Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Design of steel and composite bridges

Highway bridges
Jol Raoul

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Main selected features

General presentation and scope of EC3 and

EC4 related to steel and composite bridges

Materials
Structural analysis
Cross-section analysis at ULS and SLS
Treatment of instabilities
Fatigue

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

application
s

Partie
2

bridges
Partie
7.1

pylons

Partie
7.2

chimneys
Partie 6

Cranes

Partie
4.1

Partie
4.2

Silos

tanks

Partie
4.3

Partie
5

Pipelines

piling

Partie
1.1

General rules

Partie
1.7

Plated elements
loaded transv.

Partie
1.2

fire

Partie
1.8

joints

Partie
1.3

sheetings

Partie
1.9

Fatigue

Partie
1.4

Stainless steel

Partie
1.10

Brittle
fracture

Partie
1.5

Plated
elements

Partie
1.11

cables

Partie
1.6

shells

Partie
1.12

generic
rules

S500 to S690

Eurocode 3 : steel structures

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

EN 1994 : composite steel-concrete structures

EN 1994-2 general rules and bridges
(self-sufficient)

CONCRETE PART

STEEL PART

EN 1992-2

EN 1993-2

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Scope of EN1993-2
All steel bridges (in general with an orthotropic deck) and the
steel part of composite bridges

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Scope of EN1994-2
Composite bridges

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Girder bridges

Economy : two-girder
bridges even for 2X2 lanes
due to robustness rules

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Box girders

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Composite members

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Tension members (tie of bowstring arch)

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Composite plates

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Filler beam decks

In the transversal direction

In the longitudinal direction

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Materials
Concrete :
Between C20 and C60 for composite bridges (C 90 for concrete bridges)

Steel :
up to S460 for steel and composite bridges
(S 500 to S 700 in a separate part 1-12 for steel bridges)

Choice of material :
avoid brittle behaviour

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

HOAN BRIDGE 2000

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

An overlooked defect is assumed during execution :

e.g. : a = 2.2 mm for tf=80 mm

It grows acc. to fracture mechanics laws (assuming

fatigue is governing the design)

Up to the critical defect

depending on Charpy energy
at service temperature

Over a period depending

on the inspection periodicity

NOTE: fabrication rules and

quality plan are given in EN 1090
They are assumed
to be met when using EN 1993

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

EN 10025

grade quality

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Structural analysis

Elastic

Plastic (buildings, bridges in accidental situations)

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Classes of steel cross-sections

Cl.1
Cl.2

Mpl

Cl.3
Mel

Cl.4

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Class of
flanges

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Global analysis of composite bridges:

two aspects are considered

Cracking of concrete on
support
Non linear behaviour at
mid span
Mpl,Rd
Mel,Rd

Class 1

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Modular ratio used in a composite section

n L n0 . 1 Lt
n0

Ea
E cm

Value of t0 :

and

t t t 0 creep coefficient given by EC2 :

t0 = 1 day for shrinkage

t0 = a mean value in case of concrete cast in several stages
SIMPLE CALCULATIONS

L is given by :

Permanent loads
shrinkage
Imposed deformations

1,1
0,55
1,5

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Plate buckling and shear lag

Effectivep width
(plate buckling)

effectives width
(shear lag)

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Effectives width of concrete slab (ULS and SLS)

bei min(

be1

b1

b1

Le
; bi )
8

beff
b0

be2

b2

Effectives width of stiffened plates

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

1.2

Shear lag at ULS:

3 alternatives, black
one recommended
beta (alpha0,x)

( 1.4 x )

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1.2

beta lastique en fonction du raidissage

0.8

( 1 x)

Shear lag atelu

SLS:
( 1.4 x )
elastic (red line)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.083056
0
0
01/50

0.2

0.4

0.6
x x

0.8

b0/Le

1
1.

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Composite cross-section verification at ULS (M>0)

fck/gc

0,85 fck/gc

compression

PNA

ENA

traction

fy/gM
Elastic resistance
(for class 1, 2, 3)

fy/gM
plastic resistance
(for classes 1/2)

NOTE : gM is 1.0 (recommended for resistance formulae)

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Verification at SLS
Limitation of stresses for steel and composite bridges
As in EN1992-2 and EN1993-2 (fy in the steel part)
Limitation of crack widths for composite bridges
As in EN1992-2 with tension stiffening (wk=0.3mm in
general)
Using a simplified method

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Treatment of instabilities
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

exprimental behaviour

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mechanical model

Aeff

equ

=0

2=-cr

1
1

Principle of verification
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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u = ultimate loading (without instability)/ ULS loading

cr = critical loading / ULS loading

u
cr

PRd=PRk/gM

f ( )
Test /theory
(mechanical
model)
calibration

PRk Pu

NOTE : gM is 1.1 (recommended for stability formulae)

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Plate buckling of stiffened plates in EC3

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Fatigue verification in EC3

Calculation of DE,2 under a fatigue loading

P = 480kN

Influence of the type of influence line

Influence of the type of traffic
Influence of the number of lanes

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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partial factor for

loading= 1,0

verification

Dc =80
Category of
detail

Orthotropic decks : recommended detailing

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Deck plate thickness in the carriage way

in the heavy vehicle lane
t 14 mm for asphalt layer 70 mm

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 SETRA

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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1st bridge entirely

designed to EC4 in
Avignon
4500 t

SETRA

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

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Outstanding composite bridges

Max span 144 m: Verrires viaduct (composite box-girder bridge)
SETRA

Max S460 thickness 120 mm: Guarrigue viaduct

SETRA

SETRA

Surface > 20000 m: Vzre viaduct

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

SOME INNOVATIONS / ECONOMY ISSUES

Enormous scientific work

Simplicity of calculations
Robustness (fatigue + brittle fracture)
Full exploitation of the materials (postcritical range)
Steels up to S690
Hybrid girders
Harmonization of the format and the reliability of all
the instability formulae
Treatment of stiffened plates
Design of orthotropic decks

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