Paduan Aluminum

Pendahuluan
Sifat-sifat Paduan Aluminum
Klasifikasi dan Penamaan Paduan
Aluminum
Perlakuan Panas Paduan Aluminum
Pemakaian pada Struktur Pesawat
Masalah Stress Corrosion Cracking pada
paduan 7XXX

1.Pendahuluan
Alasan paduan Aluminum masih banyak
dipakai pada pesawat penumpang
komersial, namun semakin berkurang
pada pesawat tempur
Sifat-sifat paduan Aluminum yang
menyebabkan dipakai pada struktur
pesawat menggantikan kayu

2. Sifat-sifat Paduan Aluminum

1. Low specific gravity (lightweight)

sg (gr/cm3)

Mg

Al

Ti

Fe

1.8

2.7

4.5

7.8

2. Can reach sufficiently high strength

Some alloys have ultimate strength of 700 MPa
3. Good corrosion resistance
4. Good electrical conductor
5. Good heat conductor

3. Klasifikasi dan Penamaan

Designation System
Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy
Aluminum, 99.00%

1xxx

Cast Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy

Aluminum, 99.00%

Aluminum alloys grouped

Aluminum alloys grouped by major

by major alloying elements :

alloying element(s) :

1xx.x

Copper

2xxx

Copper

2xx.x

Manganese

3xxx

Silicon + Copper & or Magnesium 3xxx

Silicon

4xxx

Silicon

4xxx

Magnesium

5xxx

Magnesium

5xxx

Magnesium and Silicon

6xxx

Zinc

7xxx

Zinc

7xxx

Other elements

8xxx

Other elements

8xxx

3. Klasifikasi dan Penamaan

Alloy Group
Commercially pure
aluminum
Non-heat treatable
with age hardening
Heat treatable with
age hardening

Major alloying
element
-

u (MPa)

Designation

90 - 170

1xxx

Mn
Mg
Cu
Mg + Si
Zn

100 - 200
200 - 300
400 500
250 350
520 - 650

3xxx
5xxx
2xxx
6xxx
7xxx

Wrought Aluminum Alloy

First digit major alloying element(s)
Second digit indicates alloy modification :
- zero means original alloy
- integer one to nine, assigned consequentially indicate
modification of the original alloy
Third and forth digit : identify different alloy

Example of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation

2014
alloy identification
original alloy
Cu major alloying element

Application
Heavy duty forgings, and extrusions for aircraft fittings, wheels
Truck frame and tankage

Example of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation (cont)

2024
alloy identification
original alloy

modified alloy

Cu major alloying element

2 1 24
2 2 24
2 3 24

differ with the original

alloy in Si and Fe content
(higher purity) higher
fracture toughness

Application

2024 used in aircraft structure requiring high fatigue strength

Example of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation (cont)

2219
alloy identification
modified alloy

Cu major alloying element

Application
For cryogenic and elevated temperature (supersonic aircraft skin)
Weldable welded space booster oxidizer and fuel tank

Example of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation (cont)

7 0 50
alloy identification
original alloy
Zn major alloying element
Application

Plate, extrusions, hard and die forgings in aircraft structural parts

Application requiring high strength, high resistance to exfoliation
corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, high fracture toughness and

high resistance

Example of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation (cont)

7 0 75

alloy identification
original alloy

modified alloy

Zn major alloying element

7 1 75
7 4 75

differ with the original

alloy in Si and Fe content
(higher purity)

Application
7075 used in aircraft structural parts requiring very high strength
7175 forgings requiring high strength
7475 sheet and plate (fuselage or wing) for high strength and high
fracture toughness

Typical Composition of Some Aluminum Alloys

Alloy System
Al - Cu

Al - Zn

Designation

Cu

Mg

Si

Fe

Zn

Mn

Cr

2014

4.4

0.5

0.8

0.7

0.25

0.8

0.1

2024

4.4

1.5

0.5

0.5

0.25

0.6

0.1

2124

4.4

1.5

0.2

0.3

0.35

0.6

0.1

2224
7050

4.1
2.3

1.5
2.3

0.12 0.15 0.25 0.6

0.12 0.15 6.2
0.1

0.1
0.04

7075

1.6

2.5

0.4

0.5

5.6

0.3

0.23

7175

1.6

2.5

0.15

0.2

5.6

0.1

0.23

7475

1.5

2.3

0.1

0.12 5.7

0.06 0.22

4. Perlakuan Panas
PRECIPITATION HARDENING
In dispersion strengthened alloy more than one phase must be present
Matrix is a phase with larger amount, the other phase (smaller amount is
precipitate)

Consideration for effective precipitation hardening

Al-Cu Phase Diagram

ASM; Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys; page 547

PRECIPITATION HARDENING (Cont)

Without special heating cycle precipitation will not result in

appreciable strengthening

Al - Cu phase diagram and the microstructures that may develop during cooling

Precipitation Hardening of Al-4% Cu

Precipitation Hardening produces uniform dispersion of a fine,
hard coherent precipitate in a softer, more ductile matrix.
Three steps in precipitation hardening :
1. Solution treatment : heating above
solvus dissolve in . For AlCu it is carried out between 500oC 548oC
2. Quench : The alloy which only
consist of phase is quenched,
is not formed. Existing phase is
super saturated solid solution
(sss)
3. Age : supersaturated is heated
below solvus atoms diffuse at
short distance at numerous
nucleation sited fine
intermediate phases is formed
and dispersed in the matrix

Precipitation Hardening of Al-4% Cu

Microstructures :
1. Supersaturated solid solution
2. GP1 zone Cu segregate in
disks with thickness 0.4 - 0.6
nm, diameter a few atom
3. GP2 larger than GP1, thickness
1 - 4 nm, diameter 10 - 100 nm
4. equilibrium phase with
composition Cu Al2

