Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fall 2007
Homework Assignment #11 Solutions
n=1 (air)
k0
k
k0
r
i
k
d
If i is the incident angle, then the angle r from the normal in the air gap is given
by Snells law, n sin i = sin r, and the transmitted angle is also i (because it is
the same dielectric). We see that
p
p
cos r = 1 sin2 r = 1 n2 sin2 i
and that cos r is purely imaginary in the event that i is greater than the critical
angle for total internal reflection. To obtain Et and Er in terms of Ei , we may
~ as well as the parallel components of H.
~ We
match the parallel components of E
consider two cases.
~ perpendicular to the plane of incidence, the matching becomes
For E
first interface
E k : Ei + Er = E+ + E ,
second interface
E+ ei + E ei = Et
(1)
n cos i
n cos i
=p
cos r
1 n2 sin2 i
(2)
n cos i
1 n2 sin2 i
(3)
p
d 1 n2 sin2 i
d cos r
=
=
c
c
So long as i is below the critical angle, both and are real. In this case, the
transmission and reflection coefficients are
2
Et
42
42
T = =
=
Ei
42 cos2 + (1 + 2 )2 sin2
42 + (1 2 )2 sin2
(4)
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Er
(1
)
sin
(1
)
sin
=
R = =
Ei
42 cos2 + (1 + 2 )2 sin2
42 + (1 2 )2 sin2
Note that T + R = 1, as expected. However, this exhibits a classic interference
behavior, where T oscillates between (2/(1 + 2 ))2 and 1 as the number of
wavelengths in the gap vary.
~ parallel to the plane of incidence, we find instead the matching conditions
For E
first interface
second interface
H k : n(Ei + Er ) = (E+ + E ),
E+ ei E ei = nEt
These equations have the same structure as the perpendicular case, but with
the index of refraction entering somewhat differently. We find the matching
conditions
n1 E+ = 12 Ei (1 + ) + 12 Er (1 )
n1 E = 12 Ei (1 ) + 21 Er (1 + )
and
n1 E+ = 12 ei Et (1 + )
n1 E = 12 ei Et (1 )
cos i
cos i
= p
n cos r
n 1 n2 sin2 i
These expressions are similar to (1) and (2) above, except with the replacement
E n1 E and . Hence the transmission and reflection coefficients are
given by expressions identical to (4), except with the replacement .
b) for i greater than the critical angle for total internal reflection, sketch the ratio
of transmitted power to incident power as a function of d measured in units of
wavelength in the gap.
~ perpendicular to the plane of incidence.
To be concrete, consider the case for E
Since i is greater than the critical angle, both and will be purely imaginary.
Whatever values they are, define
= i,
= i
2
Et
4 2
T = = 2
Ei
4 + (1 + 2 )2 sinh2
2
Er
(1 + 2 )2 sinh2
R = = 2
Ei
4 + (1 + 2 )2 sinh2
where
= p
n cos i
n2 sin2 i 1
p
d n2 sin2 i 1
=
c
In this case, there is no oscillatory behavior in the transmitted power, but only
exponential suppression as the air gap is widened. It is easy to see that T 1
T
1
n =1.5
0.8
i =45
0.6
i =60
0.4
i =75
0.2
d/(2 / k 0 )
1
0.5
1.5
7.4 A plane-polarized electromagnetic wave of frequency in free space is incident normally on the flat surface of a nonpermeable medium of conductivity and dielectric
constant .
a) Calculate the amplitude and phase of the reflected wave relative to the incident
wave for arbitrary and .
A medium of dielectric constant and conductivity may be described by an
effective dielectric constant
=+i
r
n=
=
0
+i
0
0
n = ei/2
where
s
=
0
2
+
0
2
,
tan =
2
1 + 2 cos(/2)
(1 n)(1 n )
1 + |n| 2<n
=
=
A=
(1 + n)(1 + n )
1 + |n|2 + 2<n
1 + + 2 cos(/2)
(5)
(6)
1n
(1 n)(1 + n )
1 2=n
1 2 sin(/2)
= arg
= tan
= tan
= arg
1+n
(1 + n)(1 + n )
1 |n|2
1
(7)
Note that some care must be taken when extracting the phase. In particular, for
= tan1 (y/x), we must ensure that the angle lies in the proper quadrant
defined by the point (x, y). This is why we choose to keep the minus sign in the
numerator inside the arctan. Since the numerator is always negative, must
lie in either the 3rd or the 4th quadrant. For > 1, which is the case for all
conventional dielectrics, lies in the 3rd quadrant. To highlight this, we may
write
1 2 sin(/2)
= + tan
(8)
1
b) Discuss the limiting cases of a very poor and a very good conductor, and show
that for a good conductor the reflection coefficient (ratio of reflected to incident
intensity) is approximately
R12
c
where is the skin depth.
We begin with the case of a very poor conductor, . In this case, and
in (5) simplify to
,
0
where we have kept only linear terms in . Substituting this into (6) and (8)
gives
1 1 n
A
=
1 + 1 + n
=+ 2
+
1
n
1
p
where n
= /0 . Here we have assumed that n
> 1 and that / n
1.
For a very good conductor, we take the opposite limit, . In this case
1,
0
1 2/
2 + 1
2
20
p
A
1
=1
+ 2 + 1
1 + 2/
r
2
2
+ tan1
+ tan1
2/0
A 1 0 0 = 1
c
This gives the reflection coefficient
R = A2 1 2
c
(9)
7.6 A plane wave of frequency is incident normally from vacuum on a semi-infinite slab
of material with a complex index of refraction n() [n2 () = ()/0 ].
a) Show that the ratio of reflected power to incident power is
1 n() 2
R=
1 + n()
while the ratio of power transmitted into the medium to the incident power is
T =
4<n()
|1 + n()|2
While this problem involves a complex dielectric constant (), we note that
the matching conditions for incident and reflected waves at an interface hold
for arbitrary (including complex) values of and . For normal incidence, the
expressions are simply
1 n()
Er
=
,
Ei
1 + n()
Et
2
=
Ei
1 + n()
~
~
S = EH =
|E| n
(10)
2
2
n()
c
2 ~ 2 2=[k()]
n~
x
(() 0 |n()| )|Et | e
=<
2
i0
2
2 ~ 2 2=[k()]
n~
x
=<
(n() |n()| )|Et | e
2
(11)
2
0 =[n() ] ~ 2 2=[k()]n~x
=
|Et | e
2
~ t |2 e2=[k()]n~x
= 0 <[n()]=[n()]|E
r
0
~ t |2 e2=[k()]n~x
=
<[n()]=[k()]|E
0
The power per area transmitted into the material may then be calculated as
Z
i ~ ~ ~ ~
Pt /A =
<
(E D B H ) dz
2
0
r
Z
0
2
~ t|
=
<[n()]=[k()]|E
e2=[k()]z dz
0
0
r
1 0
~ t |2
=
<[n()]|E
2 0
On the other hand, the incident power per area may be obtained from (10)
r
1 0 ~ 2
|Ei |
(12)
Pi /A =
2 0
This gives
2
Et
4
Pt
= <[n()] = <[n()]
Pi
Ei
|1 + n()|2
which agrees with the above calculation of the transmission coefficient.
Note that the complex Poynting vector inside the material is
r
1 0
~
~ t |2 e2=[k()]n~x n
S=
n() |E
2 0
Hence
~ S
~)=
<(
0
~ t |2 e2=[k()]n~x
<[n()]=[k()]|E
0
(13)
Comparing this with (11) demonstrates that the real part of the complex Poyntings theorem holds
~ S
~ + i (E
~ D
~ B
~ H
~ ) + 1 J~ E
~ =0
2
2
so long as we take J~ = 0 (ie no free currents).
c) For a conductor, with n2 = 1 + i(/0 ), real, write out the results of parts
a and b in the limit 0 . Express your answer in terms of as much as
~ and compare with the result of part b. Do both
possible. Calculate 12 <(J~ E)
enter the complex form of Poyntings theorem?
For a conductor with 0 , we make the approximation
r
r
c
n= 1+i
(1 + i)
= (1 + i)
0
20
p
where we have introduced the skin depth = 2/0 . In this case, the reflection coefficient is approximately
2
1 n 2 1 n1 2 1 (1 i)/2c 2
=
1 (1 i)
R =
1 + n1
1 + (1 i)/2c
1 + n
c
1 2(1 i) = 1 2
+ 2i 1 2
c
c
c
c
Not surprisingly, this is the same result as (9). The transmission coefficient is
approximately
T =
4< n
4c/
4c/
2
=
2
2
2
|1 + n|
|1 + (1 + i)c/|
|(1 + i)c/|
c
(14)
0 c2 ~ 2 2n~x/
=
|Et | e
2
Integrating this along z gives a power per area transmitted into the conductor
Z
0 c2 ~ 2
0 c2 ~ 2 2z/
Pt /A =
|
E
|
e
dz
=
|Et |
t
2
2
0
Comparing this with the incident power per area (12) gives
Pt
c
=
Pi
2
Et
4
4c 1
4c
1
2
= c
=
Ei
2
2
2
|1 + n|
|n|
|(1 + i)c/|
c
~ t |2 e2n~x/
~ S)
~ 0 c |E
<(
2
~ we see that
On the other hand, using J~ = E,
~ 2 ] = 1 |E
~ t |2 e2=[k()]n~x =
~ = <[ 1 |E|
<[ 12 (J~ E)]
2
2
0 c2 ~ 2 2n~x/
|Et | e
2
~
This expression gives the same value as the power per unit volume term <[i(E
~ B
~ H
~ )/2]. Hence if we include both the power per unit volume term and
D
~ in the complex Poyntings theorem
the work term <[ 12 (J~ E)]
~ S
~ + i (E
~ D
~ B
~ H
~ ) + 1 J~ E
~ =0
2
2
we would double count the contribution of the current, and this theorem would
appear to be violated. To get the correct result, we recall that we have a
choice of where the current J~ should be counted. In particular, by writing
n2 = 1 + i(/0 ), we have played the trick of hiding the current J~ in the electric
displacement
i ~
i ~
~
~
~
~
D Deff = D + J = 0 +
E = eff E
~ eff = eff E,
~ we have set the explicit current to
In particular, once we assume D
~ eff ). In this case, the correct
zero in this equation (although it is hidden in D
complex Poyntings theorem reads
~ D
~ B
~ H
~ ) = 0
~ S
~ + i (E
eff
2
where the work term is hidden in the power per unit volume term. Since ex~ eff , this is the form of the Poyntings
pression (11) was actually calculated with D
theorem that we have directly shown for the conductor.
On the other hand, if we treat the current J~ as an explicit quantity, then it enters
~ but does not enter the power per unit volume
through the work term <[ 12 (J~ E)],
term. In this case, we return to the full Poyntings theorem
~ S
~ + i (E
~ D
~ B
~ H
~ ) + 1 J~ E
~ =0
2
2
~ is the honest electric displacement, without the addition of an effective
where D
~ = 0 E).
~
current contribution. (For n2 = 1 + i(/0 ), we have D
Using this
~ modifies the calculation of (11). In particular
expression for D
i ~ ~ ~ ~
i
1 ~ 2
2
~
<
(E D B H ) = <
0 |E|
|B|
=0
2
2
0
since 0 and 0 are both real. As a result, when treating J~ explicitly, power
~ only.
~ S
~ and 1 J~ E
conservation is a balance between
2
7.8 A monochromatic plane wave of frequency is indicdent normally on a stack of layers
of various thicknesses tj and lossless indices of refraction nj . Inside the stack, the
wave has both forward and backward moving components. The change in the wave
through any interface and also from one side of a layer to the other can be described
by means of 2 2 transfer matrices. If the electric field is written as
E = E+ eikx + E eikx
in each layer, the transfer matrix equation E 0 = T E is explicitly
0
E+
t11 t12
E+
=
0
E
t21 t22
E
a) Show that the transfer matrix for propagation inside, but across, a layer of index
of refraction nj and thickness tj is
ik t
e jj
0
Tlayer (nj , tj ) =
= I cos(kj tj ) + i3 sin(kj tj )
0
eikj tj
where kj = nj /c, I is the unit matrix, and k are the Pauli spin matrices of
quantum mechanics. Show that the inverse matrix is T .
Normal incidence makes this problem straightforward. For a right moving plane
wave of the form eikj z passing through a layer of thickness tj , one picks up a
phase eikj tj , while for a left moving wave, one picks up a phase eikj tj . More
precisely
0
= E+ (z = tj ) = E+ (z = 0)eikj tj = E+ eikj tj
E+
0
E
= E (z = tj ) = E (z = 0)eikj tj = E eikj tj
eikj tj
0
0
eikj tj
n+1
(n 1)
(n 1)
n+1
=I
(n + 1)
(n 1)
1
2
2
where n = n1 /n2 .
~ perpendicular to plane of incidence
For the matching across layers, we take the E
conventions. This gives simply
Ek :
0
0
E+ + E = E+
+ E
Hk :
0
0
n1 (E+ E ) = n2 (E+
E
)
n+1
(n 1)
(n 1)
n+1
c) Show that for a complete stack, the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves
are related by
det(T )
t21
Etrans =
Einc ,
Erefl = Einc
t22
t22
where tij are the elements of T , the product of the forward-going transfer matrices, including from the material filling space on the incident side into the first
layer and from the last layer into the medium filling the space on the transmitted
side.
It ought to be clear that the complete effect of going through several layers is to
take a product of transfer matrices. For example
E 0 = T E,
where
Et
0
=T
Ei
Er
=
t11
t21
t12
t22
Ei
Er
0 = t21 Ei + t22 Er
t21
Ei ,
t22
Et =