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Living things are classified based on their common characteristics. The living things
within the same class have similar features or characteristics.
Organisms
Animals
Plants
Classification of Animals
Classification of animal kingdom
been identified
Identity the relationships between
organisms
Recognise similarities and
differences between organisms
Communicate with one another
easily about the organisms on
Earth.
pg. 1
Animals
Mammal
s
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
(with backbones)
(without backbones)
Reptiles
Fish
Birds
Amphibians
Vertebrates
Vertebrates are animals with backbones. They have internal skeletons made of bone and cartilage.
Warm-blooded vertebrates maintain their body temperatures at a constant level. Cold-blooded vertebrates have body temperatures that
change according to the temperature of their surroundings.
Internal fertilisation is where eggs are fertilised internally and young develop inside the females body. External fertilisation is where eggs
are fertilised and the young develop outside the females body.
Class of
vertebrates
Habitat
Type of blood
Characteristic
of body
Fish
Water
Cold-blooded
- Skin with hard,
slimy scales for
protection
Amphibians
Water and land
Cold-blooded
Soft, moist, exposed
skin without scales
Reptiles
Water and land
Cold-blooded
Skin with dry and
scales to prevent loss
of water
Birds
Land
Warm-blooded
- Have feathers
- Have beaks,
clawed feet and
Mammals
Land
Warm-blooded
- Skin with fur or hair
- Have external ears
- Have sweat glands
pg. 2
Gills
Method of
reproduction
Type of
fertilisation
Examples of
animals
Lungs
Lungs
External fertilisation
- Lay eggs
- Eggs with leathery
shells, usually laid on
land (rattle snakes
give birth to young)
Internal fertilisation
Snake, Crocodile,
Turtle, Lizard
- Lay eggs
- Eggs with hard
shells, laid on
land, normally in
the nest
Internal
fertilisation
Bird, Chicken,
Duck, Penguin
Internal fertilisation
Cat, Rabbit, Goat, Whale,
Bat, Porcupine
pg. 3
Example 1
pg. 4
Vertebrates
Warm-blooded
Have feathers
Birds
Cold-blooded
Mammals
Fish
Scaly skin
Amphibians
(frog)
Reptiles
(crocodile)
Example 2
pg. 5
Vertebrates
With feathers
Birds
Without feathers
Mammals
With fins
Fish
Without fins
With scales
Without scales
Reptiles
Amphibians
pg. 6
Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals without backbones.
Over 90% of the species in the animal kingdom are invertebrates.
Most of the invertebrates are small and have simple body structures
Some invertebrates have hard external skeleton for protection such as crab and beetle.
Some invertebrates with soft bodies use their body fluids for support like earth worms and leeches.
Invertebrates can also be classified based on their common characteristics, such as:
Body type (worm-like or not worm-like)
Outer body coverings (shells, exposed skin or hard skin)
Number of legs ( three, four or more pairs of legs)
Body segmentation ( segmented or not segmented)
Invertebrates
3 pairs of legs
Examples: Ant, bee,
beetle, butterfly
4 pairs of legs
Examples: Spider,
scorpion, mites
Segmented body
Examples:
Earthworm,
flatworm, leeches
Non-segmented body
Examples: Snail, octupus,
shelfish, jellyfish
pg. 7
Plants can be classified into two main groups: flowering plants and non-flowering plants
Flowering plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits. The flowers normally become fruits. Flowering plant produces fruits for reproduction.
Flowering plants consists of four main parts: roots, stem, leaves and flowers.
Flowering plants are divided into dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
Plants
Flowering plants
Non-flowering plants
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
Conifers
(have cones)
Ferns
(have spores)
Mosses
Fibrous roots
Scattered vascular
bundle (soft)
Parallel veins
Flower petals in
multiples of three
One cotyledon
Seed
Root
Stem
Leaf
Flower
pg. 8
Tap roots
Two cotyledon
Vascular bundle
arranged in a circle
(woody)
Network veins
Flower petals in
multiples of four or
five
pg. 9
pg. 10
pg. 11
pg. 12
pg. 13
pg. 14
Algae
In water or damp
places on land
Chlorophy
ll
Reproduct
ion
Present
Type of
stem, leaf
and root
Example
Binary fission
Spirogyra,
chlamydomonas,
seaweed
Mosses
Ferns
Conifers
On land
Spores, found in
clusters on the
underside of leaves
Has stem, leaf and
root
Seeds in cones
Present
Source of food
Plants and animals are sources of food to humans
Source of raw materials
Trees and plants provide raw materials for timber, textile
and paper industries
Source of shelter