CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE

HISTORY
In the 1840s, physician and inventor Dr. John Gorrie of Florida proposed the idea of cooling cities
to relieve residents of "the evils of high temperatures." Gorrie believed that cooling was the key to
avoiding diseases like malaria and making patients more comfortable, but his rudimentary system for
cooling hospital rooms required ice to be shipped to Florida from frozen lakes and streams in the northern
United States.
To get around this expensive logistical challenge, Gorrie began experimenting with the concept of
artificial cooling. He designed a machine that created ice using a compressor powered by a horse, water,
wind-driven sails or steam and was granted a patent for it in 1851. Although Gorrie was unsuccessful at
bringing his patented technology to the marketplace -- primarily due to the death of his chief financial
backer -- his invention laid the foundation for modern air conditioning and refrigeration.

http://energy.gov/articles/history-air-conditioning
The first modern air conditioner was invented in 1902 by Willis Haviland Carrier, a skilled
engineer who began experimenting with the laws of humidity control to solve an application
problem at a printing plant in Brooklyn, NY. Borrowing from the concepts of mechanical
refrigeration established in earlier years, Carriers system sent air through coils filled with cold
water, cooling the air while at the same time removing moisture to control room humidity. In
1933, the Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America developed an air conditioner using a
belt-driven condensing unit and associated blower, mechanical controls, and evaporator coil,
and this device became the model in the growing U.S. marketplace for air-cooling systems.
https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/technology-and-society/globalcooling-the-history-of-air-conditioning

IMPORTANCE

The primary objective of air-conditioning is to provide comfortable conditions of the

people. From the thermal standpoint, the body is inefficient machine but a remarkably good
regulator of its temperature. The human body receives full in the form of food, converts a
fraction of the energy in the fuel into work, and rejects in the remainder as heat. It is the
continuous process of heat rejection, which requires a thermal balance. The generation of
heat occurs in cells throughout the body, and the circulatory system carries this heat to the
skin, where it is released to the environment. In a steady-state heat balance, the heat
energy produced by metabolism equals the rate of heat transferred from the body by
convention, radiation, evaporation and respiration. If the metabolism rate is not balanced
momentarily by the sum of the transfer of heat, the body temperature will change slightly.

Most people felt restless and uncomfortable if heat wrapped up the body.
Concentration is destroyed and work is not organized.The heat-transfer coefficient depends
upon the air velocity across the body and consequently also upon the position of the person
and orientation to the air current.
Based on the discussion made by W.F. Stoecker which are properly dished out in his book
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, the skin temperature is controllable to a certain extent by
the temperature-regulating mechanism of the body covered by clothing. The clothing
temperature will normally lie somewhere between the skin and the air temperature, unless
lowered because it is wet and is evaporating moisture.The human body is an adaptable
organism. With long-term conditioning the body can function under quite extreme thermal
conditions. Variations in outdoor temperature and humidity, however, go beyond the normal
limits of adaptability, and it becomes necessary to provide modified conditions indoors in
order to maintain a healthy, comfortable environment.
The body is continuously generating heat, which must be dissipated to maintain a constant
body temperature.For a person at rest of doing light in a conditioned space, the body
dissipates heat primarily by convection (carried away by the surrounding air) and radiation
(to surrounding surfaces that are at a lower temperature than the body temperature).

Most of the air-conditioning units in service provide comfort air conditioning, the purpose of
which is to supply comfortable conditions for people. Summer cooling systems have become
a standard utility in large buildings throughout the world. Even in climates where summer
temperatures are not high, large buildings may have cooled in order to remove the heat
generated internally by people, lights, and other electrical equipment. In hot climates, the
existence of summer cooling systems is the difference between workers performing
effectively and not.

