Chapter 34 Geometric Optics

Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
34-1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
34-2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface
34-3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface

34-4 Thin Lens
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
OBJECTIVES
Given an object in front of a plane mirror:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and upright
or inverted
34-1
What is an object?
anything from which light rays radiate
light could be emitted by the
object itself
light could be emitted by another

source and then reflected from the
object
34-1
1. Point Object
no physical extent
2. Extended Object
real object with length, width and height
made up of a very large

number of point objects
Point object P
5
34-1
What is an image?
from which outgoing rays diverge
34-1
An image can be:
1. Real image
outgoing rays really do pass through an image point
34-1
An image can be:
2. Virtual image
outgoing rays don't actually pass through the image point
34-1
Sign Rules
1. Sign rule for the
object distance s
When the object is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
incoming light, the object
distance s is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is positive.
34-1
Sign Rules
image distance s
When the image is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
outgoing light, the image
distance s' is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is negative.
10
34-1
Sign Rules
radius of curvature R
of a spherical surface:
When the center of curvature C is
on the same side as the
outgoing light, the radius of
curvature is positive; otherwise,
it is negative.
For a plane reflecting or refracting

surface, R is infinite.
11
34-1
Plane Mirror: Image of a Point Object
Reflection
Note:
s is negative
image is virtual
12
34-1
Plane Mirror: Image of an Extended Object
Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
The image formed by a plane mirror is always erect (y > 0).

13
34-1
Lateral Magnification
Sign Conventions:
If m > 0: image orientation same with that of object

If m < 0: image orientation different from that of object
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
If |m| > 1: magnified

If |m| < 1: reduced
If |m| = 1: same size
If y > 0: image upright
If y < 0: image inverted
If s > 0: image real
If s < 0: image virtual
14
34-1
Plane Mirror
Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
Lateral Magnification
15
34-1
Example:
16
34-1
Example:
17
34-1
Seatwork:
A bug at about eye level is 5 cm in front of a plane mirror. You
are behind the bug, 20 cm from the mirror. What is the
distance between your eyes and the apparent position of
the bugs image in the mirror?
18
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics

34-4 Thin Lens
19
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
OBJECTIVES
Given an object in front of a spherical mirror:
or inverted
Given an object placed in front of a spherical mirror, draw

the principal rays and locate the image
20
34-2

Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
21
34-2
Concave Mirror:
Point object
optic axis
Object P
V
C
R>0
Image P
s>0
s> 0
22
34-2
Concave Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
y < 0
R>0
s>0
s> 0
23
34-2
Concave Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
24
34-2
Concave Mirror:
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
25
34-2
Concave Mirror:
Graphical Method
26
34-2
Example:
27
34-2
Seatwork:
A mosquito landed 20 cm in front of a concave mirror with
20 cm radius of curvature. How far from the mirror will the
mosquitos image be formed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
40 cm behind the mirror

10 cm behind the mirror
10 cm in front of the mirror
20 cm in front of the mirror
At infinity
28
34-2

Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
29
34-2
Convex Mirror:
Point object
Image P
optic axis
V
Object P
R<0
s>0
s< 0
30
34-2
Convex Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
y > 0
V
C
R<0
s>0
s< 0
31
34-2
Convex Mirror:
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
32
34-2
Convex Mirror:
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
33
34-2
Convex Mirror:
Graphical Method
34
34-2
Example:
35
34-2
Seatwork:
You hold a large silver spoon a distance of 5.0 cm in front of
your face. The radius of curvature of the spoon is -20.0 cm.
What is the distance between the object and the image and
the nature (real or virtual) of the image?
36
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics

34-4 Thin Lens
37
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
OBJECTIVES
Given an object in front of a spherical surface or interface
separating two media:
or inverted
Calculate the apparent depth of an object when observed

across a boundary changing indices of refraction
38
34-3
Image of a Point Object
39
34-3
Image of an Extended Object
40
34-3
Refracting surface:
Object-Image Relationship and Magnification
Note:
na : index of refraction of material 1
nb : index of refraction of material 2
valid for both concave and

convex refracting surface
41
34-3
Example:
42
34-3
Seatwork:
43
34-3
A special case:
Plane refracting surface
Radius of Curvature
Material 1 Material 2
Object-Image Relationship
na
nb
Magnification
Plane refracting surface

44
34-3
Example:
45
34-3
Seatwork:
46
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics

34-4 Thin Lens
47
34-4
Thin Lens
OBJECTIVES
Differentiate a converging lens from a diverging lens
Given an object in front of a lens or series of lenses:
or inverted
Relate the radii of curvature of the lens in air and its index
of refraction of the focal length of the lens
Given an object placed in front of a lens or series of lenses,
draw the principal rays and locate the image
48
34-4
Thin Lens
What is a lens?
an optical system with two refracting surfaces
Thin lens
two spherical surfaces close enough together
negligible thickness
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
49
34-4
Thin Lens
Converging Lens thicker at its center than at its edges
50
34-4
Thin Lens
Properties of a Converging Lens
f: focal length (f > 0)

F1 :1st focal point
F2 : 2nd focal point
51
34-4
Thin Lens
Converging Lens:
Graphical Method and Principal Rays
s>0
f>0
s> 0
52
34-4
Thin Lens
Converging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification

where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance
f > 0 : converging lens
53
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging Lens thicker at its edges than at its center
54
34-4
Thin Lens
Properties of a Diverging Lens
f: focal length (f < 0)

F1 :1st focal point
F2 : 2nd focal point
55
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging Lens:
Graphical Method and Principal Rays
f<0
s< 0
s>0
56
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification

where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance
f < 0 : diverging lens
57
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
58
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
59
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
60
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging lens: f < 0
y'
s = 16 cm
s = -12 cm
|f | = 48 cm |f | = 48 cm
61
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
62
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
63
34-4
Thin Lens
Lensmakers equation
64
34-4
Thin Lens
Lensmakers equation
where:
f : focal length
n : index of refraction of thin lens
R1 : radius of curvature of 1st surface
R2 : radius of curvature of 2nd surface
65
34-4
Thin Lens
66
End of Chapter 34

Geometric Optics
67

Chapter 34 Geometric Optics

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Chapter 34

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

34-3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

light could be emitted by another

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

real object with length, width and height

made up of a very large

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

from which outgoing rays diverge

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

An image can be:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

An image can be:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

For a plane reflecting or refracting

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Plane Mirror: Image of a Point Object

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Plane Mirror: Image of an Extended Object

The image formed by a plane mirror is always erect (y > 0).

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

If m > 0: image orientation same with that of object

If |m| > 1: magnified

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

34-3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Given an object placed in front of a spherical mirror, draw

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

40 cm behind the mirror

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Reflection at a Spherical Surface

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem