CHAPTER 8

EXPLOSIVE BREACHING

NOTE: Safety precautions regarding the procedures outlined in this chapter can be found in
Chapter 9 (Breaching Safety) of this guidebook.

8.1 General. Intimate knowledge of explosives and associated equipment is a must for the
explosive breacher. This knowledge gives the breacher the capability to provide the assault team
with a successful explosive breach. The following paragraphs present an overview of explosives,
initiators, and accessories and discuss various ways in which the behavior of explosives can be
altered to achieve a successful breach.

8.2 Composition/Behavior of Chemical Explosives. An explosive is essentially a chemically

unstable material, which produces an explosion or detonation by means of a very rapid, self-
propagating transformation of the material into more stable substances. The transformation
always liberates heat, forms gases, and propagates shock and loud noise.

The primary requisite of a chemical explosive is that it contains enough oxygen to initiate and
sustain extremely rapid combustion. The surrounding air normally cannot supply enough oxygen
by itself; therefore, sources of oxygen are incorporated into the combustible elements of the
explosive. They can also be included by adding other substances in a mixture. These sources of
oxygen are called oxidizers.

8.2.1 Explosive Mixtures. Explosive mixtures are mechanically blended, much like
making a cake batter. The combustible and oxidizer are mingled together from separate
ingredients. For example, black powder is a mechanical mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and niter
(potassium or sodium nitrate) with water used as a bonding agent to form a paste. When the
paste dries, it can be broken into pieces and ground into powder form for use. Most
mechanically blended mixtures are classified as low explosives or propellants.

8.2.2 Explosive Compounds. Explosive compounds molecularly blend the combustible and
oxidizer together. An example of a molecularly blended explosive is nitroglycerin. Glycerin is
slowly poured into nitric acid where a chemical reaction occurs forming a new compound.
Where physical mixtures are usually low explosives, chemical compounds are high explosives.
8.2.3 Low Exp1osives. Low explosives are said to deflagrate (burn) rather than detonate
(explode). In doing so, they produce a pushing effect rather than a shattering effect. Primarily
used as propellants, the mechanically mixed low explosive charge reduces the danger of bursting
inside a weapon. Burning is transmitted from one grain to another producing gases that rapidly
build up internal pressure for pushing a projectile through and out the weapon barrel.

8.2.4 High Explosives. Designed to shatter and destroy, high explosives have detonation
velocities extending from 3,300 fps (ammonium nitrate) to 29,900 fps HMX
(cyclotetramethylene tetranitrate). They differ from low explosives in that they usually must be
initiated by the concentrated shock generated by a blasting cap or other priming system. This
initiating shock sets up a “wave” which resonates through the explosive compound. The
shockwave breaks apart the molecular bonds of the combustible material and oxidizer, releasing
tremendous heat energy and rapidly expanding gases, all in a fraction of a second.

8.2.5 Explosive Work. The varying detonating velocities of explosives determine the type
of work performed. Low explosives push or heave objects while high explosives shatter or break
up objects. The breacher therefore selects an explosive based on the type of work or effect
required for a specific target. A characteristic of explosives also related to work performance is
that directional forces given off by a detonating explosive are at a 90 degree angle from the
surface of that explosive. If, therefore, it is cut or shaped to provide 90 degree surfaces along a
predetermined plane, the force of such a charge can be focused directionally with greater effect,
ounce for ounce, than the same amount of explosive employed as a mass. Figure 8—1 illustrates
the relationship of a shaped charge effect to a block charge effect.

8.2.6 Shaped Charges. The improved effectiveness of a shaped charge is caused by the so
called Monroe Effect. When the detonator is fired, the detonation wave propagates through the
explosive used. The detonation front reaches the conical liner, and the liner is subjected to the
intense pressure of the front and begins to collapse. The cone collapses from apex to base under
the point of initiation of the high explosive. The apex region has collapsed and collided on the
axis of symmetry. This collision results in liner material under very high pressure being extruded
along the axis of symmetry. This extruded material is called the jet. When the pressure exceeds
the yield strength of the liner material, the liner behaves like a non-compressible fluid. About 10
to 20 percent of the liner goes into the jet; the remainder of the liner goes into the slug. The tip
of the jet moves with a velocity of 29500 fps, and the slug has a velocity of 1000-2600 fps. This
process performs much like the flame of a cutting torch penetrating a target like a hot knife
cutting through butter. Figure 8-2 illustrates the step by step formation of a shaped charge jet.
Shaped charges represent an advance in the employment of explosives for accomplishing
specific work. Two basic types of shaped charge containers are available, the conical shaped
charge and the linear shaped charge. Both are depicted in figure 8-3. Conical shaped charges are
especially effective in punching holes in steel, concrete, and other materials. Linear shaped
charges are used to cut or slice a target.

STEEL

Copper
Liner

4
3
12

Note: Liner does not burn like many people think.

Figure 8-2. Shaped Jet Charge Formation

 Liner Shaped Charge

EXPLOSIVE CORE

METRAL SHEATH
W

Figure 8-3. Shaped Charge Containers

Certain factors affect the penetrating/cutting efficiency and functioning of all shaped charges:
Cone Angle: The angle of the walls of the charge cone determine the speed and density
of the jet. Angles vary between 30 and 80 degrees for most conical shaped charges.

Standoff: To achieve optimum penetration, the jet requires some air space to properly
form. The shaped charge is placed at some predetermined distance from the target. This
“standoff distance” is usually about one and a half times the diameter of the cone.