PRECIPITATION HARDENING (Cont)

The effect of aging temperature and time on the yield strength of Al-4% Cu

Schematic Aging Curve at A Particular Temperature

for A Precipitation - Hardenable Alloy

Smith; Principles of Materials Science & Engineering; page 528

PRECIPITATION HARDENING (Cont)

Although is formed and distributed in the matrix , it does not
disrupt the surrounding structure because it is not coherent with
the matrix

Non-coherent precipitate

Coherent precipitate

System for Heat-Treatable Alloys

T3 and T4

: solution heat treatment, quench, naturally

aged

T6, T7, T8, and T9 : solution treatment, quench, artificially aged

T1, T2, T5, T10
: cooled from elevated temperature shaping
process

T3 and T4 (Natural Aging)

T3 : Solution heat-treated, cold worked, and naturally aged
to a substantially stable condition: Applies to products that
are cold worked to improve strength after solution heat treatment, or
in which the effect of cold work in flattening or straightening is
recognized in mechanical property limits.

T4 : Solution heat treated and naturally aged to a

substantially stable condition : Applies to products that are
not cold worked after solution heat treatment, or in which the effect
of cold work in flattening or straightening may not recognized in
mechanical property limits

T6, T7, T8, and T9 (Artificial Aging)

T6 : Solution heat treated and then artificially aged: Applies
to products that are not cold worked after solution heat treatment, or
in which the effect of cold work in flattening or straightening may
not be recognized in mechanical property limits

T7 : Solution heat treated and stabilized: Applies to products

that are stabilized after solution heat treatment to carry them beyond
the point of maximum strength to provide control of some special
characteristic

T8 : Solution heat treated, cold worked and then artificially

aged, : Applies to products that are cold worked to improve
strength, or in which the effect of cold work in flattening or
straightening is recognized in mechanical property limits

T9 : Solution heat treated, artificially aged, and then cold

worked: Applies to products that are cold worked to improve
strength

T1, T2, T5, T10 (Cooled from Elevated-Temperature

Shaping Process)
T1 : Cooled from an elevated-temperature shaping process
and naturally aged to a substantially stable condition:
Applies to products that are not cold worked after cooling from an
elevated-temperature shaping process, or in which the effect of cold
work in flattening or straightening may not be recognized in
mechanical property limits

T2 : Cooled from an elevated-temperature shaping process,

cold worked, and naturally aged to a substantially
stable condition: Applies to products that are cold worked to
improve strength after cooling from an elevated-temperature shaping
process, or in which the effect of wold work in flattening or
straightening is recognized in mechanical property limits

T1, T2, T5, T10 (Cooled from Elevated-Temperature

Shaping Process) - cont
T5 : Cooled from an elevated-temperature shaping process
and then artificially aged: Applies to products that are not
cold worked after cooling from an elevated-temperature shaping
process, or in which the effect of cold work in flattening or
straightening may not be recognized in mechanical property limits

T10 : Cooled from an elevated-temperature shaping process,

cold worked, and then artificially aged: Applies to
products that are cold worked to improve strength, or in which the
effect of cold work in flattening or straightening is recognized in
mechanical property limits

Temper with Natural & Artificial Aging

Temper with natural aging : T1, T2, T3, T4
Temper with artificial aging : T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10

Temper with Cold Work & Without Cold Work

Temper with cold work: T2, T3, T8, T9, T10
Temper without cold work : T1, T4, T5, T6, T7

5. Pemakaian Pada Struktur Pesawat

Aluminum 2XXX 2024-T3 untuk bagian
yang memerlukan ketahanan lelah tinggi
Aluminum 7XXX 7075-T6 untuk bagian
yang memerlukan kekuatan tinggi

Main Aluminum Alloy and Composite Application

in the Fokker 100

Wanhill; Damage Tolerance Engineering Property Evaluations; NLR-TP 941774; page 23

Jacobs; Engineering Materials Technology; page 288

Masalah SCC pada paduan 7XXX

Stress Corrosion Cracking
A form of intergranular corrosion resulting from the
combined action of applied tensile stress and a corrosive
environment; both factors are necessary
This type of corrosion is associated with cracking which
propagate in the direction perpendicular to the stress
Residual stress is introduced in 7XXX alloy during
quenching in cold water quench
Cracks may turn at relatively low stress levels,
significantly below the tensile strength

Heat-treatable by Age Hardening Alloy

Series 7xxx (Cont)
A modification of 7075 is the 7175 and 7475 with lower
content of Fe & Si, has high KIC above 50MPa m
However, quenching stresses in T6 contributed to SCC, to
overcome this problem the alloy is given T73 or T76

Non Heat-treatable by Age Hardening Alloy

Stress-corrosion cracks in a cold-water

quenched Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy forging.
Polmear, Light Alloys Metallurgy of the Light Metals, Second Edition, fig. 3.26, pp. 100.

Non Heat-treatable by Age Hardening Alloy

Die-forged 7075-T73 integral centre engine support and

vertical stabilizer spar for McDonnell-Douglas DC-10
aircraft. Four similar forgings are used in each aircraft
(from Hunsicker, H.Y., Rosenhain Centenary Conference
on the Contribution of Physical Metallurgy to Engineering
Practice, The Royal Society, London, 1976)
Polmear, Light Alloys Metallurgy of the Light Metals, Second Edition, fig. 3.28, pp. 102.

How to Improve Resistance to

SCC
Control of heat treatment:
Use T73 temper
Use RRA

T73 Heat Treatment

RRA Heat Treatment

RRA Heat Treatment

Apply T6 treatment: solution treatment at 465C,

cold water quench, age at 120C

Heat for a short time (e.g 5 minutes) at 200-280C, water
quench
Re-age 24 h at 120C