyouimportadrivetestdatapathfilewith
theselectedextension.Ifyouimportafilewiththesamestructurebutadifferentextension,youwillbeableto
selectthisimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.
Youdonothavetocompletetheimportproceduretosavetheimportconfigura
tionandhaveitavailableforfutureuse.
WhenimportingaCWmeasurementfile,youcanexpandtheMeasImport.inifile
byclickingtheExpandbutton( )infrontofthefileintheSetupparttodisplayall
theavailableimportconfigurations.Whenselectingtheappropriateconfiguration,
theassociationsareautomaticallymadeinthetableatthebottomofthedialogue.
Youcandeleteanexistingimportconfigurationbyselectingtheimportconfigura
tionunderSetupandclickingtheDeletebutton.
4.1.2.4 DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements
YoucandefinehowCWmeasurementsaredisplayedinAtollsmapwindow.CWmeasurementsareorganisedinfolders
accordingtotheirreferencetransmitterontheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow.
YoucandefinethedisplayofindividualCWmeasurementsbutalsosetthesamedisplayparametersforallCWmeasurements
orforallCWmeasurementsforthesamereferencetransmitter.
TodefinethedisplayofaCWmeasurementpath:
2. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeasurementsfolder.
3. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandthefolderofthereferencetransmitter.
4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementwhosedisplayyouwanttodefine.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. SelectPropertiesfromthecontextmenu.ThePropertiesdialogueappears.
6. SelecttheDisplaytab.Thefollowingoptionsareavailable:
"DefiningtheDisplayType"onpage 40
"UsingtheActionsButton"onpage 40
"DefiningtheVisibilityScale"onpage 41
"DefiningtheTipText"onpage 41
"AddingCWMeasurementPointstotheLegend"onpage 41.
7. Setthedisplayparameters.
8. ClickOK.
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2015Forsk
DefiningtheDisplayType
Dependingontheobjectselected,youcanchoosefromthefollowingdisplaytypes:unique,discretevalues,valueintervals,
oradvanced.
Tochangethedisplaytype:
1. Open the Display tab of the Properties dialogue as explained in "Defining the Display of CW Measurements" on
page 39.
Tomodifytheappearanceofthesymbol:
a. Clickthesymbolinthetablebelow.TheSymbolStyledialogueappears.
b. Modifythesymbolasdesired.
c. ClickOKtoclosetheSymbolStyledialogue.
2. SelectthedisplaytypefromtheDisplayTypelist:
Unique:definesthesamesymbolforallCWmeasurementpoints.
Discretevalues:definesthedisplayofeachCWmeasurementpointaccordingtothevalueofaselectedfield.This
displaytypecanbeusedtodistinguishCWmeasurementpointsbyonecharacteristic.Forexample,youcoulduse
thisdisplaytypetodistinguishCWmeasurementpointsbythecluttertypetheyareon,orbytheirreferencetrans
mitter.
i.
SelectthenameoftheFieldbywhichyouwanttodisplaytheobjects.
ii. YoucanclicktheActionsbuttontoaccesstheActionsmenu.Forinformationonthecommandsavailable,see
"UsingtheActionsButton"onpage 40.
Valueintervals:definesthedisplayofeachobjectaccordingtosetrangesofthevalueofaselectedfield.Thisdis
playtypecanbeused,forexample,todistinguishpopulationdensity,signalstrength,orthealtitudeofsites.
i.
SelectthenameoftheFieldbywhichyouwanttodisplaytheobjects.
ii. Definetherangesdirectlyinthetable.
iii. YoucanclicktheActionsbuttontoaccesstheActionsmenu.Forinformationonthecommandsavailable,see
Advanced:allowsyoutodisplaymeasurementpointsbymorethanonecriterionatatime.
onlyavailablefortransmitters;Atollautomaticallyassignsacolourtoeachtransmitter,ensuringthateachtrans
mitterhasadifferentcolourthanthetransmitterssurroundingit.
i.
Clickthesymbolinthetablebelow.TheSymbolStyledialogueappears.
ii. Modifythesymbolasdesired.
iii. ClickOKtoclosetheSymbolStyledialogue.
iv. YoucanclicktheActionsbuttontoaccesstheActionsmenu.Forinformationonthecommandsavailable,see
UsingtheActionsButton
TheActionsbuttonontheDisplaytabofthePropertiesdialogueallowsyoutomodifythedisplaytypeasdefinedin"Defining
theDisplayType"onpage 40.
ToaccesstheActionsmenu:
page 39.
2. ClicktheActionsbutton.TheActionsmenugivesyouaccesstothefollowingcommands:
40
Selectall:Atollselectsallthevaluesinthetable.
Delete:Atollremovesselectedvaluefromthetable.
Insertbefore:Whentheselecteddisplaytypeisvalueintervals,Atollinsertsanewthresholdinthetablebefore
thethresholdselectedinthetable.
Insertafter:Whentheselecteddisplaytypeisvalueintervals,Atollinsertsanewthresholdinthetableafterthe
thresholdselectedinthetable.
Shading:AtollopenstheShadingdialogue.When"ValueIntervals"istheselecteddisplaytype,youselectShading
todefinethenumberofvalueintervalsandconfiguretheircolour.Entertheupperandlowerlimitsofthevalue
in the First Break andLast Break boxes respectively, and enter a value in the Interval box. Define the colour
shadingbychoosingaStartColourandanEndColour.Thevalueintervalswillbedeterminedbythesetvalues
andcolouredbyashadegoingfromthesetstartcolourtothesetendcolour.
AT321_MCG_E5
PredictionsandCWmeasurementsareshadeddifferently.Nevertheless,youcanobtaina
similarcolouringbyexcludingthelastbreakoftheCWpathdisplay.Todothis,selectthe
FilteruptoLastBreakcheckbox.
When"DiscreteValues"istheselecteddisplaytype,youselectShadingtochooseaStartColourandanEndCol
our.
DefiningtheVisibilityScale
YoucandefineavisibilityrangeforCWmeasurementpoints.Ameasurementpointisvisibleonlyifthescale,asdisplayedon
thezoomtoolbar,iswithinthisrange.Thiscanbeusedto,forexample,preventthemapfrombeingclutteredwithsymbols
whenyouareatacertainscale.
Visibilityrangesaretakenintoaccountforscreendisplay,andforprintingandpreviewingprinting.Theydonotaffectwhich
measurementpointsareconsideredduringcalculations.
Todefinethevisibilityrange:
1. AccesstheDisplaytabofthePropertiesdialogueasexplainedin"DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements"on
page 39.
2. EnteraVisibilityScaleminimuminthebetween 1:textbox.
3. EnteraVisibilityScalemaximumintheand 1:textbox.
Formostobjecttypes,youcanalsodisplayobjectinformationintheformofatooltipthat
isonlyvisiblewhenyoumovethepointerovertheobject.Thisoptionhastheadvantage
ofnotfillingthemapwindowwithtext.Formoreinformationontooltips,see"Defining
theTipText"onpage 41.
DefiningtheTipText
Formostobjecttypes,suchassitesandtransmitters,youcandisplayinformationabouteachobjectintheformofatooltip
thatisonlyvisiblewhenyoumovethepointerovertheobject.Youcandisplayinformationfromeveryfieldinthatobject
typesdatatable,includingfromfieldsthatyouadd.
Todefinetiptextforanobjecttype:
1. AccesstheDisplaytabofthePropertiesdialogueasexplainedin"DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements"on
page 39.
2. ClicktheBrowsebutton(
)besidetheTipTextbox.TheFieldSelectiondialogueappears.
3. Selectthefieldswhichyouwanttodisplayinthelabel:
a. Toselectafieldtobedisplayedinthelabelfortheobjecttype,selectthefieldintheAvailableFieldslistandclick
tomoveittotheSelectedFieldslist.
b. ToremoveafieldfromthelistofGroupthesefieldsinthisorder,selectthefieldintheSelectedFieldslistand
click
toremoveit.
Youcanalsodisplayinformationaboutdataobjectsintheformofalabelthatisdisplayed
withtheobject.GiventhelargenumberofCWmeasurementpointsinaCWsurvey,defin
inglabelsthatarealwaysvisibleisnotrecommended.
Onceyouhavedefinedthetooltips,youmustactivatethetooltipfunctionbeforetheyappear.
Toactivatethetooltipfunction:
ClicktheDisplayTipsbutton(
)onthetoolbar.Tooltipswillnowappearwhenthepointerisovertheobject.
AddingCWMeasurementPointstotheLegend
Youcandisplaytheinformationdefinedbythedisplaytype(see"DefiningtheDisplayType"onpage 40)inyourAtolldocu
mentslegend.OnlyvisibleobjectsappearintheLegendwindow.Forinformationondisplayingorhidingobjects,seetheUser
Manual.
InFigure 4.2,ontheDisplaytabofasignallevelprediction,theintervalsdefinedare:
Signallevel>=70red
70>Signallevel>=105shadingfromredtoblue(9 intervals)
41
2015Forsk
Signallevel<105notshowninthecoverage.
TheentriesintheLegendcolumnwillappearintheLegendwindow.
Figure 4.2:DefinedthresholdsastheywillappearintheLegend
Withvalueintervals,youcanenterinformationintheLegendcolumntobedisplayedonthelegend.Ifthereisnoinformation
enteredinthiscolumn,themaximumandminimumvaluesaredisplayedinstead.
page 39.
2. SelecttheAddtolegendcheckbox.Thedefineddisplaywillappearonthelegend.
4.1.3 VerifyingtheCorrespondenceBetweenGeoandMeasure
mentData
YoucanquicklyverifythecorrespondencebetweentheCWmeasurementsandtheAtollgeodatabyimportingtheCWmeas
urementsandasetofvectorfilesrepresentingroadsorascannedmapoftheareaandcheckingthattheCWmeasurement
surveyroutescorrespondwiththegeodata.Youcanalsocheckwhetherthemeasurementpathstartsorendsatapproxi
matelythelocationofthebasestationusedfortheCWmeasurements.
ItisalsoimportanttocheckthattheCWmeasurementsurveyroutesusedcorrespondtotheplannedsurveyroutestoensure
thattheCWmeasurementpointsareevenlydistributedaroundthestation.Incasemeasurementpathsdonotexactlymatch
thevectorroads(duemostofthetimetoinconsistenciesbetweenseveralcoordinatesystems),youcanmoveasetofpoints
totheappropriatelocation.
Tomovemeasurementpointstoanotherlocation:
1. Onthemap,clickanypointtoselectit.Toselectmorethanonepoint,pressCTRLasyouclicktheotherpoints.Toselect
aentiresegmentofpoints,pressSHIFTasyouclicktheotherextremityofthesegment.
2. Clickanddragthesetofpointstothedesiredposition.Ifyouwanttoexactlyputpointsonavectorline,dragthemto
ituntilitishighlighted.
3. Releasethepointswhereyouwouldliketoplacethem.Inthecaseofavectorwhichhastobematched,theshapeof
thepathsmightbemodifiedaccordinglyafterthepointshavebeenreleased.
IftheIDsoftheCWmeasurementpointsdonotreflecttheorderinwhichthemeasurementswerecollected,youcancheck
whetherthestationlocationisconsistentwithitsrelativemeasurementpathbydisplayingmeasurementpointsaccordingto
measurementlevels,asshowninFigure 4.3.Forinformationonsettingthedisplayaccordingtomeasurementlevels,see
"AboutPotentiallyInvalidMeasurementLevels"onpage 51.
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AT321_MCG_E5
Figure 4.3:DistributionoftheMeasuredSignalStrengtharoundastation
Ifpanoramicphotographsoftheareasurroundingthebasestationareavailable,youshouldverifythattherearenonearby
obstaclesdisturbingpropagation.Ifthereisanobstacleclosetothebasestation,youcanfilterouttheobstructedCWmeas
urementdatausingananglefilterorremovethestationfromthesetofCWmeasurementdataiftheobstructionistoowide.
Forinformationondefiningananglefilter,see"FilteringbyAngle"onpage 54.
4.1.4 FilteringMeasurementData
OneofthemostimportantstepsinpreparingCWmeasurementdataforuseinacalibrationprojectisfilteringthemeasure
mentpoints.WhenyouarefilteringCWmeasurementdata,thegoalistoeliminatethepointsthataretheleastrepresenta
tiveofthesurveyareawhileretaininganumberofpointsthatisbothrepresentativeandlargeenoughtoprovidestatistically
validresults.
Thefilteringprocessisoften,therefore,aseriesoftradeoffs.Althoughyouwouldnormallyconsiderfilteringoutcertaindata
if,forexample,theirvaluesappearhighorlow,iffilteringthemalloutleavesyouwithtoosmallasample,youmightconsider
leavingsomeofthemin.Bythesametoken,iffilteringoutthepointsonaclutterclassmeansthatthatclutterclasswillno
longerberepresentedatall,youmightconsiderleavingthosepointsontheCWsurveypathwheretheyarebestrepresented.
Thereareseveralreasonswhyyouwouldnotwanttotakecertainmeasurementpointsintoconsideration:
Themeasurementpointsmightappearpotentiallyinvalid,theymightbeinclutterclassesthatareofnosignificance
intermsofthepropagationmodeltobecalibrated,theymayshowextremesignallevels,theymightbetoocloseto
thetransmitter,ortheymightsufferfromtoomuchdiffraction.
Thezoneswherethemeasurementpointsarelocatedmightbeinanareawheretheresultscannotbeconsidered
accurate(forexample,anypointscomingfrombehindadirectionalantennashouldnotbeusedinacalibrationpro
ject).
Ifyouwish,youcanpermanentlydeletethepointsyoufilterout.Youcanalwaysreimporttheoriginalmeasurementdataif
youwanttoaddthosepointsagain.Oryoucanfilterthemoutforthecurrentcalibration,butleavetheminthemeasurement
data.
FilteringCWmeasurementdataismadeinseveralsteps.DependingontheCWmeasurementdataavailableandtheindivid
ualcalibrationproject,itispossiblethatnotallstepswillbenecessary,however,thebasicstepsare:
1. Filteringbyclutterclass:ThefirststepinfilteringCWmeasurementdataistofilteroutpointsbyclutterclass.Typically
youwillwanttoremoveallpointsonclutterclassesthatarerepresentedbylessthan5%ofthetotalmeasurement
pointsintheCWsurvey.Forinformationonfilteringbyclutterclass,see"FilteringonClutterClasses"onpage 44.
2. Filteringbysignalstrengthanddistance:Thenextstepistofilteroutpointsthatlayoutsideofadefinedrangeof
signalsandthatareeithertooclosetoortoofarfromthereferencetransmitter.Forinformationonfilteringbydis
tanceandsignalstrength,see"SignalandDistanceFiltering"onpage 45.
3. Removingsectionsthatarenotrepresentative:ThefinalstepinfilteringCWmeasurementdataconsistsofexamining
theCWmeasurementdatatoremovepointsthatareaffectedbyobstructionorthatarepotentiallyinvalid,i.e.,meas
urementpointsaffectedbydiffractionormeasurementpointsthataretoohighortoolow.Forinformationonfil
teringbydistanceandsignalstrength,see"FilteringbyGeoDataConditions"onpage 50.
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2015Forsk
IfyousetfiltersontheCWMeasurementsfolder,anyfilterssetonindividualCW
measurementpathswillbeerased.
4.1.4.1 FilteringonClutterClasses
Thefirststepinfilteringmeasurementpointsistofilteroutthepointsbyclutterclass.Ifonlyafewmeasurementpathshave
pointsonagivenclutterclassoronlyafewpointsarelocatedonthisclass,thentheclutterclassshouldbefilteredout.There
arenotenoughpointstogiveastatisticallygoodsamplingoftheconditionsforthatclutterclass.Inotherwords,keeping
thesepointswilllikelycausetheclutterclasstobeincorrectlycalibrated,leadingtoincorrectcoveragepredictionresults
whenthecalibratedpropagationmodelisused.Therefore,itishighlyrecommendednottotakeirrelevantclutterclassesinto
accountduringthecalibrationprocess,andtodeducetheclutterlossesafterwardsusingsimilarclutterclassesandtypical
values.
Theruleofthumbis5%:ifonly5%ofthepointsonameasurementplanareonagivenclutterclass,thepointsforthatclutter
classshouldberemoved.However,thisshouldjustbeusedasaguideline.Undercertaincircumstances,forexample,ifthat
clutterclassisnotwellrepresentedinanysurveypath,youmightwanttokeepthem.Youcanalwaystrycalibratingtheprop
agationmodeloncewiththeclutterclassandoncewithoutandcomparingtheresults.
Youshouldalsoremovethemeasurementpointslocatedonclutterclassesthatarenotatallrepresentativeofthesurvey
area.Forexample,theremaybeaparkalongthesurveyroutethatisclassifiedas"Forest"intermsofclutterclass.Ifthearea
itselfismostlydenseurban,keepingthepointsintheforestclutterclasswillleadtoinaccurateresults.
YoucanviewthepointdistributionstatisticsforallCWmeasurements,orallCWmeasurementsforasinglereferencetrans
mitter,orforasingleCWmeasurementpath.Figure 4.4showsthedistributionofstatisticsforallCWmeasurements.
Beforethepointdistributionstatisticscanbedisplayed,youmustcalculatesignallevels
ontheCWmeasurementpoints.YoucancalculatesignallevelsbyrightclickingtheCW
MeasurementsfolderandselectingCalculations >CalculateSignalLevelsfromthe
contextmenu.
TodisplaythepointdistributionstatisticsforCWmeasurements:
1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosestatisticsyouwishtodisplay:
AllCWmeasurements:RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder.
AllCWmeasurementsforasinglereferencetransmitter:ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeas
urementsfolderandrightclickthefolderofthereferencetransmitter.
AsingleCWmeasurementpath:ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeasurementsfolderandclick
theExpandbutton( )toexpandthefolderofthereferencetransmitter.Then,rightclicktheCWmeasurement
path.
Thecontextmenuappears.
2. SelectDisplayStatisticsfromthecontextmenu.
IfmorethanoneCWmeasurementpathisselected,adialogueappearswhereyoucanchoosethestatisticsofwhich
CWmeasurementpathsyouwanttodisplay.SelectorclearthecheckboxestochoosetheCWmeasurementpaths
andclickOK.
Thestatisticsdialogueappears,withthedistributionoftheselectedCWmeasurements(seeFigure 4.4).
3. Takenoteoftheclutterclassesthathavefewmeasurementpoints(withonly5%orlowerofthetotalnumberof
points).
4. ClickClosetoclosethedialogue.
44
AT321_MCG_E5
Figure 4.4:Pointdistributioninthedifferentclutterclasses
Tofilteroutthemeasurementpointsfromtheunderrepresentedclutterclasses:
1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosestatisticsyouhavejustexam
ined:
2. SelectFilterfromthecontextmenu.TheCWMeasurementFilterdialogueappears.
3. InthePerClutterwindow,underFilter,clearthecheckboxesoftheclutterclassesyouwanttofilterout.Onlythe
clutterclasseswhosecheckboxisselectedwillbetakenintoaccount.
4. Ifyouwanttokeepthemeasurementpointsinsidethefocuszone,selecttheUsefocuszonetofiltercheckbox.
5. Ifyouwanttopermanentlyremovethemeasurementpointsoutsidethefilter,selecttheDeletePointsOutsideFilter
checkbox.
Rememberthat,byselectingtheDeletePointsOutsideFiltercheckbox,youaredefining
apropertyoftheCWmeasurementpath.Onceyouhavedefinedthisproperty,points
thatyoufilteroutusingothermethods,forexample,usingtheFilteringAssistant(see
"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47)willalsobe
permanentlydeleted.
Ifyoupermanentlydeletemeasurementpointsandlaterwanttousethem,youwillhavetoreimporttheoriginal
measurementdata.
6. ClickOK.TheselectedCWmeasurementdatawillbefilteredaccordingtothedefinedparameters.
Thefiltersettingscanalsobesavedtoafilterconfigurationwhichcanberetrievedafterward.
YoucanalsofilteroutthemeasurementpointsfromtheunderrepresentedclutterclassesonasingleCWmeasurementpath
byusingtheFilteringassistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47).
See"DisplayingStatisticsOveraMeasurementPath"onpage 84and"DisplayingStatisticsOverSeveralMeasurementPaths"
onpage 85formoreinformationonmeasurementpathstatistics.
TheClear Allbuttonresetstheexistingfilters.
4.1.4.2 SignalandDistanceFiltering
Thegoalofthecalibrationprocessistoproduceanaccuratepropagationmodelwhichcanbeusedtoreliablycalculatethe
propagationofeachbasestationwithinthearea.Torespectthisgoal,thepropagationmodelsownconstraintswithrespect
tosignallevelshavetobetakenintoaccount.Therearelimitationsinthemeasurementequipment,whichalsohavetobe
considered.
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2015Forsk
Inthissection,filteringoutCWmeasurementpointsbasedonthesignalstrengthortheirdistancefromthereferencetrans
mitterisexplained:
4.1.4.2.1
"TypicalValues"onpage 46
"UsingManualFilteringonCWPoints"onpage 46
"CreatinganAdvancedFilter"onpage 47
"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47.
TypicalValues
ThevaluestobeusedtofilterCWmeasurementsdependonalotoffactors.Inthissection,sometypicalvaluesaregiven.
Thesevaluesarebydefinitiongeneral.AtollprovidesafilteringassistantthatcanbeusedforeachCWmeasurementpath;it
ishighlyrecommendedtousethefilteringassistanttodefineaspecificsignalanddistancefiltersforeachCWmeasurement
file.Forinformationonthefilteringassistant,see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47.
WhenfilteringoutCWmeasurementpointsbysignalstrength,generally,signallevelsabove40 dBmarefilteredout,because
theywouldbeinaccuratebecauseofreceiveroverload.Whenyoufilterontheminimumsignallevel,thesensitivityofthe
receiverandtolerancehavetobeconsidered.Therefore,signalsbelowReceiverSensitivity+TargetStandardDeviation
havetobefilteredouttoavoidtheeffectofnoisesaturationintheresults.Atypicalvaluefortheminimumsignallevelfilter
canbethenconsideredtobe:
120+8=112dBm
Whenfilteringoutbydistancefromthereferencetransmitter,measurementdataatadistanceoflessthan200 mfromthe
stationshouldbediscardedbecausethesepointsaretooclosetothestationtoproperlyrepresentthepropagationoverthe
wholearea.Atypicalmaximumvalueis10 kmforruralareas.
4.1.4.2.2
UsingManualFilteringonCWPoints
WhenyoufilterCWmeasurementsonsignalstrengthordistance,youcanfilterthevaluesineitherallCWmeasurement
paths,inalltheCWmeasurementpathsforonereferencetransmitter,orinasingleCWmeasurementpath.
TofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsonsignalstrengthordistance:
1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosepointsyouwanttofilter:
3. UnderFilter,definethesettingsforsignalstrengthanddistance:
DistancebetweenCWmeasurementpointandreferencetransmitter:EntertheMin.DistanceandMax.Dis
tance.AtollwillkeeponlyCWmeasurementpointswhicharewithinthisrange.
Measuredsignal:EntertheMin.MeasurementandMax.Measurement.AtollwillkeeponlyCWmeasurement
pointswhosevalueiswithinthisrange.
Youcanalsousethisdialoguetofilteronthefollowingcriteria:
Clutterclass:Forinformationonfilteringbyclutterclass,see"FilteringonClutterClasses"onpage 44.
Anglewiththeantennaazimuth:Forinformationonfilteringbytheanglewiththeantennaazimuth,see"Filtering
byAngle"onpage 54.
Additionalfields:Forinformationonfilteringwithadditionalfields,see"CreatinganAdvancedFilter"onpage 47.
5. Ifyouwanttopermanentlyremovethemeasurementpointsoutsidethefilter,selecttheDeletePointsOutsideFilter
checkbox.
Ifyoupermanentlydeletemeasurementpointsandlaterwanttousethem,youwillhave
toreimporttheoriginalmeasurementdata.
6. ClickOK.TheselectedCWmeasurementdatawillbefilteredaccordingtothedefinedparameters.
YoucanalsofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsonsignalstrengthordistanceonasingleCWmeasurementpathbyusingthe
Filteringassistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47).
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AT321_MCG_E5
4.1.4.2.3
CreatinganAdvancedFilter
AtollenablesyoutocreateanadvancedfilterusingseveralfieldsandexpressionswithwhichyoucanfilterCWmeasurement
points.YoucancreateanadvancedfiltertofilterthevaluesineitherallCWmeasurementpaths,inalltheCWmeasurement
pathsforonereferencetransmitter,orinasingleCWmeasurementpath.
TofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsusinganadvancedfilter:
1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosepointsyouwanttofilter:
3. ClicktheMorebutton.TheFilterdialogueappears.
4. IntheColumnrow,selectthenameofthecolumntobefilteredonfromthelist.Selectasmanycolumnsasyouwant.
5. Underneatheachcolumnname,enterthecriteriaonwhichthecolumnwillbefilteredasexplainedinthefollowing
table:
Formula
Dataarekeptinthetableonlyif
=X
valueequaltoX(Xmaybeanumberorcharacters)
<>X
valuenotequaltoX(Xmaybeanumberorcharacters)
<X
numericalvalueislessthanX
>X
numericalvalueisgreaterthanX
<=X
numericalvalueislessthanorequaltoX
>=X
numericalvalueisgreaterthanorequaltoX
*X*
textobjectswhichcontainX
*X
textobjectswhichendwithX
X*
textobjectswhichstartwithX
6. ClickOKtofilterthedataaccordingtothecriteriayouhavedefined.
Filtersarecombinedfirsthorizontally,thenvertically.
YoucanalsofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsusinganadvancedfilteronasingleCWmeasurementpathbyusingtheFilter
ingassistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47).
4.1.4.2.4
UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints
InAtoll,youcanuseaFilteringAssistanttofiltertheCWmeasurementspointsofeachCWmeasurementpath.Becauseeach
CWmeasurementpathismadeunderdifferentcircumstances,youcanonlyusetheFilteringAssistanton individualCW
measurementpaths,andnotongroupsofCWmeasurementpaths,eveniftheyareforthesamereferencetransmitter.
Nevertheless,ifyoucanprovideseveralmeasurementpathsforasametransmitterandwanttousethefilteringassistantfor
allofthem,youcanmergeallorsomeofthemintothesametable.See"MergingMeasurementPathsforaSameTransmitter"
onpage 82.
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2015Forsk
TousetheFilteringAssistant:
1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,clicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeasurementsfolder.
TheCWMeasurementsfolderopens.
2. Click the Expand button ( ) to expand the folder of the reference transmitter. The reference transmitter folder
opens.
3. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpath.Thecontextmenuappears(seeFigure 4.5).
Figure 4.5:FilteringAssistantinthecontextmenu
4. SelectFilteringAssistantfromthecontextmenu.TheFilteringAssistantdialogueappears(seeFigure 4.6).
TheFilteringAssistantdialoguedisplaysmeasurementsby10log(d),where"d"representsthedistance.Thisenables
youtocheckwhethermeasurementpointsarehomogeneouslydistributedfortherelevantsignallevelanddistance
accordingtoalinearfunction.
TheFilteringAssistantenablesyoutofilterbyenteringthevaluesforMin.distance,Max.distance,Min.measure
ment,andMax.measurement.Or,youcanfilterbydrawingarectangleinthegraph.Youcanselectthepointstokeep
oryoucanselectareaswithfewpointstoexcludethepoints.Afterincludingorexcludingpoints,youcanverifythe
numberofpointsremainingandtheirpercentageofthewhole.
5. UnderClutter,clearthecheckboxofanyclutterclassthatiseitherunderrepresentedorunrepresentativeofthe
surveyzone.Formoreinformation,see"FilteringonClutterClasses"onpage 44.
6. Filterthemeasurementpointsbyselection.Typically,youwillfirstselectthepointstoinclude,respectingminimum
distanceandminimumandmaximumvalues,andthenyouwillexcludetheanomalouspointsfromthatselection.
Toselectpointstoinclude:
a. Clickonthegraphwhereyouwanttostarttherectanglethatwillcontainthepointstokeep.
b. Dragtotheoppositecorner.Theselectionrectangleappearsoutlinedinred.
Whenyoureleasethemouse,thevaluesreflectedbythecurrentselectionaredisplayedinthefieldsontheleft.
c. Rightclicktherectangle.Thecontextmenuappears.
d. SelectFilterSelectedPointsfromthecontextmenu(seeFigure 4.6).Allpointsoutsidetherectanglearefiltered
out.
TheNumberofPointsfielddisplaysthenumberofpointskeptaswellastheirpercentageofthewhole.
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AT321_MCG_E5
Figure 4.6:FilteringselectedpointsintheFilteringAssistant
Toselectpointstoexclude:
a. Clickonthegraphwhereyouwanttostarttherectanglethatwillcontainthepointstoexclude.
b. Dragtotheoppositecorner.Theselectionrectangleappearsoutlinedinred.
Whenyoureleasethemouse,thevaluesreflectedbythecurrentselectionaredisplayedinthefieldsontheleft.
c. Rightclicktherectangle.Thecontextmenuappears.
Figure 4.7:PointExclusionToolintheFilteringAssistant
d. SelectExcludedSelectedPointsfromthecontextmenu(seeFigure 4.7).Allpointsinsidetherectanglearefiltered
out.
TheNumberofpointsfielddisplaysthenumberofpointskeptaswellastheirpercentageofthewhole.
7. Ifyouwant,clicktheSavebuttonunderFilterconfigurationtosavethefiltersettingsasafilterconfiguration.Youcan
thenselectthesameconfigurationthenexttimebyselectingitfromthelistunderFilterconfiguration.
8. ClickOKtoapplythefiltersandclosethedialogue.
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2015Forsk
Whenmovingthemouseoverthegraph,therelateddistance,measurement,and
pointindexaredisplayedintheleftofthedialogue.
4.1.4.3 FilteringbyGeoDataConditions
AfteryouhavemadeaninitialselectionofCWmeasurementpointsbasedonclutterclassesandsignalstrengthanddistance,
youcanfilterpointsbasedongeodataconditions.
ThereareseveralreasonswhyyoushouldremovecertainCWmeasurementpointsfromaCWmeasurementpath:
Areasthatsufferfromdiffraction:Areasthatsufferfromalargeamountofdiffractionshouldbefilteredoutbecause
theyarenotrepresentativeoftheentirearea.Formoreinformation,see"AboutDiffraction"onpage 50.
Sectionsthatarenotrepresentativeofthesurveyarea:Certainmeasurementpointsmaynotberepresentativeof
theentirearea.Formoreinformation,see"AboutSpecificSections"onpage 50.
Areasaroundthereferencetransmitterwhereobstaclespreventproperpropagation:Somemeasurementpoints
shouldberemovedbecausetheirreceptionisaffectedbyobstructionsbetweenthemeasurementpointandtheref
erencetransmitter.Aswell,measurementpointsthatarebehindanonomnidirectionalantennashouldberemoved.
Formoreinformation,see"AboutSpecificSections"onpage 50.
Areaswithpotentiallyinvalidpoints:Measurementpointswithasignallevelthatissignificantlyhigherorlowerthan
theCWmeasurementpointsaroundthemshouldberemoved,astheycouldbeinvalid.Formoreinformation,see
"AboutPotentiallyInvalidMeasurementLevels"onpage 51.
YoucanselectandremoveCWmeasurementpointsinseveralways:
4.1.4.3.1
You can delete CW measurement points from the data table: "Deleting a Selection of Measurement Points" on
page 53
Youcandrawafilteringzone:"UsingFilteringZonesonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 54
Youcanfilteroutthepointsbytheiranglewiththereferencetransmitter:"FilteringbyAngle"onpage 54.
AboutDiffraction
CWmeasurementpointsthatsufferfromalargeamountofdiffractionshouldbefilteredoutbecausetheyarenotrepresent
ativeoftheentirearea.Forexample,iftherearethreediffractionpeaksintheprofilebetweenthestationandthemeasure
mentpointstheresagreaterchanceoferrorsandtherebyanegativeinfluenceoncalibration.
YoucanusetheCWMeasurementAnalysisandthePointAnalysistoquicklyrevieweachmeasurementpathformeasure
mentpointsthathavetoomanydiffractionpoints.TheprofilebetweenthesiteandtheCWmeasurementpointisdisplayed
inthePointAnalysiswindow(seeFigure 4.8).
Figure 4.8:Pointanalysisshowingdiffractionpeaks
FormoreinformationonusingtheCWMeasurementAnalysisToolandthePointAnalysisTooltodisplaydiffractionpeaks,
see"UsingtheCWMeasurementandthePointAnalysisTools"onpage 71.
4.1.4.3.2
AboutSpecificSections
Undercertainconditions,certainsectionsofCWsurveyroutesmustberemovedbeforecalibration.ThevaluesoftheCW
measurementsinthesesectionscouldhavebeeninfluencedbyconditionsintheprofilebetweenthemeasurementpointand
thereferencetransmitter.Forexample:
50
Asectionwheretheprofilebetweenthetransmitterandthereceiverincludesaforestarea(unlessthisconfiguration
isrepresentativeofthesurveyarea)
Asectionwheretheprofilebetweenthetransmitterandthereceiverpassesoverwater(unlessthisconfigurationis
representativeofthesurveyarea)
Asectionofmeasurementpointsonabridge
Asectionofmeasurementpointsinatunnel
Asectionwheretheprofilebetweenthetransmitterandthereceiverisobstructednearthetransmitter
AT321_MCG_E5
AsectionofCWmeasurementpointsbehindanantennathatisnotomnidirectional.
Thesepointscanbeselectedanddeletedorfilteredoutby:
4.1.4.3.3
Selectingtheminthedatatable:Forinformation,see"DeletingaSelectionofMeasurementPoints"onpage 53
Creatinganexclusionzone:Forinformation,see"UsingFilteringZonesonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 54
Filteringthemoutbytheirangletotheantenna:Forinformation,see"FilteringbyAngle"onpage 54.
AboutPotentiallyInvalidMeasurementLevels
SomeCWmeasurementpointsmighthaveasignallevelthatissignificantlyhigherorlowerthantheCWmeasurementpoints
aroundthem.Thesepointsshouldberemovedastheycouldbeinvalidandwould,therefore,haveanegativeeffectonthe
accuracyofthecalibrationproject.
AtollenablesyoutoverifythesignalleveloftheCWmeasurementpoints:
"DisplayingCWMeasurementPointsbySignalLevel"onpage 51
"UsingtheCWMeasurementAnalysisTool"onpage 52.
Onceyouhaveverifiedthesignallevel,potentiallyinvalidmeasurementscanbeselectedanddeletedorfilteredoutby:
Selectingtheminthedatatable:Forinformation,see"DeletingaSelectionofMeasurementPoints"onpage 53
Creatinganexclusionzone:Forinformation,see"UsingFilteringZonesonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 54
Filteringthemoutbytheirangletotheantenna:Forinformation,see"FilteringbyAngle"onpage 54.
Displaying CW Measurement Points by Signal Level