Liners: Penetrating efficiency is also enhanced by using lining materials such as steel,
copper, or glass on the surface of the shaped charge. Such materials raise the jet
temperature and add fine particles to the jet which act as an abrasive to assist cutting.

8.2.7 Explosively Formed Penetrators (EFP). EFPs operate using what is known as the
Miznay-Shardin effect. They are lower velocity devices compared to shaped charges and have a
tip velocity in the 3,930 - 9,840 fps range. However, they generate larger diameter, high mass
projectiles and produce large holes in the target material. The penetration does not diminish
rapidly over a
long stand-off distance if the projectile is aerodynamically stable. Air drag and tumbling are the
main causes of degradation of stand-off. A minimum stand-off distance of about 1.5 charge
diameter is required since the penetrator must have the time to form. Optimum performance is
within 2-50 charge diameters. Figure 8-4 depicts the formation of the EFP.

Figure 8-4. Explosively Formed Penetrators

8.2.7.1 Flying Plate. A simplified and easy to fabricate version of an EFP is the Flying
Plate. It was developed to penetrate steel and concrete targets. The flying plate is made of copper
and consists of a concave liner that has the shape of a section of a sphere. The wall thickness is
uniform and varies from about 1.2 to 4 percent of the charge diameter, and the radius of
curvature is constant which greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of the manufacturing process.
Figure 8—5 shows a schematic of the plate with explosive charge.

The plate is backed by a thin layer of rubber to attenuate the shock wave. The explosive charge
is placed behind the rubber layer. Plastic explosive is hand packed behind the plate. The
explosive charge is centrally initiated with an electric or non— electric detonator or with det
cord. Upon initiation, the center of the plate moves forward while the outside edge is stationary.
After traveling a distance of about 1.5 - 2.0 plate diameters, the plate becomes convex and
finally assumes the shape of a hollow cylinder with a hemispherical nose. The velocity of the
flying p1~adapinnds on the composition of the explosive charge, the ratio C/K (C. - mass of
explosive charge, M = mass of metal liner), and ezpltv. charge of L/D ratio (L = length of
explosive charge, D = diameter of explosive charge). The metal plate and explosive charge are
assembled in a PVC casing and are fired from a tripod. An aiming device is used to hit point
targets.

Figure 8-5. Schematic of Flying Plate

8.2.7.2 Recommendations for Using the Flying Plate. The flying plate has been extensively
tested by various military organizations in this country. From the test results, the following
conclusions were drawn about performance of the flying plates against several targets.
Most commonly encountered targets:

• Rolled homogeneous armor (RHA)

• Concrete
• Reinforced concrete

Recommendations:

• Know your target

• Select proper C/M ratio

The C/M ratio:

When attacking RHA targets up to 1.5” thick; C/M = 2.0.

For RHA targets ~ - 6.0” thick, use C/N = 3.0 or 4.0.

When attacking concrete structures up to 20 inches, a C/M of 1.0 is sufficient.

For concrete structures with rebars up to 60 inches thick, use C/N = 2.0.

What damage to expect:

 The depth of penetration (P) for RHA is:

D/3 < P < D/2

Where D = plate diameter

E.g., a 4” diameter plate will perforate a 1” thick RHA, but don’t expect it to pass through 4”
thick armor. If a hole is to be made through 3 - 4” RHA, use a 6”, 8” or 10” plate.

The depth of penetration (P) for concrete is:

2 D < P< SD
E.g., a 10” plate will perforate at least 20” of concrete, but most likely will not go through 50”
of concrete.
The depth of penetration (P) for reinforced concrete, which depends on the number of rebars, in
most cases is:

D<P<2D

Eg., a 10” plate will perforate up to 10” of reinforced concrete, but will not go through 20” of
reinforced concrete. However, one may expect to have a large amount of spalling back from the
wall.

The hole size D(h):

The hole size depends upon the target material, standoff distance, and plate diameter.

For RHA D(h) - (0.4-0.7)D

For concrete D(h) = (1.0-2.0)D
For reinforced concrete D(h) = (1.0-1.5)D

Standoff distance: Plates with C/N = 1.0 were fired at targets from a standoff distance up to 300
feet. However, consistent target penetration was achieved at a standoff distance of 200 feet or
less. To determine maximum standoff with consistent accuracy, multiply 10 ft by the diameter
(i.e., for a 6 in. plate multiply 6 x 10 = 60 ft).

8.2.8 Explosive Trains. An explosive train is a series of explosions specifically arranged

to produce a desired outcome, usually the most effective detonation of a particular explosive.
Simple trains require only two steps, but some complex military munition trains have four or
five more steps before terminating in a detonation.

The number of steps is a function of the sensitivity of the explosives involved. Sensitivity refers
to the amount of external force needed to cause detonation. This sensitivity stems from an
explosive’s ability to be initiated by shock, friction, flame, heat or a combination of these.
Explosive sensitivity considerations divide these compounds into two categories, primary and
secondary explosives. Primary explosives are the most sensitive and are used to initiate the more
insensitive or secondary explosive compounds. Explosive trains are classified as low or high
based on the classification of the final explosive material in the train. The two step train has one
primary and one secondary explosive as shown in figure 8-6.
Low Explosive Trains: The majority of low explosives require only a two step train. For
example, a round of small arms ammunition uses a simple percussion primer and a
propellant firing pin into a flame that ignites the propellant. The rapidly generated gases
expel the bullet out through the core of the weapon.

