Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Ammonia is one of the important chemicals and widely produced in Malysia
as one of the raw materials for the production of fertilizers. Ammonia gas is
flammable and react exothermically with acids and water. It is firstly produced
through Harber-Bosch process in the year of 1913. The demand for the fertilizers
increase from time to time since agricultural industries has becoming one of the
world productions. In Malaysia, Petronas is one of the company that widely produce
ammonia as a raw material for the production of urea. In this process, ammonia is
produced from the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen under high temperature and
high pressure (Schmidhuber, 2013). Hydrogen was provided by the reforming
reaction of natural gas mainly methane, CH 4. Besides, there are several technologies
in ammonia production including Haldor Topsoe, Kellogs Brown Root, Uhde and
Linde Ammonia concept. Despite of being the core component in urea production,
ammonia plays a significant role in variety of fields such as fibers and plastics
industries, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, mining and metallurgy as well as for
cleaning purpose. Figure 1 shows the typical and commercial process flow diagram
of ammonia plant.
Source: www.slideshare.net
2.0
BACKGROUND OF PRODUCT
2.1
Molecular formula
Molecular Weight
Boiling Point at 1 atm
NH3
17.031 g mol-1
-33.4C
Melting Point
-77.7 C
Odor
Pungent
Taste
Alkaline
Color
Colorless
pH
11.6 (1.0N)
Critical Temperature
Not available
Specific Gravity (air=1)
0.59
Vapor Pressure
114.4 psig at 20C
Vapor Density
0.045 Ib/ft3 at 20C and 1 atm
Volatility
100% at 21C
Solubility
Highly soluble in water
Source: www.chem.tamu.edu
2.2
3.0
Applications of ammonia
Agricultural industries are the major users of ammonia and ammonia is most
growth.
Ammonia is used as a source of protein in livestock feeds for animals such as
MARKET SURVEY
Figure 2 shows the world ammonia supply and demand starting from 2010
until 2015. Figure 3 shows the local demand of ammonia while Figure 4 shows the
world natural gas (raw material for the production of H2) and ammonia prices.
Demand
100
Supply
50
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Year
Fig
ure 2: World ammonia supply and demand
Source: www.potashcorp.com
5% 5%
Fertilisers
5%
Polyamides
nitric acid
85%
other
800
700
600
500
400
NG
300
200
100
0
2010
Ammonia
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Year
Based on the Figure 2, the world demand of ammonia increase slowly from
2010 until 2015. Although the price of ammonia and natural gas decrease in 2015
based on Figure 4 due to the economy crisis in the world, the demand for ammonia
still remains stable. Ammonia is very important and highly demand for production of
fertilizers in order to increase the crop production. Based on Figure 3, ammonia
production in Malaysia commonly used to produce fertilizer such as urea. Petronas
urea plant produced its own ammonia as a raw material for the production of urea
fertilizers.
Table 2: List of suppliers and competitors of ammonia plant in Malaysia
Company
Ammonia (Competitors)
450,000 tpa
-
Petronas Bintulu
375,000 tpa
400,000 tpa
740,000 tpa
4.0
PROCESS SELECTION
There are a few routes in the production of ammonia.
Table 3: Chemical
PricesChemical
Molecular
Weight
(g/mol)
Chemical
Formula
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Ammonium chloride
28.02
2.02
17.031
53.491
N2
H2
NH3
NH4Cl
Cost
(US
dollar/kg
)
0
0.14
0.473
0.2
Calcium oxide
56.0774
CaO
0.19
Calcium chloride
Calcium hydroxide
110.98
74.093
CaCl2
Ca(OH)2
0.175
0.19
Hydrogen chloride
36.46
HCl
0.6
Sources
Air
Natural gas
Icispricing report
Shandong Xinguan
Fertilizer Technology
Tian Health Chemical
Co, Ltd
Icispricing report
Xiamen Diatei Chem
Co. Ltd
Icispricing report
2NH3
Reactants
H2
3
2.02
N2
1
28.02
28.02
0.823
0
Products
NH3
2
17.031
6.06
34.062
0.178
1
0.14
0.473
0.473(1) 0.14(0.178) = 0.45
Overall Chemical
Equation
Kmole
Molecular Weight
(kg/kmol)
Weight
Weight / Weight NH3
2NH4Cl
1
53.491
106.982
3.14
Reactants
2CaO
2
56.0774
112.155
3.293
Products
CaCl2
Ca(OH)2
110.98
74.093
110.98
3.258
74.093
2.175
2NH3
2
17.031
34.062
1
Price of Component
($/kg)
Gross profits ($/kg
NH3)
0.19
0.2
0.175
0.19
0.473
NH3 + HCl
Reactants
Products
NH4Cl
NH3
HCl
1
1
1
53.491
17.031
36.46
53.491
17.031
36.46
3.14
1
2.14
0.2
0.473
0.6
0.6(2.14) + 0.473(1) 0.2(3.14) = 1.13
Disadvantages
Technology
Justification
Nitrogen; Hydrogen
iron
0.45
Raw Material Cost:
Abundant and relatively
inexpensive, easy obtain
Others:
Excess raw material can be
recycle, 99.9% product purity
-
Decomposition of Ammonium
Chloride
NH4Cl
NH3 + HCl
Ammonium Chloride
1.13
-
5.0
Tax Incentives
General Incentives
Pioneer Status
Investment Tax Allowance (ITA).
-Reinvestment Allowance (RA).
General Incentives
Pioneer Status
Investment Tax Allowance (ITA).
-Reinvestment Allowance (RA).
Location
Types Of Nearby
Industry
40 km from Kuantan.
5 km from Kuantan Port
Chemical & Petrochemical
Land Price *
RM 80 Million
RM 40-60 Million
Feedstock
PGU pipelines
PGU pipelines
Electricity
Electric Tariff
PeninsularMalaysia
Tariff D (low voltage)
Tariff E1 (medium voltage)
Tariff E2 (medium voltage)
Peak period: 0.800-2200
Off-peak period: 2200-0800
Tariff E3 (high voltage)
Peak period: 0800-2200
Off-peak period: 2200-0800
Loji Air Semambu
Water Supply
PeninsularMalaysia
Tariff D (low voltage)
Tariff E1 (medium voltage)
Tariff E2 (medium voltage)
Peak period: 0.800-2200
Off-peak period: 2200-0800
Tariff E3 (high voltage)
Peak period: 0800-2200
Off-peak period: 2200-0800
Syarikat Air Johor (SAJ)
Cost / kWh
34.50 sen/ kWh
29.60 RM/ kWh
37.00 RM/ kWh
35.50 sen/ kWh
21.90 sen/ kWh
33.70 sen/ kWh
20.20 sen/ kWh
Water Tariffs
(Industrial)
Logistic
Airport
Kuantan Airport
Labour
Road Facilities
Port Facilities
Market Supply
Based on Table 6, Tanjung Langsat has been chosen as our plant site location because its land price is cheaper than Gebeng Industrial Estate (IV).
Strategic location of Tanjung Langsat provides advantage in term of transportation. There is not only obtain an excellent road facilities, Tanjung
Langsat Port and Johor also located nearby. This will enhance the import and export activities to South East Asia.