YoucancheckwhetherpropagationishomogeneousforallmeasurementpathsbydisplayingeachCWmeasurementpoint
onasinglepathbysignallevelanddisplayingagridaroundthereferencetransmitter(seeFigure 4.9).Thiswayyoucancheck
onthemapwhetherthepropagationlossisspatiallyhomogeneous.Anysuddendropinsignalleveloranyareaswherethe
receivedsignaldoesnotmatchyourexpectationswillbeimmediatelyvisible.
Figure 4.9:Distributionofthepointpositionsaroundastation
TodisplaythesignallevelofCWmeasurementpointsonthemap:
1. ClicktheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow.
2. IntheCWMeasurementsfolder,clearthedisplaycheckboxbesideallCWmeasurementpathsexcepttheoneyou
wanttodisplay.
Thiswilllimitthenumberofpointsdisplayedtotheonesyouwanttoexamine.
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2015Forsk
3. DefinethedisplaysettingsoftheCWmeasurementpath:
a. IntheCWMeasurementsfolder,rightclicktheCWmeasurementpathyouwanttodisplayandselectProperties
fromthecontextmenu.ThePropertiesdialogueappears.
b. SelecttheDisplaytab.
c. SettheDisplaytypeto"Valueintervals"andselectsignalstrengthfromtheFieldlist.Formoreinformation,see
"DefiningtheDisplayType"onpage 40.
4. AddtheCWmeasurementpointstothelegend,asexplainedin"AddingCWMeasurementPointstotheLegend"on
page 41.
5. SelectView >LegendWindow.TheLegendwindowappears.
6. Definethegridaroundthereferencetransmitter:
a. Rightclickthereferencetransmitterinthemapwindow.Thecontextmenuappears.
b. SelectGridfromthecontextmenu.TheRadialGriddialogueappears.
c. Definearadialgridaroundthereferencetransmitterthatcoversthesurveyarea.
d. ClickOK.
ByexaminingthedisplayedCWmeasurementpointsonthemap,youcanseeonthemapwhetherthepropagation
lossisspatiallyhomogeneous.
Using the CW Measurement Analysis Tool
YoucanusetheCWMeasurementAnalysisTooltoanalysevariationsinthesignallevelonallpointsontheCWmeasurement
path.TheCWMeasurementAnalysisToolindicatesanysuddendropinsignalleveloranyareaswherethereceivedsignal
doesnotmatchyourexpectations.
ToanalysedatavariationsusingtheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindow.
3. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandthefolderwiththeCWmeasurementpathyouwanttoanalyse.
4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpath.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. Select Open the Analysis Tool from the context menu. The CW Measurement Analysis window appears (see
Figure 4.10).
Figure 4.10:TheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindow
6. YoucandisplaythedataintheCWmeasurementpathintwoways:
ClickthevaluesintheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindow.
ClickthepointsontheCWmeasurementpathinthemapwindow.
TheCWmeasurementpathappearsinthemapwindowasalineconnectingthereferencetransmitterandtheCW
measurementpoint,whichisindicatedbythepointer(
).
7. YoucandisplayasecondYaxisontherightsideofthewindowinordertodisplaythevaluesofasecondvariable.You
canselectthesecondaryYaxisfromthelistontherighthandsideonthetopoftheCWMeasurementAnalysisTool
window.
8. YoucanchangethezoomleveloftheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindowinthefollowingways:
Zoominorout:
i.
RightclicktheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindow.
ii. SelectZoomInorZoomOutfromthecontextmenu.
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AT321_MCG_E5
Selectthedatatozoominon:
i.
RightclicktheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindowononeendoftherangeofdatayouwanttozoominon.
ii. SelectFirstZoomPointfromthecontextmenu.
iii. RightclicktheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindowontheotherendoftherangeofdatayouwanttozoomin
on.
iv. SelectLastZoomPointfromthecontextmenu.TheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindowzoomsinonthedata
betweenthefirstzoompointandthelastzoompoint.
9. ClickthedataintheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindowtodisplaytheselectedpointinthemapwindow.Atollwill
recentrethemapwindowontheselectedpointifitisnotpresentlyvisible.
IfyouopenthetablefortheCWmeasurementpathyouaredisplayingintheCW
MeasurementAnalysisToolwindow,Atollwillautomaticallydisplayinthetablethe
dataforthepointthatisdisplayedinthemapandintheCWMeasurementAnalysis
Toolwindow.
4.1.4.3.4
DeletingaSelectionofMeasurementPoints
Whenyouhaveidentifiedunreliableorirrelevantsections,youcanremovethembydeletingthemfromthedatatable.
Todeletemeasurementpointsfromthedatatable:
2. IntheCWMeasurementsfolder,rightclicktheCWmeasurementpathwiththepointsyouwanttodelete.Thecon
textmenuappears.
3. SelectOpenTablefromthecontextmenu.Thedatatableappears.
4. RightclickthecolumnnamefortheIdcolumn.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. SelectSortAscendingorSortDescendingfromthecontextmenu.ThecontentsofthedatatablearesortedbytheId
oftheCWmeasurementpoint.
BecausetheCWmeasurementpointsonthemapareorderedsequentiallybytheirId,orderingthecontentsofthe
datatablebyIdmakesiteasiertoselectanddeletecontiguousselectionsofCWmeasurementpoints.
6. In the data table, click the first point of the sequence to be deleted, press SHIFT and click the last point of the
sequence.
WhenyouselectaCWmeasurementpointonthemap,Atollautomaticallyselectsthe
samepointinthedatatable.So,byarrangingthemapwindowandthedatatableso
thatbotharevisible,youcanlocatethefirstandlastpointsoftheselectioninthedata
tablebyclickingthemonthemap.
7. PressDELtodeletetheCWmeasurementpointspermanentlyfromthedatatable.
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2015Forsk
Figure 4.11:Displayingthemeasurementpathandthedatatable(inasecondtabgroup)
4.1.4.3.5
UsingFilteringZonesonCWMeasurementPoints
WhenyouhaveidentifiedunreliableorirrelevantsectionsonaCWmeasurementpath,youcanfilterthemoutbycreatinga
filteringzoneoverthepointsyouwanttoexclude.AfilteringzoneappliesonlytotheCWmeasurementpathonwhichitis
made.ThisfilterisaddedtoanyotherfiltersappliedtotheCWmeasurementpath.
Todefineafilteringzoneonmeasurementpoints:
4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementfromwhichyouwanttoexcludesomepointswithafilteringzone.Thecontextmenu
appears.
5. SelectFilteringZones >Drawfromthecontextmenu.TheVectorEditingtoolbarappears.
6. Drawthefilteringzone:
Thefilteringzoneisdelimitedbyaredline.Thepointsofthepathinsidethefilteringzonearefilteredoutofthedisplayand
thedatatable.Theyarenottakenintoconsiderationinanycalculations.
Youcancreateseveralfilteringpolygonsforeachpath.
Whenyouhavecreatedseveralfilteringpolygonsforapath,youcandeleteallofthemat
thesametimebyselectingtheDeleteFilteringPolygonscheckboxintheCWMeasure
mentfilterdialogues.
4.1.4.3.6
FilteringbyAngle
WhenyouhavesectionsoftheCWmeasurementpaththatareobstructedbyobstaclesintheprofileclosetothetransmitter
betweentheCWmeasurementpointandthereferencetransmitterorwhentheantennaisnotcompletelyomnidirectional,
youcanfilteroutCWmeasurementpointsthatareoutsideofasetanglefromthereferencetransmitterantennabeam.
Todefineafilterbyangle:
1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosepointsyouwanttofilterby
angle:
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AT321_MCG_E5
3. UnderAzimuth/PointAngle,selectoneofthefollowing:
Relative:SelectRelativeiftheantennaisdirectional.Theenteredangleswillthenbeoffsetfromtheantennas
azimuth.
Absolute:SelectAbsoluteiftheantennaisomnidirectional.Becauseanomnidirectionalantennahasnoazimuth,
theenteredangleswillthenbeoffsetfromthenorth.
4. Definethenegativeandpositiveanglesoftheaperture:
a. Min.Angle:Enteraminimumanglefrom0to180degrees.
b. Max.Angle:Enteraminimumanglefrom0to180degrees.
IntheexampleinFigure 4.12,afilterfrom140to140degreesrelativetotheantennaazimuthhasbeencreatedto
filteroutCWmeasurementpointsinthe80degreesdirectlybehindtheantenna.
Figure 4.12:Angularfilteraroundastation
6. Ifyouwanttopermanentlyremovethemeasurementpointsoutsidethefilter,selecttheDeletepointsoutsidefilter
checkbox.
7. ClickOK.
YoucanalsofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsusingafilterbyangleonasingleCWmeasurementpathbyusingtheFiltering
assistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47).
4.1.5 SelectingBaseStationsforCalibrationandforVerification
OnceyouhaveimportedandfilteredtheCWmeasurementdata,youcanselectthebasestationsthatyouwilluseforcalibra
tionandthoseyouwilluseforverification.Selectingthecorrectbasestationsforcalibrationandverificationisanimportant
stepintheprocessofcalibratingthepropagationmodel.
In"SelectingBaseStations"onpage 28,itisrecommendedtohaveatleasteightbasestations.Withatotalofeightbase
stations,twobasestationswillberequiredforverification.
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2015Forsk
Ifnotenoughbasestationsareavailable(inotherwords,iftherearefewerthaneightbasestationsperpropagationmodel
beingcalibrated),youshoulduseallthebasestationsforcalibration.Youcanverifythecalibrationlaterbyusingthesame
measurementpathsasinthecalibrationprocess.
Whenselectingbasestationsforcalibrationandforverification,youshouldkeepthefollowingguidelinesinmind:
Forcalibration:Selectpathsthatcovertheentireareasothatalltheareacharacteristicscanbetakenintoaccount
duringthecalibrationprocess.
Forverification:Selectseveralpaths(thenumberdependsonthetotalnumberofavailablepaths)thatarewithinthe
coveredareaandnotattheouterboundaries.Ensurethattheareascoveredbytheverificationpathsarealsocovered
bythecalibrationpaths.
4.2 CalibratingtheSPM
WhentheCWmeasurementdatahavebeenimportedintotheAtollcalibrationprojectandpreparedasexplainedin"Setting
UpYourCalibrationProject"onpage 33,youcancalibratetheSPM.Atolloffersbothanautomaticandanassistedcalibration
wizard.
4.2.1 QualityTargets
ThequalityofthefinalcalibratedpropagationmodeldependsstronglyonthequalityoftheCWmeasurementsusedinthe
calibrationprocess.Therefore,youwillonlybeabletomeetthefollowingqualitytargetsiftheCWmeasurementsusedinthe
calibration process are of good quality, the provided radio data are correct, and the described calibration procedure is
followed.
CalibrationSites:
Globalmeanerroroncalibrationsites:
<1dB
Globalstandarddeviationoncalibrationsites: <8dB
VerificationSites:
Globalmeanerroronverificationsites:
<2dB
Globalstandarddeviationonverificationsites:<8.5dB
Ifyouwanttoincreasethereliabilityofthecalibratedmodel,youcanensurethatthe
meanerrorisunder2.5 dBandthatthestandarddeviationisunder8.5 dBforeach
calibrationsite.
4.2.2 SettingInitialParametersintheSPM
Beforestartingthecalibrationprocess,youhavetosetafewparametersintheSPM.
Afteryouhavesetinitialparameters,youcanretaintheoriginalcopyoftheSPMby
creatingacopyoftheSPMandcalibratingthecopyinstead.Thisallowsyoutorestart
calibrationfromtheoriginalversionifyoushouldneedto.Youcancreateacopyofthe
SPMbyrightclickingtheSPMontheParameterstaboftheexplorerwindowand
selectingDuplicatefromthecontextmenu.
Inthissection,thefollowinginitialSPMparametersareexplained:
"ParametersTab"onpage 56
"ClutterTab"onpage 58.
4.2.2.1 ParametersTab
TosetorverifysettingsontheParameterstaboftheSPMsPropertiesdialogue:
1. ClicktheParameterstabintheexplorerwindow.
2. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandthePropagationModulesfolder.
3. RightclickthecopyoftheSPMthatyouwanttocalibrate.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. ClicktheParameterstab(seeFigure 4.13).
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AT321_MCG_E5
Figure 4.13:SPMTransmittereffectiveheightmethodselection
6. VerifythefollowingsettingsontheParameterstab:
NearTransmitter:
MaximumDistance(m):UnderNearTransmitter,ensurethatMaximumDistance(m)issetto"0."Ifthisparam
eterisnotsetto"0,"itwillbeforcedto"0"duringtheautomaticcalibrationprocessbecausethealgorithmcan
notcalibrateadualslopemodel.
EffectiveAntennaHeight:
Method:TheMethodyouchoosedependsonthereliefofthesurveyareatobeusedincalibration.Theautomatic
calibrationprocessadaptsantennaheight(assetinthetransmitterproperties)duringcalculationsaccordingto
thecharacteristicsoftheprofilebetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver.Youcaneithersetthemethodyourself
now,oritcanbesetautomaticallyduringtheautomaticcalibrationprocess.
Diffraction:
Method:Youcanselectthemethodusetocalculatediffraction.TheMillingtonmethodcanonlycalculateonedif
fractionedge.Allotherdiffractionmethodscancalculatethreediffractionedges.
OtherParameters:
HillyTerrainCorrection:Thecorrectionforhillyterraincorrectioncannotbemodifiedbytheautomaticcalibra
tionprocessandthereforeyoumustsetitbeforehand.Ifyoudecidetomanuallyadjusttheseparameters,thefol
lowingconfigurationsarerecommended:
Forhillyterrain:
Effective Antenna Height: Under Effective Antenna Height, select "5 Enhanced slope at receiver" as the
Method.
HillyTerrainCorrection:UnderOtherParametersselect"1 Yes"toactivatetheHillyTerrainCorrection.
Forflatterrain:
EffectiveAntennaHeight:UnderEffectiveAntennaHeight,select"1 Heightaboveaverageprofile"asthe
Method.
HillyTerrainCorrection:UnderOtherParametersselect"0 No"todeactivatetheHillyTerrainCorrection.
Kclutter:EnsurethatKclutterissetto"1."Kclutteristhemultiplicativefactoroflossifthelossesdefinedperclutter
classareusedinntheSPMformula.
LimitationtoFreeSpaceLoss:Select"1 Yes"toactivateLimitationtoFreeSpaceLoss.ActivatingLimitationto
FreeSpaceLossensuresthatunrealisticvaluesarenottakenintoaccountduringtheautomaticcalibrationpro
cess.
Profiles:Select"0 Radial"fromProfiles.Activatingradialoptimisationensuresthatprofileextractionisprecise
enoughforthepurposesofcalibrationwhileensuringthatcalculationtimeissignificantlyimproved.
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2015Forsk
K6:EnsurethatK6issetto"0."BecausetheK6coefficientisadirectmultiplicativefactorofthereceiverheightin
theformulausedtocalculatepathloss,itcaninfluencepropagationresultsinanunrealisticway.
K7:TheK7coefficienthaslittleinfluenceontheperformancepropagationmodelandcanusuallybesetto"0."It
isadirectmultiplicativefactorofthelogofthereceiverheightintheformulausedtocalculatepathloss;anincor
rectsettingcaninfluencepropagationresultsinanunrealisticway.
OtherKivalueswillbecalibratedduringtheautomaticcalibrationprocess.
4.2.2.2 ClutterTab
TosetorverifysettingsontheCluttertaboftheSPMsPropertiesdialogue:
5. ClicktheCluttertab(seeFigure 4.14).
6. VerifythefollowingsettingsontheCluttertab(formoreinformationonthesettingsavailableontheCluttertab,see
"RecommendationsforUsingClutterwiththeSPM"onpage 21):
ClutterTakenintoAccount,youcansetthefollowingparametersunderHeights:
ClutterTakenintoAccountinDiffraction:Giventheimpactthatclutterheightshavewhencalculatinglossbydif
fraction,thismethodshouldonlybeusedwhentheheightinformationavailableisveryprecise.
Ifclutterheightfilesorhighresolution(5m)clutterclassfilesareavailable,select"1 Yes"tohavecluttertaken
intoaccountindiffraction.Ifyouselect"1 Yes",youmustsetKclutterto"0"ontheParameterstaboftheProp
ertiesdialogue,toensurethatthecalibrationwillnotcalculateclutterlosses.
Ifthereisnoclutterheightsfileavailableandtheclutterclassfilesarelowresolution,select"0 No"tonothave
cluttertakenintoaccountwhencalculatingdiffraction.Theeffectofclutteronpropagationwillbetakenintoac
countusingclutterlosses,whichwillbecalculatedduringthecalibrationprocess.Thecalculatedclutterlossescan
beassociatedwithaweightingfunction,whichcanbechosenafterthecalibrationprocess.
Receiverontopofclutter:Select"0 No",unlessyouarecalibratingamodeltobeusedforfixedWiMAX,WiFi,
andLTEreceivers.Thisoptionisonlyusedforfixedreceiverswhicharelocatedontopofbuildings.
UnderClutterTakenintoAccount,youcansetthefollowingparametersunderRange:
Max.distance:Thisparameterindicatesthedistancefromthereceiverforwhichclutterlosseswillbeconsidered
viaaweightingfunction,withaneffectontheinfluenceofclutterontotallosseswhichdiminisheswithdistance
fromthereceiver.Setthisvaluewithinthetypicalrange[150m;500m]dependingonthemodeltypeyouare
currentlycalibrating,wherethelowervaluecorrespondstoadenseurbanmodelwhereastheuppervalueiscom
pliantwithamoreruralmodel.
Theeffectofthisvalueistosimulatetherealdiffractionalongthepathwhicharesultoftheseveralobstacleslo
catedinfrontofthereceiver.Ifyousetthisvalueto"0",clutterclasseswillbeconsideredlikeinHatamodels
whereonlytheclutterclassonwhichislocatedthereceiverisconsideredinthepathlossevaluation.
WeightingFunction:Selecttheweightingfunctionwhichisthemathematicalformulausedtocalculatetheweight
oftheclutterlossoneachpixelfromthepixelwiththereceiverinthedirectionofthetransmitter,uptothe
definedmaximumdistance.
DU = Dense Urban
U = Urban
Tx
Rx
DU
DU
DU
Maximum Distance
Figure 4.14:Calculatingthetotalclutterlossbetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver
IntheexampleinFigure 4.14,thedefinedmaximumdistanceindicatesthatonlytheclutterlossesonthefirstsix
pixelswillbetakenintoaccountwhencalculatingthetotalloss.Howthelossesoneachpixelwithinthemaximum
distancearetakenintoaccountwhencalculatingthetotallossdependsontheweightingfunction.Therearefour
possibleweightingfunctions:
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Uniform
Triangular
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Logarithmic
Exponential.
Figure 4.14displayshowtheclutterlossofeachpixelwillbetakenintoconsideration.InFigure 4.14,thevalueof

eachpixelisdisplayedasafunctionofitsdistancefromthereceiver.Withtheuniformweightingfunction,the
clutterlossofeachpixelwithinthemaximumdistanceissimplyadded.Withtheotherthreefunctions,theclutter
lossofeachpixeldiminishesaccordingtoamathematicalformula.Formoreinformationontheweightingfunc
tionsandonthemathematicalformulasused,seetheTechnicalReferenceGuide.
Figure 4.15:ComparativebehaviouroftheclutterweightingfunctionsintheSPM
Ifclutterlossesarenottakenintoaccountbythepropagationmodel,clutterlossweighting
willnothaveaneffect.
UnderParametersperclutterclass,youcansetthefollowingparametersforeachclutterclass:
Losses:Clutterlosseswillbecalibrated.
Clearance:Clutterclearanceisonlyusedwhenclutterheightinformationfromtheclutterclassfileisusedfora
clearancedistancefromthereceiverwhencalculatingdiffraction.
RxHeight:EnsurethattheRxHeightissetto"(default)."ThedefaultreceiverheightisdefinedontheReceiver
tabofthePredictionsfolderPropertiesdialogue.
4.2.3 RunningtheSPMCalibrationProcess
Therearetwodifferentcalibrationprocessesavailable.Thegoalofbothprocessesistoreducethemeanerrorandstandard
deviationofmeasuredvaluesversuscalculatedvalues.Independentlyofhowyoucalibratethestandardpropagationmodel,
itmustbeabletogivecorrectresultsforeveryCWmeasurementpointfromthesamegeographicalzone,includingCWmeas
urementpointsthatwerenotusedtocalibratethestandardpropagationmodel.Thedifferencebetweentheprocesseslies
inhowtheyaccomplishthetask:
Automatic:UsingacceptabledatarangesthatyousetfortheK1toK6variables,theautomaticcalibrationprocess
attemptstoreducethemeanerrorandstandarddeviationofmeasuredvaluesversuscalculatedvalues.Theauto
maticcalibrationprocessselectsthemethodforcalculatingdiffraction.
Assisted:TheassistedcalibrationprocessenablesyoutodisplaythecorrelationoftheK1toK6variablestothemean
error.Therearesomeparametersthathavemoreinfluenceonerrorthanothers.Youwillusuallyproceedbyadjusting
thevalueofthevariablethatcorrelatesthemostwiththemeanerrortoreducethemeanerrorandstandarddevia
tion.
Bothmethodshavetheiradvantages.Theautomaticcalibrationprocessissimplerandmorestraightforward.Aswell,the
resultsareconstrainedbylimitsyouset.Ontheotherhand,anysolutiongivenbytheautomaticcalibrationprocessisapurely
mathematicalsolution.So,beforeusingapropagationmodelcalibratedusingonlytheautomaticcalibrationprocess,you
shouldensureofitsrelevanceinarealisticenvironment.
TheassistedcalibrationprocessreliesonyourinputtosetthevaluesfortheK1toK6variables.Itgivesyoumorecontrolover
thecalibrationprocessbut,becausethereisnodefinedrangeset,itcanleadtoamathematicalsolutionthatbearslittlerela
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tiontothephysicalenvironment.Forthisreason,theassistedcalibrationprocessisbettersuitedtoadvanceduserswhocan
applytheirexperiencetothecalibrationprocess.
Therecommendedapproachistocombinebothcalibrationmethods,byfirstusingtheautomaticcalibrationprocessandthen
finetuningtheresultsofthecalibratedpropagationmodelusingtheassistedcalibrationmethod.
Bothcalibrationprocessesarestartedusingthesamemethod.
Tostartthecalibrationprocess:
4. SelectCalibrationfromthecontextmenu(seeFigure 4.16).TheCalibrationWizardwindowappears.
Figure 4.16:CalibrationlaunchingonSPMmodel
5. SelecttheCWmeasurementpathsthatyoudecidedtouseforthecalibrationprocess(seeFigure 4.17).Forinforma
tiononselectingCWmeasurementpaths,see"SelectingBaseStationsforCalibrationandforVerification"onpage 55.
6. Selectthecalibrationmethod:
Automaticcalibration:Whenyouselecttheautomaticcalibrationmethod,yousettheacceptablerangesforvar
iablesandAtollattemptstofindasolutionthatminimisestheerrorbetweenmeasurementsandpredictionsand
theirstandarddeviation.
Assistedcalibration:Whenyouselecttheassistedcalibrationmethod,youcanadjusteachvariableoftheprop
agationmodelusingacorrelationmatrixwhichindicateswhichvariableshavethegreatestimpactonthemean
error.
When you select the assisted calibration method, you can select the check boxes of LOS or NLOS to indicate
whetheryouwanttoworkwiththeLOSorNLOSsetsofvariablesorwithboth.
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Figure 4.17:PathandcalibrationmethodselectionforSPMCalibration
7. ClickNext.
IfyouselectedAutomaticcalibration,continuewith"TheAutomaticCalibrationWizard"onpage 61.
IfyouselectedAssistedcalibration,continuewith"TheAssistedCalibrationWizard"onpage 62.
The filters defined in the properties of each CW measurement path will be taken into
accountinthecalibrationprocess.
4.2.3.1 TheAutomaticCalibrationWizard
Afteryouhaveselectedtheautomaticcalibrationmethodin "RunningtheSPMCalibrationProcess"onpage 59,youcan
continuewiththeautomaticcalibrationwizard:
1. Foreachparameterandmethod(i.e.,HTxanddiffractionmethod)youwanttocalibrate,selectthecheckboxofthe
parameterintheParametercolumn.
Figure 4.18:RangedefinitionforSPMparametersduringcalibration
2. DefinetherangeofeachKiparametertobecalibrated:
a. ClicktheKiparameterintheParametercolumn.
b. ClicktheDefineRangebutton.TheDefineRangedialogueappears.
c. SettheMin.ValueandMax.Valueforthevariable.
HerearedefaultandrecommendedrangesforKiparameters:
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Ki
Minimum
Maximum
K1
100
K2
20
70
K3
20
20
K4
0.8
K5
10
LeavetheK6parameterunselected.YoucansettheK7parameterto"0"aswellasithas
littleinfluenceontheperformancepropagationmodel.
d. ClickOK.
3. ClickNexttostartthecalibrationprocess.
Afterthecalculationshavecompleted,aresultswindowappearswiththepreviousparametersandmethods and
currentparametervaluesandmethods(seeFigure 4.19).
Thepreviousandthecurrentstatisticsarealsodisplayedintermsoftherootmeansquare,thestandarddeviation
andthemeanerror(error=predictedmeasured).
Figure 4.19:SPMComparativeCalibrationResults
4. ClickCommittoapplytheresultsofthecalculationprocess(i.e.,calibratedKi,methods,andclutterlosses)totheini
tialpropagationmodel.
4.2.3.2 TheAssistedCalibrationWizard
After you have selected the assisted calibration method in "Running the SPM Calibration Process" on page 59, you can
continuewiththeassistedcalibrationwizard.
ThetableunderVariablesintheAssistedCalibrationdialoguedisplaysforeachparametertobecalibrated(K1,K2,K3,K4,
K5,K6andK7)thecorrelationofthevariables(log(d),log(HTxeff),Diff,log(d)log(HTxeff),HRxeff,log(HRxeff)withtheglobal
error.Thevariablewiththehighestabsolutecorrelationisthevariablethatisthemostcorrelatedwitherror.Inotherwords,
thisvariablehasthehighestimpactontheerrorandmodifyingthisvariablewithhavethegreatestimprovementontheglobal
error.WhenyouselectanentryunderVariables,thegraphontherightshowstheregressionlinecorrespondingtothevari
ableforallthepoints(seeFigure 4.20).TheXaxiscorrespondstothevariable(inascendingorderforallpaths)andtheYaxis
indicatesthecorrespondingerror.
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Figure 4.20:TablelistingthecorrelationoftheSPMvariablestotheglobalerror
Whenthecorrelationcoefficientisclosetoone,thegraphshowingtheregressionisaverticalline;thisindicatesthatthe
global error depends strongly on the variable. When the correlation coefficient is close to zero, the points are scattered
aroundahorizontalline;thisindicatesthatthecorrelationbetweentheerrorandthevariableislimited.Itmeansthatifthe
variableifmodified,thiswillnotimprovetheerror.
Tousetheassistedcalibrationwizardtoreducethemeanerror:
1. Inthetable,selectthevariablesthatyouwanttomodifytoreducethemeanerror.Toselectmorethanonevariable,
pressCTRLasyouclicktheothervariables.
2. ClicktheIdentifybutton.Theassistedcalibrationwizardattemptstobringthecorrelationasclosetozeroaspossible.
UnderStatistics,youcancomparetheRootMeanSquare,theAverage,andtheStandardDeviationbeforeandafter.
Ifyouwanttoadjustthelossesperclutterclasstoreducethemeanerror,themaximumdistance,asdefinedunder
RangeontheCluttertabofthepropagationmodelsPropertiesdialogue,mustbesetto"0".Ifthemaximumdistance
issettoanyotherdistance,Atollwillaskyouifyouwanttoforcethemaximumdistanceto"0"beforelettingyou
modifythelossesperclutterclass.
IfyouarenotsatisfiedwiththechangesmadewhenyouclickedIdentify,youcanundo
thembyclickingReinitialise.
CalibrationiscompletewhentheRootMeanSquare,theAverage,andtheStandardDeviationareasclosetozeroas
possible.
3. ClickStatisticstoviewareportonthestatisticsofthepropagationmodel,usingthecurrentparametervalues.
UnderModelParameters,thesettingsdefinedinGeneralandCluttertabsofthepropagationmodelsProperties
dialoguearesummarized:formulas,methods,distances,diffractionmethod,andlossesperclutterclass.
UnderGlobalStatistics,thenumberofCWmeasurementpointswhichmatchanyfiltercriteriaisgiven,alongwiththe
mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values for variables such as the error, error (LOS), error
(NLOS),log(d),log(HTxeff),Diff,log(d)log(HTxeff),andHRxeff.
UnderStatisticsperClutterClasses,numberofpoints,mean,andstandarddeviationforeachclutterclassaregiven.
UnderCorrelationMatrix,isamatrixofallparameters.
4. Whenyouaresatisfiedwiththeresults,clickCommittoupdatetheKifactorsofthepropagationmodelwiththe
changes.
4.3 CalibratingHataModels
WhentheCWmeasurementdatahavebeenimportedintotheAtollcalibrationprojectandpreparedasexplainedin"Setting
UpYourCalibrationProject"onpage 33,youcancalibratetheOkumuraHataandCostHataModels.Atolloffersbothaniden
ticalautomaticcalibrationwizard.
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4.3.1 QualityTargets
ThequalityofthefinalcalibratedpropagationmodeldependsstronglyonthequalityoftheCWmeasurementsusedinthe
calibrationprocess.Therefore,youwillonlybeabletomeetthefollowingqualitytargetsiftheCWmeasurementsusedinthe
calibration process are of good quality, the provided radio data are correct, and the described calibration procedure is
followed.
CalibrationSites:
Globalmeanerroroncalibrationsites:
<1dB
Globalstandarddeviationoncalibrationsites: <8dB
VerificationSites:
Globalmeanerroronverificationsites:
<2dB
Globalstandarddeviationonverificationsites:<8.5dB
Ifyouwanttoincreasethereliabilityofthecalibratedmodel,youcanensurethatthe
meanerrorisunder2.5 dBandthatthestandarddeviationisunder8.5 dBforeach
calibrationsite.
4.3.2 SettingInitialParametersintheHataModels
Beforestartingthecalibrationprocess,youhavetosetafewparametersinHataModels.
Afteryouhavesetinitialparameters,youcanretaintheoriginalcopyoftheHataModel
bycreatingacopyoftheconsideredHataModelandcalibratingthecopyinstead.This
allowsyoutorestartcalibrationfromtheoriginalversionifyoushouldneedto.Youcan
createacopyofanHataModelbyrightclickingtheappropriatemodelfolderonthe
ParameterstaboftheexplorerwindowandselectingDuplicatefromthecontextmenu.
TheOkumuraHatamodelissuitedforpredictionsinthe150to1000 MHzbandoverlongdistances(fromoneto20 km).Itis
bestsuitedtoGSM900,andCDMA1xRTTradiotechnologies.
TheCostHatamodelissuitedforcoveragepredictionsinthe1500to2000MHzbandoverlongdistances(fromoneto20
km).ItisbestsuitedtoDCS1800andUMTSradiotechnologies.
Hatamodelsingeneralarewelladaptedtotheurbanenvironment.Youcandefineseveralcorrectiveformulasandassociate
aformulawitheachclutterclasstoadapttheHatamodeltoawidevarietyofenvironments.Youcanalsodefineadefault
formulatobeusedwhennolandusedataisavailable.Additionally,youcanconsiderdiffractionlossesbasedontheDTM.
Inthissection,thefollowinginitialHataModelparametersareexplained:
"DefiningGeneralSettings"onpage 64
"SelectinganEnvironmentFormula"onpage 65
"CreatingorModifyingEnvironmentFormulas"onpage 65.
4.3.2.1 DefiningGeneralSettings
TosetgeneralparametersontheOkumuraHatapropagationmodel:
1. ClicktheParameterstaboftheexplorerwindow.
2. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandthePropagationModelsfolder.
3. RightclicktheHatabasedpropagationmodelwhoseparametersyouwanttoset.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. ClicktheParameterstab.Youcanmodifythefollowingsettings:
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Adddiffractionloss:TheOkumuraHatapropagationmodelcantakeintoaccountlossesduetodiffraction,using
a1knifeedgeDeygoutmethod,andusingthegroundaltitudegivenintheDTM.Fordetailedinformationonthe
Deygoutmethod,seetheTechnicalReferenceGuide.Thecalculationstakethecurvatureoftheearthintoaccount.
Select"1 Yes"ifyouwantthepropagationmodeltoaddlossesduetodiffraction.Youcanweightthisdiffraction
foreachHataenvironmentformula(See"CreatingorModifyingEnvironmentFormulas"onpage 65)
Limitationtofreespaceloss:WhenusingaHatabasedpropagationmodel,itispossibletocalculateatheoretical
pathlossthatendsupbeinglowerthanthefreespaceloss.InAtoll,youcandefineanyHatabasedpropagation
modeltonevercalculateapathlossthatislowerthanthecalculatedfreespacelossperpixel.Select"1 Yes"if
youwantthepropagationmodeltolimitthepathlosscalculatedperpixeltothecalculatedfreespaceloss.
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6. ClickOK.
4.3.2.2 SelectinganEnvironmentFormula
TheOkumuraHatapropagationmodelcanuseanenvironmentformulaappropriatetoeachclutterclasswhencalculating.
YoucanassignadefaultformulathatAtollcanuseforallclutterclassesforwhichyouhavenotassignedanenvironment
formulaorifyoudonothaveclutterclassesinyourAtolldocument.
Toselectenvironmentformulas:
3. RightclickOkumuraHata.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. ClicktheConfigurationtab.
6. UnderFormulasassignedtoclutterclasses,selecttheDefaultformularow.Underthisgrid,choosetheappropriate
formulaintheformulascrollinglist.
Atollusesthedefaultenvironmentformulaforcalculationsonanyclutterclasstowhichyouhavenotassignedan
environmentformulaorifyoudonothaveclutterclassesinyourAtolldocument.
7. For each clutter class under Formulas assigned to clutter classes, select the corresponding row. Under this grid,
choosetheappropriateformulaintheformulascrollinglistandanadditionalloss(indB).Thisadditionallossactsas
correctiononthelosscalculatedbythechosenformula.
Forinformationonmodifyingtheselectedformula,see"CreatingorModifyingEnvironmentFormulas"onpage 65.
8. ClickOK.
AdditionallossescanbeevaluatedusingtheAutomaticCalibrationWizard.Forinforma
tionontheAutomaticCalibrationWizard,see"RunningtheHataCalibrationProcess"on
page 66.
4.3.2.3 CreatingorModifyingEnvironmentFormulas
SeveralenvironmentformulasareavailablewiththeOkumuraHatapropagationmodeltomodeldifferentenvironments.You
can modify existing environment formulas used by the OkumuraHata propagation model or create new environmental
formulas.
Tocreateormodifyanenvironmentformula:
3. RightclickOkumuraHata.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. ClicktheConfigurationtab.
6. ClicktheFormulasbutton.TheFormulasdialogueappears.Youcandothefollowing:
Add:Tocreateanewformula,clicktheAddbuttonandmodifytheparametersoftheformula.
Delete:Todeleteaformula,selecttheformulaandclicktheDeletebutton.
Modify:Tomodifyanexistingformula,selecttheformulaandmodifytheparameters.
7. ClickOKtosaveyourchangesandclosetheFormulasdialogue.
8. ClickOK.
You can weight the diffraction loss by setting the diffraction multiplying factor
withintherange[0;1].
ConstantvaluesanddiffractionmultiplyingfactorcanbeevaluatedusingtheAuto
maticCalibrationWizardforeachenvironmentformula.Forinformationonthe
Automatic Calibration Wizard, see "Running the Hata Calibration Process" on
page 66.
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4.3.3 RunningtheHataCalibrationProcess
Thegoaloftheautomaticcalibrationprocessistoreducethemeanerrorandstandarddeviationofmeasuredvaluesversus
calculatedvalues.Independentlyofhowyoucalibratethestandardpropagationmodel,itmustbeabletogivecorrectresults
foreveryCWmeasurementpointfromthesamegeographicalzone,includingCWmeasurementpointsthatwerenotusedto
calibratethestandardpropagationmodel.
Tostartthecalibrationprocess:
3. RightclickthecopyoftheHataModelthatyouwanttocalibrate.Thecontextmenuappears.
4. SelectCalibrationfromthecontextmenu(seeFigure 4.21).TheCalibrationWizarddialogueappears.
Figure 4.21:StartingthecalibrationofaHatabasedmodel
5. SelecttheCWmeasurementpathsthatyoudecidedtouseforthecalibrationprocess(seeFigure 4.22).Forinforma
tiononselectingCWmeasurementpaths,see"SelectingBaseStationsforCalibrationandforVerification"onpage 55.
Figure 4.22:PathandcalibrationmethodselectionforaHatabasedmodel
6. ClickNext.
7. Foreachparameteryouwanttocalibrate,selectthecheckboxoftheparameterintheParametercolumn.
8. Definetherangeofeachparametertobecalibrated:
a. ClicktheparameterintheParametercolumn.
b. ClicktheDefineRangebutton.TheDefineRangedialogueappears.
c. SettheMin.ValueandMax.Valueforthevariable.
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Figure 4.23:RangedefinitionforSPMparametersduringcalibration
Herearedefaultandrecommendedrangesforthecalibratedparameters:
Parameter
Minimum
Maximum
A1
100
B1
100
DiffractionFactor
d. ClickOK.
9. ClickNexttostartthecalibrationprocess.
Afterthecalculationshavecompleted, a resultswindowappears withthepreviousparametersandmethodsand
currentparametervaluesandmethods(seeFigure 4.24).
Thepreviousandthecurrentstatisticsarealsodisplayedintermsoftherootmeansquare,thestandarddeviation
andthemeanerror(error=predictedmeasured).
Figure 4.24:HataModelsComparativeCalibrationResults
10. ClickCommittoapplytheresultsofthecalculationprocess(i.e.,calibratedAi,diffractionmultiplyingfactorsandAddi
tionalLosses)totheinitialpropagationmodel.
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4.4 AnalysingtheCalibratedModel
Oncethepropagationmodelhasbeencalibratedusingeithertheautomaticortheassistedmethod,Atolloffersseveralmeth
odstoverifythecalibrationortoanalyseitsquality.
ThefirststepistocalculatepathlossmatricesontheCWmeasurementpathsusingthecalibratedpropagationmodel,as
explainedin"CalculatingPathLossMatricesUsingtheCalibratedModel"onpage 68.Onceyouhavepathlossmatricesthat
havebeencalculatedusingthecalibratedpropagationmodel,youcananalysethecalibratedmodelusingthefollowingmeth
ods:
"DisplayingStatisticsonCWMeasurementPaths"onpage 69
"UsingDisplaySettingstoAnalysetheCalibration"onpage 70
"UsingtheCWMeasurementandthePointAnalysisTools"onpage 71.
Calculating Path Loss Matrices Using the Calibrated Model