High Explosive Trains: The nature of high explosive trains is affected by the wide range
of sensitivity within the category of high explosive compounds. Many are three step
trains consisting of a detonator, booster, and a main charge. A booster is a secondary
explosive that provides amplification of the shockwave set off by the detonator, a
primary explosive. This “boosted” shockwave detonates the less sensitive main charge.
The basic three-step train is depicted in figure 8-7. An example of a four-step train is
illustrated in figure 8-8.

Figure 8-6. Two Step Train

around main breaching charges. Success or failure of a demolition charge rests in the knowledge
and abilities of the breacher to build a 100 percent reliable priming system.

All explosives must be acted upon by one or more of the following three physical actions before
an explosion or detonation occurs.

• Heat
• Shock
• Friction

As previously discussed, main charge explosives are normally too insensitive to detonate without
the aid of a more sensitive initiating explosive called a primer, e.g., blasting caps or shock tube,
etc. The following is a discussion of various types of priming systems.

8.3.1 Blasting Caps. Blasting caps are used for initiating high explosives. They contain
small amounts of sensitive primary explosives. Although manufactured to absorb a reasonable
amount of abuse under normal circumstances, blasting caps must be protected from unnecessary
shock, heat, impact, or rough handling which might cause accidental detonation. When not in
use,’ keep blasting caps in the protective carrying case as issued; never carry them loose in a
pocket. Blasting caps are initiated either electrically or nonelectrically.

Electric Blasting Caps: As illustrated in figure 8-9, an electric cap is constructed from a
small metal tube that is closed at one end. It contains an ignition charge, an intermediate
charge, and a base charge. Two plastic insulated lead or leg wires, an insulated plug, and
a small diameter corrosion resistant bridge wire across the leg wires constitute the
electrical firing element. This assembly is crimped into the blasting cap tube.
 Figure 8-9. Electric Blasting Cap

An electric current applied to the leg wires heats the bridge wire to incandescence which
in turn kindles the extremely sensitive ignition charge. The resulting heat and flame sets
off the intermediate charge and subsequently detonates the base charge. Electric current
is usually supplied by a blasting machine. Base charges in electric caps are either PETN
(pentaerythritol tetranitrate) or RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine).

Nonelectric Blasting Caps. The construction and functioning of a nonelectric blasting cap
is similar to that of an electric blasting cap except that it has no electric firing element. It
has the same tubular metal construction and contains the same three detonating charge
series. The ignition charge, however, is set off using the spit of flame provided by a
burning safety (time) fuse inserted and crimped into the cap well. Figure 8-10 portrays a
military nonelectric blasting cap.

Figure 8-10. Nonelectric Blasting Caps

8.3.2 Shock Tube. See figure 8-11.

8.3.2.1 Description. Shock tube is designed to carry a flame from the firing device to the
explosive charge. It is the most widely used primer in the breaching community. The primary
advantage is that it has the control of an electric system with the safety of a nonelectric system.
The primary disadvantage is that the user requires specialized training; however, its use is easy
to master.

8.3.2.2 Breaching Use. Shock tube is used in charge initiation. It is most often employed in a
priming system with the MK54 mod 0 dual Firing Device found in the Pioneer Demo Kit. Other
common military firing devices, such as the M81 fuse igniter, Ml42 firing device, or the MK55
Mod 0 handheld firing device (pen flare) may be used to ignite shock tube with adapters.

Figure 8-11. Shock Tube

8.3.2.3 Construction. A shock tube is a continuous core of HMX (cyclotetramethylene

tetranitrate) dust (1 lb per 100,000 ft) encased in a polymer tube fitted on one end with a
nonelectric blasting cap containing 13.5 grains of RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine)
explosive as a base charge.

8.3.2.4 Characteristics

Size. Shock tube is available in the ammunition supply system. Existing stock of single
lead instantaneous shock tube is being exhausted and replaced with the dual lead, OD
green shock tube. on 50 ft spools. Yellow shock tube has a built in delay of 3.8 seconds.
There will also be a tag on the tube stating the cap strength and delay time.

RE Factor. 1.50.

Color. . OD green (Other colors may be found until depleted.) Explosive core is white/
gray.

Water Resistance. Excellent.

Packaging. Shock tube is packaged eight spools per container and issued individually
from stock when required. single 3.8 second delay is issued individually.

DODIC. The DODIC’s for shock tube are:

NM56 - Dual Instantaneous, 100 ft

NMX1 - Single 3.8 second delay, 6 ft
Lona and Short Adapters. See figure 8-12.

Figure 8-12. Brass Adapter

8.3.3.1 Description. Brass adapters are used to adapt shock tube to the standard M81 igniter,
M142, and the MX54 Mod 0 firing devices.

8.3.3.2 Construction. Brass adapters are of three piece brass construction. The shock tube
receiving end is cone shaped and has a threaded, knurled knob to secure the shock tube. The
longer end is made to adapt to the different initiation devices. There is a hole in the knurled
portion of the main body assembly to allow venting. Both adapters are identical in appearance
except that the long adapter has a longer set of threads that allow it to fit deeper into the body of
the M81 fuse igniter allowing the igniter to be recocked.

8.3.4 Military Time Fuse M700. See figure 8—13. Military time fuse is normally used to
detonate explosives nonelectrically. Most often, its purpose is to transmit a flame at a continuous
and uniform rate to a nonelectric blasting cap. Black powder is widely used as the core burning
powder because its burning rate can be easily regulated during manufacture. Time fuse is
designed to have either a 30 or 40 second per foot burning rate (a 10 percent variation is
allowable). Doctrine requires that safety fuse be tested to determine its exact burning time before
use in any field operation.
 Figure 8-13. Military Time Fuse M700

Military time fuse M700 has a dark green plastic cover with single yellow bands at 12 or 18 inch
intervals and double yellow bands at 60 and 90 inch intervals. This it is illustrated in figure 8-13.