This chapter does however, attempts to present the importance of air-conditioning to

establishments, service areas and institutions. Air conditioning embraces more than cooling.
The definition of comfort air conditioning is the process of treating air to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the comfort
requirements of the occupants of the conditioned space . Air conditioning of medium-sized

and large buildings. Most of the air-conditioning units in service provide comfort air
conditioning, the purpose of which is to supply comfortable conditions for people. Even in
climates where summer temperatures are not high, large buildings may have been cooled in
order to remove the heat generated internally by people, lights, and other electrical
equipment.
Computer rooms. The air conditioning system for computer rooms should control the
temperature, humidity, and cleanness of the air. Some electronic components operate in
faulty manner if they become too hot, and one means of preventing such localized high
temperature in the computer room in the range of 20 to 23C. The electronic components in
the computer function favorably at even lower temperatures, but this temperature is a
compromise with the lowest comfortable temperature for occupants.
ASHRAE Trans., vol. 85 have elaborated the facts that
heat transfer have developed from a general set of concepts, based on observations of the
physical world, the specific models, and laws necessary to solve problems and design
systems. Mass and energy are two of the basic concepts from which engineering science
grows.
As the physical world is extremely complex, it is virtually impossible to describe it precisely.
One of the most significant accomplishments of engineering science has been the
development of models of physical phenomena, which although they are approximations,
provide both a sufficiently accurate description, and a tractable means of solution.

http://vicky-vksworld.blogspot.com/2008/11/thesis-on-aircon-improved-version.html
CHILLED WATER
While most people have heard of air conditioning, few have heard of water-chilled
cooling. This makes it sound scary and new. But in reality, water-chilled cooling and
heating have been around since the 70s and can regularly be found in hotels, hospitals and
universities, as well as high-heat environments like server farms. While typically only found
in commercial environments in the US, worldwide, water chilled technology is increasingly
being used in residential buildings as well. Additionally, in some areas, chiller systems are
actually mandated and required by local building codes for buildings over a certain square
footage due to their superior energy efficiency. If all that hasnt convinced you yet that waterchilled climate control is a real and valuable way to cool your garden, maybe a short
explanation of how the system works will ease your mind.

Water-chilled climate control uses water, instead of air, to cool a space. A

reservoir holds a water and glycol mixture that is circulated throughout the building
through pipes. Inside each room, there are air handlers, which work in the same way
as traditional air conditioning. The cold water is run over cooling coils inside the air
handler and a fan blows the air from the room over the coils.

Warm water returns from the air handlers back to the initial reservoir of water. Once the
overall temperature of the water in the reservoir goes above a certain point, the chillers,
located outside the building, turn on. The reservoir water is then run through the chiller,
where it is cooled down to the appropriate temperature. A bonus of using water-chilled
systems is that the chiller only turns on when the water in the reservoir gets above a certain
temperature, chillers are not directly connected to air handlers. This means that as long as that
water is within a certain range, the chiller is not running but the air handlers are still able to
cool the rooms. This provides significant energy savings. Additionally, because water has 20
times the heat absorption rate of air, it takes much longer for the water mixture to reach a
temperature that causes the chiller to turn on that it does for air. Think of it this way, if you
are standing outside on a cold day, say 35 degrees out, you will be cold and uncomfortable,
but not deathly so, However, if you were to jump into a pool of 35 degree water, you could
start to experience hypothermia in as little as 30 minutes. As a bonus, if a chiller needs to be
repaired, it is possible to take one chiller out of circulation and still maintain the temperature
of your water reservoir, and thus the temperature inside your rooms. This is not possible with
traditional air conditioning where each air handler is tied to an individual condenser. It is also
important to note that in water-chilled cooling systems, there is no evaporation of water. The
system is closed-loop, running water through pipes and back to the reservoir, so no water will
be added to your environment. As a bonus, any water that is collected from the condenser can
be collected and used to water the plants in your garden, providing water savings as well as
energy savings. Overall, water-chilled cooling systems are a great way to control the climate
of any building. If you still arent sure if water-cooled climate control is for you,
please contact us to get answers to any questions you may have.

http://surna.com/water-chilled-systems-work/