ThefirststepinanalysingthequalityofthecalibrationprocessistocalculatesignallossesontheCWmeasurementpaths
usingthenewlycalibratedpropagationmodel.Thesepathlossmatriceswillthenbeusedtoverifytheaccuracyofthecali
bratedpropagationmodel.
TocalculatepathlossmatricesontheCWmeasurementpaths:
2. Selectthepropagationmodelyoucalibrated:
a. RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder.Thecontextmenuappears.
b. SelectPropertiesfromthecontextmenu.ThePropertiesdialogueappears.
c. SelectthePropagationtabandselectthenameofthepropagationmodelyoucalibratedfromthePropagation
Modellist(seeFigure 4.25).
d. ClickOK.
Figure 4.25:SelectingthecalibratedmodelforallCWmeasurementpaths
3. CalculatesignallevelsforallCWmeasurementpoints:
a. RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder.Thecontextmenuappears.
b. SelectCalculations >CalculateSignalLevelsfromthecontextmenu.AtollcalculatesthesignallevelsforallCW
measurementpaths.
Figure 4.26:CalculatingthesignallevelsonallCWmeasurementpaths
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Displaying Statistics on CW Measurement Paths

YoucandisplaythestatisticsonboththeCWmeasurementpathsusedforcalibrationandonthoseusedforverification.By
comparing these statistics to the quality targets (see "Quality Targets" on page 56), you can see whether the calibration
processwassuccessful.
TodisplaythestatisticsofaCWmeasurementpath:
3. SelectDisplayStatisticsfromthecontextmenu.TheStatisticsdialogueappears(seeFigure 4.27).
4. IntheStatisticsdialogue,selectthecheckboxesoftheCWmeasurementpathsofeithertheCWmeasurementpaths
usedforcalibrationorthethosetobeusedforverificationandclickOK.TheCWMeasurementsdialogueappears(see
Figure 4.28).
TheCWMeasurementsdialoguegivestheaverageandstandarddeviationforallpoints,groupedbyclutterclass.You
cancomparethesestatisticstothequalitytargetslistedin"QualityTargets"onpage 56.
Figure 4.27:Selectingonoftheverificationstationsforthestatistics
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Figure 4.28:Comparativestatisticsoftheverificationstations
Using Display Settings to Analyse the Calibration
Youcananalysethequalityofthepropagationmodelcalibrationonthemap,byexaminingareaswheretheerror(predicted
minusmeasured)isveryhigh.
TodisplaytheCWmeasurementpointsonthemapaccordingtotheerror:
2. IntheCWMeasurementsfolder,clearthedisplaycheckboxbesideallCWmeasurementpathsexcepttheonesyou
wanttodisplay.
3. DefinethedisplaysettingsoftheCWmeasurementpath:
a. SelecttheDisplaytab.
b. SettheDisplayTypeto"ValueIntervals"andselect"Error(PM)"fromtheFieldlist.Formoreinformation,see
"DefiningtheDisplayType"onpage 40.
4. AddtheCWmeasurementpointstothelegend,asexplainedin"AddingCWMeasurementPointstotheLegend"on
page 41.
5. SelectView >LegendWindow.TheLegendwindowappears.
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Figure 4.29:Distributionoferroraroundaverificationstation
Using the CW Measurement and the Point Analysis Tools
By simultaneously using the CW Measurement Analysis Tool and the Point Analysis Tool, you can analyse the following
elementsofaCWmeasurementpath:
Themeasuredsignallevel
Thepredictedsignallevel
Diffraction
Theerror
Theprofilebetweenthereferencetransmitterandthereceiver.
TousetheCWMeasurementAnalysistoolandthePointAnalysistooltoanalyseelementsofaCWmeasurementpath:
2. IntheCWMeasurementsfolder,clearthedisplaycheckboxbesideallCWmeasurementpathsexcepttheoneyou
wanttodisplay.
3. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpathyouwanttoanalyse.Thecontextmenuappears.
4. SelectOpentheAnalysisToolfromthecontextmenu.TheCWMeasurementAnalysisToolopens.
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Figure 4.30:OpeningtheCWMeasurementAnalysistool
5. SelectTools >PointAnalysis.ThePointAnalysiswindowappears.
6. ArrangethePointAnalysiswindowandtheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindowinordertodisplaythemandthemap
windowatthesametimeasinFigure 4.31.
Asyoumovethepointer(
)alongtheCWmeasurementpathonthemaporintheCWMeasurementAnalysis
window,thefollowinginformationappearsintheCWMeasurementAnalysiswindow(seeFigure 4.31):
Themeasuredsignallevel
Thepredictedsignallevel
Theerror
Thegraph
YoucanselectanadditionalcharacteristicoftheCWmeasurementpathfromthelistontheright.
TheProfileviewofthePointAnalysiswindowdisplaystheprofilebetweenareferencetransmitterandtheselected
CWmeasurementpoint.Aswell,Atolldisplaysthestrengthofthereceivedsignalfromtheselectedtransmitteras
wellasanydiffractionpeaks.
ThepropagationmodelusedtogeneratetheresultsontheProfiletabofthePoint
AnalysisToolwindowisthemodeldefinedinthepropertiesofthereferencetransmitter.
YoucanalsomovethroughtheCWmeasurementpointsbydraggingtheverticallineinthe
CW Measurement Analysis Tool window that indicates the current CW measurement
point.
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Figure 4.31:CWMeasurementAnalysis
4.5 FinalisingtheSettingsoftheCalibratedSPM
Theobjectiveofthecalibrationprocessistoreducetheerrorbetweenpathlossvaluespredictedbythepropagationmodel
andrealpathlossvaluesmeasuredduringtheCWmeasurementsurvey.Aftercalibrationiscomplete,however,therearestill
afewadjustmentsthatwillneedtobemadebeforethepropagationmodelcanbeused.
IfclutterclassesaretakenintoconsiderationintheSPM,thefirststepinfinalisingthecalibratedpropagationmodelisensur
ingthataclutterlossisdefinedforallclutterclasses.Thereareusuallyafewclutterclassesthatarenotrepresentedinthe
area covered by the CW measurement survey, or that are not sufficiently represented and were, therefore, filtered out.
Nevertheless,lossesmustbedefinedfortheseclutterclassesinorderforthepropagationmodeltobeeffectiveoverallareas.
Thisisexplainedin"DefiningClutterLossesforUncalibratedClutterClasses"onpage 73.
Once you have losses defined for each clutter class, you must define how the clutter losses will be weighted. The losses
definedperclutterclassreferonlytoreceiverpixel,nottototalloss.Whenyoucalculatethetotalclutterloss,youhaveto
takeintoconsiderationthelossonpixelsbetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver.However,theinfluenceofclutterdimin
isheswithdistancefromthereceiver.Defininghowclutterlosswillbeweightedisexplainedin"ClutterTab"onpage 58.
Thefinalstepisensuringthatamodelstandarddeviationhasbeensetforeachclutterclass.Aswithclutterlosses,nostand
arddeviationwillhavebeencalculatedforclutterclassesthatwerenotrepresentedornotsufficientlyrepresentedintheCW
measurementsurvey.Toensureaccuratecalculationswiththecalibratedpropagationmodel,youmustensurethatallclutter
classeshaveadefinedmodelstandarddeviation.Thisisexplainedin"DefiningtheModelStandardDeviationforUncalibrated
ClutterClasses"onpage 75.
Defining Clutter Losses for Uncalibrated Clutter Classes
Clutterclassesthatwerenotrepresented,orwerenotsufficientlyrepresentedandwere,therefore,filteredout,willnothave
hadclutterlossesdefinedbythecalibrationprocess.Theclutterlossfortheseclutterclasseswillremainat"0."However,
whenclutterlossesareused,leavingtheclutterlossat"0"couldleadtolargeerrorswhenyouusethecalibratedpropagation
modelinareaswheretheseclutterclassesarepresent.Therefore,undefinedclutterlossesmustbeextrapolatedfromother
sources.
Youcanextrapolateundefinedclutterlossesfrom:
Propagationmodelscalibratedonotherareas:IfyoucalibratedacopyofthesamepropagationmodelusingCW
measurementsmadeonadifferentarea,some,ifnotall,oftheclutterclassesthatareuncalibratedinyourcurrent
propagationmodelmayhavebeencalibratedinthecopycalibratedontheotherarea.
Typicallosses:Youcanextrapolatemissingclutterlossesfromtypicallosses.Itisimportanttorememberthattherel
ativedifference(betweenlossesperclutterclass)ismoreimportantthantheabsolutevalueofclutterlossesbecause
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theabsolutevalueisdependentontheconstantK1.Aswell,youmustcalculateanduseascalingfactorbetweencal
ibratedlossesandtypicallosses.Additionally,clutterlossesshouldbenormalisedonthemostrepresentativeclutter
classinordertobeabletocomparethem.Inotherwords,ifthebestrepresentedclutterclassis"Urban,"thenthe
clutterlossesfor"Urban"shouldbeshiftedto"0"forthatclutterclassandthecalibratedclutterclasslossesshould
beshiftedtorespecttheirrelativedifferencefromtheclutterlossesfor"Urban"andtheconstantK1shouldbemod
ifiedtocompensatefortheshift.Forexample,if"Urban,"thebestrepresentedclutterclass,hasalossof"3"and
"Suburban"hasalossof"7,"whenyoushift"Urban"itto"0,"youwillhavetoshift"Suburban"byacorresponding
amount,i.e.,thenormalisedlossfor"Suburban"willbe"4."Aswell,ifthevalueofK1was22,whenyoushiftthe
clutterlossesby3,youwillhavetoshiftthevalueofK1byasimilarvalue,togiveyouavalueof19,inordertocom
pensatefortheshiftinclutterclasslosses.
Thefollowingtablegivestypicalclutterlosses,normalisedfortheUrbanclutterclass.
ClutterClass
Loss
Denseurban
From4to5
Woodland
From2to3
Urban
Suburban
From5to3
Industrial
From5to3
Openinurban
From6to4
Open
From12to10
Water
From14to12
Toextrapolateundefinedclutterlossesfromotherpropagationmodels:
Beforeyoucanextrapolateundefinedclutterlosses,youmustensurethatthelosses
fromtheotherpropagationmodelarenormalisedonthesameclutterclassasthe
clutterclassusedfornormalisationinthepropagationmodelyouarecalibrating.
1. OntheParameterstaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclickthecopyofthepropagationmodelcalibratedonanother
area.Thecontextmenuappears.
3. UnderParametersperclutterclass,ontheCluttertab,notethelossesforallclutterclassesthatremaineduncali
bratedinthecopyofthepropagationmodelyouarecurrentlycalibrating.
4. OpenthePropertiesdialogueofthepropagationmodelyouarecurrentlycalibrating.
5. UnderParametersperclutterclass,ontheCluttertab,enterthelossesfortheclutterclassesthatremaineduncali
brated.
Toextrapolateundefinedclutterlossesfromstandardvalues:
1. Usingvaluesthatarepresentinboththecalibratedpropagationmodelandinthetypicalvalues,calculatethescaling
factorbetweenthetwosetsofvalues.
Tocalculatethescalingfactor,youusevaluesexistinginboththepropagationmodelandinthetypicalvalues,for
example:
Dense Urban, project Suburban, project Dense Urban, typical Suburban, typical
Rememberthatitistherelativedifferencebetweenlossesperclutterclassthatisimpor
tant.
2. Calculatethedeltabetweenthenormalisedclutterclasslossinthetypicalvalues(i.e.,"Urban")andtheclutterclass
lossthatisundefinedinthecalibratedpropagationmodel(i.e.,the standard ).
3. Multiplythisdeltabythescalingfactorbetweentheprojectlossesandthestandardlossestocalculatetheclutterloss
fortheproject:
project = s tan dard scaling factor
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AT321_MCG_E5
4. Addthedeltaoftheprojecttothenormalisedclutterlosstoobtainthevalueoftheclutterclasslossthatisundefined
inthecalibratedpropagationmodel.
5. Repeatthesestepsforeachclutterlossthatisundefinedinthecalibratedpropagationmodel.
Forexample,aprojecthasthefollowingclutterlosses:
DenseUrban=5
Urban=(0)
Suburban=2
TheclutterlossforUrbanisundefined.Toextrapolatefromtheknownvaluesusingtypicalvalues,youmustfirstcalcu
latethescalingfactor,usingthevaluesexistinginboththestandardvalues:
Dense Urban, project Suburban, project Dense Urban, typical Suburban, typical
Inthiscase:
3
5 2 4 4 --8
Usingthescalingfactor,youcancalculatethedeltabetweentheUrbanlossandtheDenseUrbanintheproject:
project = standard scaling factor
Or:
3
project = 4,5 0 --- 1,5
8
Subtractingtheresultof"1.5"from"5"givesusaclutterlossof"3.5"forUrbaninthisproject.
Defining the Model Standard Deviation for Uncalibrated Clutter Classes
Duringthecalibrationprocess,modelstandarddeviationswerecalculatedforallcalibratedclutterclasses.Youshoulduse
thesevaluestoupdatethemodelstandarddeviationforeachclutterclassintheclutterclassproperties.Clutterclassesthat
werenotrepresented,orwerenotsufficientlyrepresentedandwere,therefore,filteredout,willnothavehadamodelstand
arddeviationdefinedbythecalibrationprocess.Youshouldupdatethemodelstandarddeviationfortheseclutterclassesif
youcalibratedacopyofthesamepropagationmodelonadifferentareathatcovereddifferentclutterclasses.
Figure 4.32:Descriptionoftheavailableclutterclasses
4.6 DeployingtheCalibratedModel
Onceyouhavecalibratedthepropagationmodel,youcanuseittomakecoveragepredictionsinAtolldocumentsthatcover
thecalibrationareaandthatusethesamefrequencybandthatwasusedtocalibratethepropagationmodel.WithAtollyou
cancopythecalibratedpropagationmodelandpasteitintoanotherdocument.Atollalsoenablesyoutoquicklydeploythe
calibratedpropagationmodeltoadefinedgroupoftransmittersinadocument.
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2015Forsk
4.6.1 CopyingaCalibratedModeltoAnotherDocument
YoucancopyacalibratedpropagationmodelfromthecalibrationdocumenttoanotherAtolldocument.
Rememberthatthecalibratedpropagationmodelisvalidonlyfortheareaand
frequencybandonwhichitwascalibrated.Ifyouuseitonanotherprojectbasedona
differentareaorfrequencyband,youmustcalibrateitforthatproject.
Tocopyacalibratedpropagationmodeltoanotherdocument:
1. OpenthefollowingAtolldocuments:
TheAtolldocumentwiththecalibratedpropagationmodel
TheAtolldocumentintowhichyouwanttocopythecalibratedpropagationmodel.
2. ClicktheWindowmenuandselecttheAtolldocumentwiththecalibratedpropagationmodel.
3. Copythecalibratedpropagationmodel:
a. OntheParameterstaboftheexplorerwindow,clicktheExpandbutton( )totheleftofthePropagationModels
foldertoexpandthefolder.
b. Rightclickthecalibratedpropagationmodel.Thecontextmenuappears.
c. SelectCopyfromthecontextmenu.Thecalibratedpropagationmodeliscopiedtotheclipboard.
4. ClicktheWindowmenuandselecttheAtolldocumentintowhichyouwanttocopythecalibratedpropagationmodel.
5. Pastethecalibratedpropagationmodel:
a. SelecttheParameterstaboftheexplorerwindow.
b. PressCTRL+V.ThecalibratedpropagationmodelispastedintotheAtolldocument.
YoucanverifythatthecalibratedpropagationmodelhasbeenpastedsuccessfullybyclickingtheExpandbutton( )
totheleftofthePropagationModelsfoldertoexpandthefolder.Thecalibratedpropagationmodelisnowvisiblein
thePropagationModelsfolder.
4.6.2 DeployingaCalibratedModeltoTransmitters
Youcannowdeploythecalibratedpropagationmodeltoalltransmitterscorrespondingtothecalibrationareaandfrequency
band.Youcanassignthecalibratedpropagationmodelinseveraldifferentwaysbut,whenyouareassigningittoalarge
numberoftransmitters,itiseasiesttousetheTransmitterstable.
TodeployapropagationmodelusingtheTransmitterstable:
1. Filteroutthetransmittersoutsideoftheareaoverwhichyouwillbedeployingthecalibratedpropagationmodelby
creatingafilteringpolygonthatselectsallthetransmitterswithinthearea:
a. OntheGeotaboftheexplorerwindow,clicktheExpandbutton( )totheleftofZonesfoldertoexpandthefold
er.
b. RightclicktheFilteringZonefolderandselectDrawfromthecontextmenu.Thepointerchangestothepolygon
drawingpointer(
).
c. Clickonthemaptostartdrawingthefilterpolygon.Clickeachtimeyouchangetheangleontheborderdefining
theoutsideofthepolygon.
d. Closethepolygonbyclickingtwice.Thetransmittersoutsideoftheselectedzonearefilteredout.OntheNetwork
taboftheexplorerwindow,theTransmittersfolderappearswithaspecialicon( ),toindicatethatthefolder
contentshavebeenfiltered.OnlythetransmitterswithinthefilteringzonewillnowappearintheTransmitters
table.
2. OpentheTransmitterstable:
OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheTransmittersfolderandselectOpenTablefromthe
contextmenu.TheTransmitterstableappears.
3. Ifnecessary,sorttheentriesintheTransmitterstablebyfrequencyband:
76
IntheTransmitterstable,clickthetitleoftheFrequencyBandcolumntosorttheentriesbyfrequencyband.
AT321_MCG_E5
4. Selectthecalibratedpropagationmodelforallrecordsthatwilluseit:
a. IntheMainPropagationModelcolumn,selectthecalibratedpropagationmodel.
b. Startingwiththerecordyouhavejustchanged,clickanddragtoselectallrecordsthatwillhavethesamepropa
gationmodel.
c. Rightclickthetable.Thecontentmenuappears.
d. SelectEdit >FillDownfromthecontentmenu.TheentryunderMainPropagationModelchangestothevaluein
thefirstrecordoftheselectedtransmitters.
Iftheresultwasnotwhatyouexpected,selectEdit >Undoandrepeatthesteps.
e. Ifyouwanttoassignthecalibratedpropagationmodeltotheextendedpropagationmodelaswell,repeatthese
stepswiththeentriesintheExtendedPropagationModelcolumn.
77
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2015Forsk
Chapter5Chap
AdditionalCW
Measurement
Functions
CWmeasurementsfunctions.
Thischapterprovidesinformationonadditional
"CreatingaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 81
"DrawingaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 82
"MergingMeasurementPathsforaSameTrans
mitter"onpage 82
"Smoothing Measurements to Reduce the