8.3.5 M60 Fuse Igniter. See figure 8-14.

Figure 8-14. M81 Fuse Igniter

8.3.5.1 Description. The M81 fuse igniter is used to ignite time fuses. When fitted with a
brass adapter or silicone adaptor, it can be used to initiate the shock tube. The M81 igniter has a
recocking feature in case of misfire.

8.3.5.2 Breaching Uses. The igniter is used in shock tube initiation.

8.3.5.3 Construction~ The outside is made of plastic. The igniter consists of the firing
assembly, fuse holder assembly, and primer base assembly. The primer is a M209 shotgun
primer and is used to ignite time fuses and shock tube.

8.3.5.4 Characteristics

Size. Approximately 4.78 in. lg and 0.75 in. dia.

RE Factor. NA.

Color. OD Green with yellow markings.

Water Resistance. Excellent.

Packaging. Packed five per cardboard box with six cardboard boxes per amino can. The
unit of issue is EA.

DODIC. The DODIC for the M81 fuse igniter is:

M766 - Igniter, Time Blasting Fuse, M81

8.3.6 M142 Multipurpose Demolition Firing Device. See figure 8-15.

Figure 8-15. M142 Multipurpose Demolition Firing Device

8.2.6.1 Description. The M142 is for use with anti—personnel land mines and for setting up
booby traps using demolition charges. It has a four-mode capability; pressure, pull, pressure
release, and tension release. The Ml42 can also be used to set off blasting caps or time blasting
fuse.

8.3.6.2 Breaching Use. The primary use for breaching is as an initiator.

8.3.6.3 Construction. The device is made of plastic. The only explosive (M42 Primer),
which is an explosive initiating element, is located in the coupling.

8.3.6.4 Characteristics. The basic component of the M142 is a mechanical switch

designed for mechanical actuation by pressure, pull, pressure release, or tension release.
Color. The M142 is olive drab with yellow markings.

Water Resistance. The firing device is weather sealed and will function under water.

Packaging. The firing device is packaged 14 per box with 4 boxes (56 devices) per
wooden crate.

DODIC. The DODIC for the M142 firing device is:

MLO3.- M142, Firing Device, Multipurpose

8.3.7 MKS5 Mod 0 Firing Device. See figure 8-16.

Figure 8-16. M7K55 Mod 0 Firing Device

8.3.7.1 Description. The MK55 Mod 0 is a firing device intended for use as a signaling
device. It is commonly referred to as a pen flare.
8.2.7.2 Breaching Use. The primary use for breaching is as an initiator.
8.3.7.3 Construction. The device consists of an aluminum cylinder containing a spring
launched trigger.

8.3.7.4 Characteristics

Color. Aluminum, brass or black in color.

Water Resistance. Waterproof to a depth of 200 ft.
Packaging. The firing device is individually sealed in a waterproof bag with 25 devices
packaged per fiberboard box.
 DODIC. The DODIC for the MKS5 Mod 0 firing device is:

MN12 — MK55 Mod 0 Firing Device

8.4 Main Charges. Most main charge explosives made for military use are designed to shatter
and destroy. They must have high detonation rates and, because of combat conditions, must be
relatively insensitive to impact, heat, shock and friction. Additionally, these explosives must
possess high power per unit weight, be usable under water, and be of convenient size, shape, and
weight for troop use. The following is a brief discussion of military explosives.

8.4.1 Trinitoluene (TNT). See figure 8—17.

8.4.1.1 Description. TNT is the most commonly used military explosive. It is used as a standard
to rate other military high explosives. TNT has a detonation velocity of approximately 22,600
fps.
8.4.1.2 Breaching Uses

• Charge explosive
• Booster

8.4.1.3 Construction. ThT is enclosed in an olive drab water resistant fiberboard

container that has metal enclosures. One end is provided to receive a blasting cap. The cap well
is threaded to receive a priming adapter or the standard coupling base on a firing device.
8.4.1.4 Characteristics

Size. Military TNT is available ·in 1/4, 1/2, and 1—pound block configurations. Their
explosive weight is also calculated using those weights.

RE Factor. 1.00.

Figure 8-17. Demolition Charge 1/4, 1/2, and 1 Pound TNT Blocks

Color. TNT appears bright yellow, brown or gray and turns dark brown with prolonged
exposure to sunlight.

Water Resistance. TNT is insoluble in water and can be used in underwater demolitions.

Packaging. TNT is packaged 100 per box for the 1/2 and 1/4 pound blocks and 50 per
box for the 1 lb blocks.

DODIC. The DODIC for TNT are:

M041 - 1/4 lb block

 M031 - 1/2 lb block
M032 - 1 lb block

8.4.2 Composition C-4. See figure 8-18.

Figure 8—18. M112 Demolition Charge (C—4 Block)

8.4.2.1 Description. Composition C—4 is used for general demolition purposes to

include underwater applications. It is particularly effective for cutting steel and timber and for
breaching concrete. Detonation velocity is approximately 26,000 fps.

8.4.2.2 Breaching Uses

• Shape charges
• Explosively formed penetrators
• Charge explosive

8.4.2.3 Construction

Explosive. C—4 is a mixture of 91% RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) and 9%

nonexplosive plasticizer. It is a plasticized explosive having the same consistency as
putty.

Encasement. C—4 is enclosed in an olive drab plastic bag and sealed with a metal clip.
There is a strip of pressure sensitive tape with a paper cover liner protecting the
adhesive.

8.4.2.4 Characteristics

Size. C-4 is a rectangular shaped block, 11 x 2 x 1 inches, weighing 1.25 lb.

RE Factor. 1.34.
Color. Odorless and white to light tan in color.

Water Resistance. Excellent in water.

DODIC. The DODIC for Demolition Charge M112 (C-4 block) is:

M023 - Mll2 Demolition Charge.

8.4.3 Sheet Explosive. See figure 8-19.

 Figure 8-19. Sheet Explosives

8.4.3.1 Description. Sheet explosive is a versatile, flexible plastic—bonded form of high

explosive. Sheet explosive allows the user to quickly apply accurately measured quantities of
high explosive in simple and complex patterns. Detonation velocity is approximately 22,000 fps.

8.4.3.2 Breaching Uses

• Priming systems
• Charge explosive
• Kicker charge
• Explosive continuity (jumpers)

8.4.3.3 Construction. Sheet explosives are composed of a mixture of PETN (pentaerythritol

tetranitrate), RDX (cyclotriiaethylene trinitraniirie) or HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitrate)
and elastomeric binder (various polymers with elastic properties resembling those of natural
rubber). The extruded composition has both the appearance and some physical characteristics of
rubber.
8.4.3.4 Characteristics

Size. Sheet explosive weight is expressed in grams per square inch. Sheet explosive is
available in a series of thicknesses to provide a range of explosive weight per square inch
of
surface. Thickness for sheet explosive is expressed as C—2, C—3, C—4, etc. The “C”
value, 2, 3 and 4, is equal to the grams per square inch. If desired, many thicknesses of
explosives may be laminated together to increase the explosive weight for a charge.
Refer to table 8—1 for sheet explosive dimensions.

Table 8-1. Sheet Explosive Chart

RE Factor. 1.14.

Color. Sheet explosive is green.

Water Resistance. Sheet explosives are completely waterproof.

Packaging. Sheet explosive is packaged in 20 pound rolls. Each roll is 10 inches wide.
The length of each roll is determined by the thickness of the sheet. Sheet explosive is
issued by the foot from stock when required.
 DODIC. The DODICs for sheet explosives are:

MM27 — Sheet Explosive C-2

MM2B - Sheet Explosive C-3
MM29 — Sheet Explosive C—4

8.4.4 Booster 20 Gram. See figure 8—20.

Figure 8-20 20 Gram Flexible Charge

8.4.4.1 Description. Booster 20 gram is tubular shaped. Its function is to detonate with high
energy in all directions. Boosters have a detonating velocity of approximately 24,000 fps with
high brisance. Boosters are compatible with electric, nonelectric, det cord and shock tube firing
systems. Boosters are used for highly consistent firing system performance to ensure 100 percent
initiation of breaching charges.

8.4.4.2 Breaching Uses

• Priming systems
• Charge explosive
• Kicker charge
• Explosive continuity (jumpers)

8.4.4.3 Construction. Boosters are composed of a mixture of PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate)

and elastomeric binder (various polymers with elastic properties resembling those of natural
rubber). The extruded composition has both the appearance and some physical characteristics of
rubber.

8.4.4.4 Characteristics
Size. Booster explosive weight is expressed in grams. Boosters are approximately 3 in.
long and weigh 20 grams. Boosters have a 0.27 in. hole that runs down the center of the
booster that will accept up to 100 gr/ft det cord or blasting cap.

RE Factor. 1.14.

Color. Booster color will vary. Common colors are pink/red, gray, and green.
Water Resistance. Boosters are completely waterproof.

Packaging. Boosters are packaged in a non—standard bulk pack. They are individually
 issued from stock when required.

DODIC. The DODIC for Booster 20 gram is:

MM3O - Booster 20 gram

8.4.5 Flex Linear Shape Charge (FLSC). See figure 8-21.

8.4.5.1 Description. FLSC is a shaped charge intended to produce a linear cutting action. It cuts
through material based on the Monroe effect. The primary advantage is low explosive volume
for the work performed. Disadvantages are fragmentation resulting from the covering, jet
dispersal, and lead/ copper fumes. Detonating velocity for FLSC is approximately 23,000 to
26,300 fps.
Figure 8-21. Flex Linear Shaped Charge

8.4.5.2 Breaching Use. Charge explosive.

8.4.5.3 Construction. FLSC is shaped in the form of an inverted V.

8.4.5.4 Explosive. FLSC has a continuous explosive core consisting of explosive CH-6
which is 95 percent RDX (cyclotriinethylene trinitrainine) and 5 percent plasticizer.

8.4.5.5 Encasement. FLSC is encased in a lead or copper liner for breaching purposes
because its low melting temperature promotes melting and spattering rather than production of
sharp, high velocity fragments in the vicinity of the target.

8.4.5.6 Characteristics

Size. Size is expressed in grains of explosive per foot

(e.g., 40 gr/ft FLSC, 225 gr/ft FLSC, etc.).

RE Factor. 1.35.

Color. Sheathing is shiny to dull gray/ copper.

Water Resistance. Excellent.

Packaging. Military FLSC is usually issued in six foot lengths. Lengths of 4 feet may be
substituted until depleted from the system.