FadingEffect"onpage 83
"Calculating Best ServersAlong aCW Measure

mentPath"onpage 83.
Chapter:
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2015Forsk
Chapter5:AdditionalCWMeasurementFunctions
AT321_MCG_E5
5 AdditionalCWMeasurementFunctions
In"CollectingCWMeasurementData"onpage 27,preparingasuccessfulCWmeasurementsurveywasexplained.Importing
CWmeasurementdataintoanAtolldocumentisexplainedin"TheModelCalibrationProcess"onpage 33,aswellasprepar
ingimportedCWmeasurementdataforacalibrationproject.
AtolloffersadditionalpossibilitiesforworkingwithCWmeasurements.Thesearedescribedinthischapter:
"CreatingaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 81
"DrawingaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 82
"MergingMeasurementPathsforaSameTransmitter"onpage 82
"SmoothingMeasurementstoReducetheFadingEffect"onpage 83
"CalculatingBestServersAlongaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 83.
5.1 CreatingaCWMeasurementPath
InAtoll,youcanimportCWmeasurementsasdescribed"ImportingaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 35iftheyareinplain
textorcommaseparatedvalue(CSV)format.However,ifthedataarestoredintabularformatin,forexample,aspreadsheet
orwordprocessingdocument,youcanimportthembycopyingandpastingthemdirectlyintoAtoll.
TocreateaCWmeasurementpath:
3. SelectNewfromthecontextmenu.TheNewCWMeasurementPathdialogueappears(seeFigure 5.1).
Figure 5.1:TheNewCWMeasurementPathdialogue
4. EnteraNamefortheCWmeasurementpath.
5. UnderReferenceTransmitter,selecttheTransmitterwithwhichtheCWmeasurementsweremadeandselectthe
Frequency.
6. UnderReceiver,entertheHeightofthereceiver,theGain,andtheLosses.
7. UnderMeasurements,definetheUnitusedfortheCWmeasurements.
8. IftheCoordinatesusedfortheCWmeasurementdataaredifferentthantheonedisplayed,clicktheBrowsebutton
(
).
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2015Forsk
9. From the document with the CW measurements, select the X and Y coordinates and CW measurements to be
importedandcopythem.
10. IntheNewCWMeasurementPathdialogue,clickthePastebutton.
11. ClickOK.
OnceyouhavecreatedtheCWmeasurementpath,youcanmodifythevaluesofthepathinthetable.YoucanopentheCW
measurementtablebyrightclickingitintheCWMeasurementsfolderontheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindowandselect
ingOpenTablefromthecontextmenu.
5.2 DrawingaCWMeasurementPath
WhenyouhavecreatedorimportedaCWmeasurementpath,youcanusethemousetoaddpointstoit.Youcaneitheradd
theCWmeasurementpointsonebyone,oryoucandrawapathsegmentwiththepointsseparatedbyadefineddistance.
ToaddpointstoaCWmeasurementpath:
4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpathtowhichyouwanttoaddpoints.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. SelectAdd >Pointsfromthecontextmenu.Thepointerchanges(
).
6. ClickthemapateachlocationwhereyouwanttoaddaCWmeasurementpoint.
7. Whenyouhavefinished,pressESCordoubleclick.
ToaddapathsegmenttoaCWmeasurementpath:
4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpathtowhichyouwanttoaddpoints.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. SelectAdd >Pathfromthecontextmenu.ThePathCreationdialogueappears.
6. EntertheStepbetweeneachpointandclickOK.Thepointerchanges(
).
7. Drawthepathofthepathsegmentbyclickingonthemaptodrawthestartingpointandeachtimethepathsegment
changesdirection.
8. Whenyouhavefinished,pressESCordoubleclick.
5.3 MergingMeasurementPathsforaSameTransmitter
Inthecaseseveralmeasurementpathsrefertothesametransmitter,itmightbeusefultomergeallthedatainauniquetable
sothatthefilteringwizardmaybeusedonit.
Tomergeseveralmeasurementpathsofasametransmitter:
3. Rightclickthefolderofthereferencetransmitterforwhichyouwanttomergethereferringpaths.Thecontextmenu
appears.
4. SelectMergeMeasurementpathsfromthecontextmenu.
5. Chooseifyouwanttomergealltheconsideredpathsoronlyapartofthem.
6. ClickOK.TheselectedCWmeasurementpathswillbemergedinauniquetable.
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AT321_MCG_E5
5.4 SmoothingMeasurementstoReducetheFading
Effect
Whenthefadingeffectisnotlimitedbythemeasurementequipmentitself,youcansmooththemeasuredsignalstrengthby
averagingthemduringthecalibrationpreprocessoveraslidingwindowwithaviewtominimisetheerrorsandstandarddevi
ations.Inotherwords,youcandefinethewidthofaslidingwindowwithinwhich,foreachmeasuredpoint,themeasured
dataisarithmeticallyaveraged.
Thispartofthecalibrationpreprocesshastobedonebeforethedatafilteringdescribedin"FilteringMeasurementData"on
page 43.
TosmooththevaluesofanexistingCWmeasurementpath:
1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,clicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeasurementsfolder.
TheCWMeasurementsfolderopens.
2. Click the Expand button ( ) to expand the folder of the reference transmitter. The reference transmitter folder
opens.
3. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpath.Thecontextmenuappears
4. SelectSmoothing >SmoothMeasurementsfromthecontextmenu.TheMeasurementSmoothingdialogueappears
(seeFigure 5.2).
Figure 5.2:SlidingWindowPropertyDialogue
5. Enterthewidthofthesmoothingwindow(inmeters)andclickOK.Thisparameterdefinesthenumberofsamplesto
beconsideredwhenaveragingthepathdata.
Inthepathtable,thesmoothedvaluesoverwritetheinitialonesintheMcolumn.Theinitialmeasurementdataare
reportedinnewcolumncalled(M(Initial)).
YoucanrestoretheinitialvaluesinanyCWmeasurementpathbyselectingSmoothing >
RestoreInitialValues.
5.5 CalculatingBestServersAlongaCWMeasurement
Path
Undercertaincircumstances,youmightneedtocalculatewhichisthebestserveralongtheCWmeasurementpath.Thisis
particularlythecasealong,forexample,raillinesusingradiotechnologyforcommunication.Atollenablesyoutoapproximate
abestservercoveragepredictionbyaddingonetransmittertotheCWmeasurementpathofanotheroneandcalculating
signallevels.
Theprocessconsistsofthefollowingsteps:
1. AddingtransmitterstoaCWmeasurementpath:ThefirststepistoaddadditionaltransmitterstotheCWmeasure
mentpathalongwhichyouwanttocalculatebestservers.Forinformation,see"AddingTransmitterstoaCWMeas
urementPath"onpage 84.
2. SelectingthepropagationmodelfortheCWmeasurementpath:Youmustselectthepropagationmodeltobeused
tocalculatesignallevels.Forinformation,see"SelectingthePropagationModel"onpage 84.
3. DefiningtheCWmeasurementpathdisplay:YoumustsetthedisplayoftheCWmeasurementpathinordertodis
playthemeasurementpointsbybestserver.Forinformation,see"SettingtheDisplaytoBestServer"onpage 84.
4. Calculatingsignallevels:OnceyoupreparedtheCWmeasurementpath,youcancalculatethesignallevels.Forinfor
mation,see"CalculatingSignalLevels"onpage 84.
5. Displayingcomparativestatisticsbetweenmeasurementandpredictedvalues:Afterhavingcalculatedthesignal
levelsovermeasurementpathsyoucandisplayglobalstatisticsorstatisticsperclutterclass,pertransmitterorper
83
2015Forsk
measurementpath.Forinformation,see"DisplayingStatisticsOveraMeasurementPath"onpage 84and"Displaying
StatisticsOverSeveralMeasurementPaths"onpage 85.
5.5.1 AddingTransmitterstoaCWMeasurementPath
ToaddatransmittertoaCWmeasurementpath:
3. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandthefolderofthereferencetransmitteralongwhoseCWmeasurementpath
youwillcalculatesignallevels.
5. SelectCalculations >AddaTransmitterfromthecontextmenu.TheNewPredictiondialogueappears.
6. SelectthetransmittertoaddfromtheTransmitterlistandclickOK.ThetransmitterwillbeaddedtotheCWmeas
urementpathdatatable.
5.5.2 SelectingthePropagationModel
ToaddatransmittertoaCWmeasurementpath:
3. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandthefolderofthereferencetransmitteralongwhoseCWmeasurementpath
youwillcalculatesignallevels.
6. OnthePropagationtabofthePropertiesdialogue,selectthePropagationModel.
7. ClickOK.
5.5.3 SettingtheDisplaytoBestServer
YoumustsetthedisplaypropertiesoftheCWmeasurementpathtodiscretevaluesbybestserver.Forinformationonchang
ingobjectdisplayproperties,seetheUserManual.
5.5.4 CalculatingSignalLevels
Tocalculatethesignallevels:
4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpathtowhichyouwanttocalculatethesignallevels.Thecontextmenuappears.
5. SelectCalculations >CalculateSignalLevelsfromthecontextmenu.
Atollcalculatessignallevels,updatingthevaluesinthedatatableforthatCWmeasurementpathandupdatingthe
mapaccordingtothesettingsselectedin"SettingtheDisplaytoBestServer"onpage 84.
5.5.5 DisplayingStatisticsOveraMeasurementPath
Assumingsignallevelshavebeencalculatedalongameasurementpath,youcandisplaythestatisticsbetweenthemeasure
mentsandthepredictedsignallevelsonaspecificmeasurementpath.
Todisplaythestatisticsforaspecificmeasurementpath:
4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementpathtowhichyouwanttodisplaycomparativestatistics.Thecontextmenuappears.
84
AT321_MCG_E5
5. SelectDisplaystatisticsfromthecontextmenu.
Awindowappearscontainingthemeasurementandpredictedvaluestatisticsoverallthefilteredpoints.
5.5.6 DisplayingStatisticsOverSeveralMeasurementPaths
Assumingsignallevelshavebeencalculatedalongameasurementpath,youcandisplaythestatisticsbetweenthemeasure
mentsandthepredictedsignallevelsoverseveralmeasurementpaths.
Todisplaythestatisticsfortheentiresetofthemeasurementpaths:
4. Selectifyouwanttodisplaythestatisticsforalltheconsideredpathsoronlyapartofthem.
Todisplaythestatisticsforapartorallthemeasurementpathsreferringtoauniquetransmitter:
3. Rightclickthefolderofthereferencetransmittertowhichyouwanttodisplaycomparativestatistics.Thecontext
menuappears.
5. Selectifyouwanttodisplaythestatisticsforalltheconsideredpathsoronlyapartofthem.
85
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2015Forsk
Chapter6Chap
SurveySiteForm
thatcanbeusedasatemplate.
Thischaptercontainsasamplesurveysiteform
Chapter:
88
2015Forsk
Chapter6:SurveySiteForm
AT321_MCG_E5
6 SurveySiteForm
Thesurveysiteformshouldindicate:
Detailsdescribingthestation
Thelocationsofanyspuriousmeasurementswherethephysicalclutterdatadoesnotcoincidewiththemappingdata
Anyusefulinformationaboutincidentsthatmayhaveoccurred.
89
2015Forsk
SurveySiteForm
StationDetails
SiteID:
Address
SiteAccessDetails
ZHF993
SurveySiteNo:1
18Smithstreet
AskforJamesBrownatreceptiondeskinregardstogettingaccesstothesiteontheroof.
Coordinates:
E:26,38773
N:50,59358
MapGPSx
Transmitters:
OmniAntenna
Ant.Height
Nominalpower
43
Cablelength/type
5m1/4"
Cablelossesmax/UMTS
location
Outdoor,ontheroof
Type
K8001111
Gain
installation
Onmast/tripod ?
EIRPmin.
40
dBm
20,4+3
23,4
Typeofsite
dBm
dB
dBi
Rooftop
GeneralSiteComments
(Enterconstructiondetails,etc.)
Siteunderconstruction(mastwithoutantennas)
Lift
Powersupply220Vavailablefromshelter
Noobstructionforpropagation
Notes:
90
Payattentiontotheseparationbetweenthetestantennaandanyliveantennas.Verticalseparation,iftheantennas
arealigned,isnotreallyaproblem,buthorizontalseparationcouldbeproblematic,soitshouldbeavoided.
Sitephotos:Takephotosofthesitesbothfromthegroundandfromthesiteitself.Youalsoneedasetofpanoramic
photos,startingfrom0(North)andmovingclockwiseby45increments.Youcanusealasertelemetertomeasure
theheightofthesite.
SiteDrawing:Makeanaccurate(asfaraspossible)drawingofthesite.IndicatewhereNorthliesinrelationtothe
site.
AT321_MCG_E5
Site Photos
Globalview:
Rooftop:
91
2015Forsk
Panoramic Photos
92
North
East
South
West
AT321_MCG_E5
Survey Details
MeasurementFiles:
Number:
Comments:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
FrequencyBand
GSM
DCS
UMTS
ChannelUsed
56
563
Frequency
935.200
1815.200
2170
ChannelBandwidth
200khz
200khz
200khz
Interferencefreecontrol?
TXtransmitter
Outputbeforesurvey
40dBm
40dBm
40dBm
Beforeantenna
Outputpowerafter
39.8dBm
39.8dBm
39.8dBm
VSWR
1.3
1.3
1.3
SurveyComments:
(Informationaboutissuesthatwillnecessitatedatafiltering,etc.)
Notes:
Takenoteofanyareasonthesurveypathwhicharenotsuitabledatacollectionareas(avoidthemifpossible),for
example, tunnels, bridges, raised motorways, etc. Keep in mind that the planning tool assumes that you are at
groundlevel;anyraisedorloweredareasproduceerrors.
Beforemakingthesurveydrive,measuretheRFoutputattheantenna,afterthecable.
MeasuretheRFoutputattheantennaagainafterthesurveydrive,toensurethatthetransmitterisstillworking.
93
94
2015Forsk
AT321_MCG_E5
95
HeadOffice
7ruedesBriquetiers
31700Blagnac,France
Tel:+33562747210
Fax:+33562747211
AT321_MCG_E5
USOffice
ChinaOffice
200SouthWackerDriveSuite3100
Chicago,IL60606,USA
Tel:+13126744800
Fax:+13126744847
Suite302,3/F,WestTower,JiaduCommercialBuilding,
No.66JianzhongRoad,TianheHiTechIndustrialZone,
Guangzhou,510665,P.R.ofChina
Tel:+862085538938 Fax:+862085538285
www.forsk.com
February2015

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Version3.2.

"The Correspondence Between the SPM and

K 6 H Rx eff + K 7 Log H Rxeff + K clutter f clutter + K hill LOS

multiplyingfactorfor Log d Log H Tx

If H Txeff 20m ,Atolluses20 mincalculations.

If H Txeff 200m ,Atolltakes200 m.

Then, H filt Tx i = H filt Tx i 1 + H orig i H orig i 1

Then, H filt Tx i = H filt Tx i 1

Then, H filt Tx i = H filt Tx i 1

Then, H filt Rx i = H filt Rx i + 1 + H orig i H orig i + 1

Then, H filt Rx i = H filt Rx i + 1

6. Then,Atollcalculatestheeffectivetransmitterantennaheight, H Txeff (m).

If H Txeff 1000m ,1000mwillbeusedincalculations.

If H Txeff islessthan20 m,anadditionalcorrectionistakenintoaccount(step 7).

7. If H Txeff islessthan20 m(ornegative),Atollevaluatesthepathlossusing H Txeff = 20m andappliesacorrection

"Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys" on

Displaying CW Measurement Points by Signal Level

Figure 4.14displayshowtheclutterlossofeachpixelwillbetakenintoconsideration.InFigure 4.14,thevalueof

Calculating Path Loss Matrices Using the Calibrated Model

Displaying Statistics on CW Measurement Paths

"Smoothing Measurements to Reduce the

"Calculating Best ServersAlong aCW Measure

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