DODIC. The DODIC5 for the various sizes are:

MM41 - 30 gr/ft FLSC

MM42 - 40 gr/ft FLSC
MM43 - 60 gr/ft FLSC
MM44 - 75 gr/ft FLSC
MM45 - 125 gr/ft FLSC
 MM46 - 225 gr/ft FLSC
MM47 - 400 gr/ft FLSC
MM148- 600 gr/ft FLSC

8.4.6 Explosive Cutting Tape (ECT)

8.4.6.1 Description. ECT is also known as Low Hazard Flexible Linear Shaped Charge
(LHFLSC), figure 8—22. ECT is a foam jacketed linear shaped charge designed to be non-
fragmenting. It may be used in under-water operations to a depth of 32 feet. After 32 feet, the air
bubbles in the foam casing compress, reducing the standoff. ECT may be cut with a knife and
leaves no residue, toxic fumes and has no fragmentation from the covering. The primary
disadvantage is that it takes nearly the double explosive weight of FLSC to do an equal amount
of work with ECT. Detonating velocity is in excess of 24,000 fps.

Figure 8-22. Low Hazard Flexible Linear Shaped Charge

8.4.6.2 Breaching Uses. Charge explosive.

8.4.6.3 Construction. ECT is shaped into the form of an inverted “V.

8.4.6.4 Explosive. ECT is a continuous explosive core of SX2 (88 percent cyclonite, 12 percent
non-explosive plasticizer).

8.4.6.5 Encasement. ECT is made of two-piece construction, lightweight polyethylene

foam. It has a flexible copper-polymer liner. The underside has an adhesive backed tape, which
adheres to most dry smooth surfaces.

8.4.6.6 Characteristics

Size. Size is expressed in grains of explosive per foot

(e.g., 300 gr/ft ECT, 5,400 gr/ft, etc.).

RE Factor. 1.25.

Color. Primarily OD green, but can be other colors. Water Resistance. Excellent.
Packaging. ECT is packaged in 20 ft lengths packed in a metal drum. Packaging per
drum is as follows:
300 gr/ft 18x20 ft Lengths (360 ft)
 600 gr/ft 9x20 ft Lengths (180ft)
1200 gr/ft 4x20 ft Lengths (80 ft)
2400 gr/ft 2x20 ft Lengths (40 ft)
5400 gr/ft lx2O ft Lengths (20 ft)

DODIC. The DODICs for the different sizes of ECT are:

~Q~124 300 gr/ftMX 142MOD 0

MM51600 gr/ftMX 143MCD 0
!~521200 gr/ftMX 144MCD 0
1fl~532400 gr/ftMX 145MCD 0
IQ&545400 gr/ftMX 149MCD 0

8.4.7 Detonating Cord. See figure 8-23.

Figure 8-23. Military Detonating Cord

8.4.7.1 Description. Commonly referred to as det cord, detonating cord is a very strong,
flexible cord that contains a core of high explosives. Its function is to deliver an effective
detonation wave along its entire length. Depending on the core load, the approximate rate of
detonation is between 20,000 and 26,000 fps. This is a rugged explosive ignition system which
is less sensitive than most other high explosives to heat, shock, friction, and static electricity.

8.4.7.2 Breaching Uses

• Priming systems
• Charge explosive

8.4.7.3 Construction. Most det cord is two part. The two part det cord consists of an
explosive core inside an encasement. Other types of det cord may use multiple strands of two
part det cord held together with an outer covering of mesh or plastic. Figure 8-22 shows the
construction of military detonating cord (50 grains/foot (gr/ft)).

8.4.7.4 Core High Explosive.

• PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) - white powder

• RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) - white powder

8.4.7.5 Encasement. Textile weaves, waterproofing, plastic wire, different colors, and
trace threads are used to cover the highly explosive core. Common issue det cord colors include
(there may be some variation; do not rely on color to determine size):
Green (50 gr/ ft)
White (100 gr/ft)
 Orange (200 gr/ft)
Blue (400 gr/ft)

8.4.7.6 Characteristics

Size. Det cord size is expressed by the amount of high explosive per foot. The unit of
measure is grains per foot (gr/ft). Common issue det cord sizes are as follows:

50 gr/ft (Green)
100 gr/ft (White)
200 gr/ft (Orange)
400 gr/ft (Blue)

RE Factor. 1.45.

Water Resistance. Det cord ends should be waterproofed with waterproof compound. In
addition to sealing the ends, a 6 inch free end will protect the rest of the line from
moisture for 24 hours under water.

Packaging. Det cord is issued by the foot. The unit package is either a 500 or 1,000 foot
spool.

DODIC. The DODICs for det cord are:

M456 — 50 gr/ft (Green)

MU4O — 100 gr/ft (White)
MU41 — 200 gr/ft (Orange)
MU42 — 400 gr/ft (Blue)

8.5 Diversionary Charges/Devices. A diversion may be defined as anything that distracts the
attention. Diversions fall into two broad categories: (1) deceptive, something that deceives, and
(2) physiological, something that affects the sensory functions of an organism; e.g., blind or stun
momentarily. For the breacher, this may be accomplished with the use of diversionary charges
and devices that can be an essential element in an assault plan and should always be incorporated
at least as a contingency measure. The use of a diversion must always be rehearsed. These
charges and devices may distract or stun a hostile individual long enough to successfully breach
a target and accomplish the mission.

8.5.1 Diversionary Charges. These explosive charges are detonated to direct attention away
from a mission crisis point. Generally, they are set off prior to or in conjunction with the start of
an assault. Diversionary charges are usually bulk explosive charges primed and detonated with a
standard initiator. The breacher should use either electric blasting caps or shock tube for
detonation. Nonelectric caps and time fuse can be unreliable. Diversionary charges can be
enhanced for a particular effect (e.g., bright fireball) with fuel, photoflash powder, or other
accelerants.

8.5.2 Diversionary Charge Employment. The keys to successful employment of

diversionary charges are coordination, communication, training, and precise planning.
Employment requires only that the charge be placed undetected and be detonated at a
predetermined time. Some uses include:

• Diverting attention away from a crisis point.

 • Initiating an assault.
• Signaling for a breacher to fire a breaching charge.
• Causing confusion, disruption, or stunning a hostile force.

8.5.3 MK143. Mod 0 Diversionary Charge. See figure 8-24.

8.5.3.1 Description. This is a small explosive charge in the form of a grenade that produces a
disruption or diversion from the main focus of effort. The MX141 Mod 0 diversionary charge is
commonly called “flash bangs.”

8.5.3.2 Breaching Use. The MK141 Mod 0 is used to create a diversion.

8.5.3.3 Construction. The charge is a one piece plastic fuse head extending into a
pyrotechnic charge encased in a plastic sleeve and covered with a rigid foam material to
minimize the fragmentation hazard. It has a 1.5 second delay and produces 183 dB at 3.5 ft,
11,50a,aOo op peak, and produces shock at 4.2 psi at 3.5 ft.

8.5.3.4 Characteristics

Size. 5 in. h, 1.75 in. dia.

Figure 8-24. MX141 Mod 0 Major Components

Weight. 105 grams.

RE Factor. NA.

Color. Black and white label.

Water Resistance. Water immersion at 26-31 psi, 2 hrs.

Packaging. Sealed in waterproof vacuum-sealed bags, packed 3 per ammo can. The unit
of issue is EA.

DODIC. The DODIC for the MK141 Mod 0:

DWBS - Diversionary Charge, MK141 Mod 0

8.5.3.5 Function. Removing the safety pin and releasing the lever will allow the spring
loaded striker to initiate the primer and begin a 1.4 second delay which then ignites a separation
charge. This results in the fuze/T1 delay assembly separating from the base
a minimum of one foot during the 0.1 second T2 delay before the ignition of the output charge.

8.5.4 Diversionary Device Employment

WARNING

DC NOT RELEASE THE PRESSURE (CALLED “MILKING”) ON THE GRENADE

UNTIL ACTUALLY THROWN. THE SAFETY SPOON CAN MOVE
 PREMATURELY, RELEASING THE FIRING PIN AND CAUSING THE GRENADE
TO DETONATE IN THE BREACHER’ S HAND.

Diversionary devices function like most other grenade-type munitions. The safety pin is pulled,
the “spoon” releases and separates from the munition body when tossed at a target, the firing pin
strikes the primer and after the prescribed delay, the main photoflash filter deteriorates.
The device should be tossed into the center of a target area, as illustrated in figure 8-25. As with
charges, use of diversionary devices requires precise planning, coordination, proper training and
rehearsal.

Figure 8-25. Employment of MK141 Mod 0 Diversionary Charge

8.5.4.1 Instructions for MK141 MOD 0 Diversionary Charge. Refer to figure 8-26.

Figure 8-26. Safety Pin Angle

WARNING

DO NOT REMOVE THE ADHESIVE ALUMINUM FOIL FROM THE MAIN BODY OF
THE CHARGE. THE FOIL SERVES AS AN ELECTROSTATIC SHIELD.

WARNING

USE OF THE CHARGE CAN CAUSE HEARING DAMAGE. EAR PROTECTION MUST BE
WORN THAT WILL PROVIDE THE USER’S EAR PROTECTION FOR 185 dB IMPACT
NOISE.

WARNING

THE CHARGE BODY IS MADE OF FOAM. AVOID EXCESSIVE ROUGH HANDLING.

Step 1. Unpackage the charge from the shipping and storage container and remove charge
from the barrier bag.

NOTE:
Any damaged charge or charge with movement of the fuze relative to the main body shall be
disposed of in accordance with local regulations.

Step 2. Immediately inspect the charge for damage. Holding the main body, apply a
slight torque to the fuze body. Any charge with movement of the fuze relative to
the main body SHALL NOT BE USED.

WARNING

ANY ALTERATION OF THE SAFETY PIN ANGLE (BENDING, FLEXING, REMOVAL

AND REINSERTION, CHANGING OF ANGLE, ETC.) FROM THE POSITION OF THE
STRAIGHT LEG AND ONE LEG AT 90 DEGREES RELATIVE TO THE OTHER CAN
RESULT IN AN INCREASE IN THE PULL FORCE. THIS HIGHER FORCE MAY
FRACTURE INTERNAL STRUCTURE THEREBY CAUSING PREMATURE FUNCTION
IN
HANDLING.

Step 3. Remove the red protective sleeve on the straight leg of the safety pin and discard.
Step 4. Prior to pulling safety pin, take action to ensure that one of the safety pin legs is
straight and the other leg is bent approximately 90 degrees relative to the other.
See figure 8-26, view A.
Step 5. Grasp the charge firmly, holding the safety release lever against the main body
and in palm of throwing hand. Hold the fuze body tightly against the main body
by curling the index finger and thumb of the throwing hand around the plastic
fuze body flange. See figure 8-26, view B.
WARNING

DO NOT REMOVE THE SAFETY PIN UNTIL READY TO USE. ONCE SAFETY PIN HAS
BEEN REMOVED, CHARGE MUST BE THROWN. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REINSTALL
THE SAFETY PIN.

Step 6. Using the other hand, pull on the pull ring to remove the safety pin. See
figure 8-26, view C.
 Step 7. Do not release the spring loaded safety release lever until thrown.

WARNING

DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE DISPLAY OF THE CHARGE.

WARNING

DO NOT ATTEMPT TO RETRIEVE AN ARMED CHARGE.

Step 8. It is recommended that the charge be thrown a minimum distance of ten

feet. After the charge has been thrown, turn away.

Step 9. The charge will function between 1.2 and 1.8 seconds after release of
spring loaded safety release lever.

NOTE:

The charge is water resistant but is not waterproof. Submersion of the charge in water
can cause unsatisfactory performance. The charge should remain in the heat sealed
barrier bag until just prior to use.

8.5.5 Non-explosive Materials. These materials help to support the explosive used to make
various charges. The materials are available through the Marine Corps supply system. The
following describes some of the non-explosive materials used.

Tape. Used for everything from charge construction to charge adhesion to the target. The
types most commonly used are:
• Riggers tape, 3/4 and 4 inch.

• Mac-Tac/Breachers Tape double—sided tape, all sizes.

• Electrical/insulation tape.

Spray Glues. Used for charge construction and adhesion to the target.
Automotive Greases and Breacher Paste. Used for charge adhesion to the target.

Cardboard. Used to make a foundation for the explosives to be supported and to make
charges more durable.

Zip Ties. Used to hold charges and Det Cord in place.

Hand Tools. Saws, knives, tape measures, etc., are used to help in the construction of
 charges. These tools are available in the Pioneer Tool Kits, NSN .

8.6 Net Explosive Weight

8.6.1 General. Different types, amounts, and configurations of explosives will produce
different effects on like targets. As discussed in chapter 2, the breacher uses the Breachers Log
Book to store information on breaching charges and equipment. A principal element of the
Breachers Log Book is the Breaching Report. In order to complete a Breaching Report,
breachers must be able to calculate the NEW for charges. NEW calculations are used to
determine safe blast and fragmentation distances. Safe blast and fragmentation distances are
addressed in chapter 9. A breacher’s ability to accurately determine the NEW for explosive
charges will allow operational training to be conducted at the highest level of realism possible to
meet mission readiness requirements. This training gives the assault force the ability to safely
stack close to the breach point without sacrificing speed, surprise, and violence of action.
8.6.2 Unit of Measure. The NEW for explosive charges is expressed in pounds TNT
equivalent. This is the simplest approach to explain in briefings and is the unit of measure and
type of explosive that personnel are the most familiar with. All NEW calculations will be figured
out to thousandths (three places) of a pound and rounded off to hundredths (two places) of a
pound. To round of f a decimal:
(1) If first digit to right of round-off place is less than 5: digit in round off place is
unchanged.

3.244 = 3.24

If first digit to right of round-off place is 5 or more:

digit in round off place is increased by 1.

3.247 = 3.25

(2) Digits to left of round off place are unchanged.

3.244 or 3.247 = 3.24 or 3.25

(3) Digits to right of both round off place and decimal point are dropped.

3.24333 or 3.24722 = 3.24 or 3.25

Digits to right of round off place and left of decimal point are replaced by zeros.

0.999 or .899 = 1.00 or 0.90

8.6.3 The Formula. The formula for calculating NEW for explosive charges is:

NEW = W (in TNT equivalent)

7000
 (1) NEW is the net explosive weight in pounds of a given explosive charge
equivalent to the weight in TNT.

(2) W is the weight of all explosives, including blasting caps in grains used to
construct the charge and priming system converted to TNT equivalent.
(3) 7000 is the conversion factor for converting grains to pounds.

8.6.4 Use of the Formula. Use the formula in the following manner:
All explosives, including blasting caps, used to construct the charge and priming system
will be included in NEW calculations.
(1) Determine the total amount of explosive involved by weight. Explosive weights
and measures can be found in this chapter under the characteristics heading of
each explosive that is discussed.
(2) Ensure that the total weight is expressed in grains. If not, use the appropriate
conversion table in appendix F and multiply the weight of the type of explosive
used by the conversion factor to determine the grains.
(3) Multiply weight in grams by the RE factor for that explosive to get grams TNT
equivalent. Refer to the appropriate table in chapter 9.

(4) Add the weight equivalent in TNT of all components together.

(5) Divide the weight of all components equivalent in TNT by 7000.

Calculations for NEW should be figured out to thousandths (three places) of a pound and
rounded off to hundredths (two places) of a pound.

(6) The weight provided is in pounds TNT equivalent and can be used to determine
the stack point, anticipated overpressure, and fragmentation hazards.

8.6.5 Sample Calculations. See tables 8—2, 8—3, and 8—4.

(1) You have 25 feet of 50 gr/ft detonating cord and 6 feet of 400 gr/ft detonating
cord.

Table 8-2. Example 1 for Determining TNT Equivalent

(2) You have 12 feet of 40 gr/ft FLSC, 1 booster 20 gram, 3 feet of 50 gr/ft detonating cord,
and a 3” x 5” piece of C-3 sheet explosive.
 Table 8-3. Example 2 for Determining TNT Equivalent

(3) You have 1.25 pounds of C-4 explosive, 12 inches of 50 gr/ft detonating cord, and 2
blasting caps.

Table 8-4. Example 3 for Determining TNT Equivalent