Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Conductivity Sensor
Telemetry Network Design
ENEG14003 Engineering Project Planning
Name:
Student Number:
s0211667
Academic Supervisor:
Aruna Jayasuriya
Date:
ENEG14003
Engineering Project Planning
Table of Contents
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.1
4.1.1
4.2
4.2.1
Unit of Measurement...................................................................................................... 9
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
EEPROM ........................................................................................................................ 18
4.4.4
RAM............................................................................................................................... 18
4.4.5
4.4.6
4.5
4.5.1
4.6
4.6.1
Timers............................................................................................................................ 21
4.6.2
Interruptions ................................................................................................................. 21
4.6.3
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
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5.2.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.4.6
6.0
6.1
6.2
7.0
8.0
Bibliography: ........................................................................................................ 42
9.0
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Table of Figures
Figure 1 - Waspmote Pro Board Layout ................................................................................................ 13
Figure 2 - Waspmote IO Block Diagram ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 3 - Waspmote Power Block Diagram ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 4 - Waspmote Board Pin-Out Design ......................................................................................... 15
Figure 5 - Waspmote Pro Basic Program Structure .............................................................................. 17
Figure 6 - Waspmote IDE Interface ....................................................................................................... 18
Figure 7 - Conceptual Program Flow Diagram ...................................................................................... 20
Figure 8 - Waspmote Interrupt Flow Diagram ...................................................................................... 22
Figure 9 - Waspmote 'Sleep' Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 23
Figure 10 - Waspmote 'Deep Sleep' Flow Diagram ............................................................................... 23
Figure 11 - Waspmote 'Hibernate' Flow Diagram................................................................................. 24
Figure 12 - Proposed Work Gantt Chart................................................................................................ 30
Figure 13 - Initial Conceptual Design Gantt Chart ................................................................................ 31
Figure 14 - Microcontroller Design Gantt Chart.................................................................................... 32
Figure 15 - GUI Design Gantt Chart....................................................................................................... 33
Figure 16 - Sensor Platform Design Gantt Chart ................................................................................... 34
Figure 17 - Data Management and Handling Gantt Chart ................................................................... 35
Figure 18 - Project Completion Gantt Chart .......................................................................................... 36
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S
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This measurement is a highly effective mean for early detection of dangerous chemical leaks and the
size of an effected area, it is also useful in detecting the flow and changes in bodies of water that
connect to the ocean through measurements of changing tide and salinity of a water system.
4.2.1 Unit of Measurement
In standardised water conductivity tests, the measured information is the relationship between the
measurement of dissolved ions to a specific quantity of water. The unit of measurement commonly
used for the electrical conductance of a material is the siemens (SI unit symbol: S). As the
conductance of a material is the reciprocal of resistivity of a material, one siemens is the equivalent
of one ohm and can also be referred to as mho.
As such, the measurement of the conductivity of a liquid is commonly measured as milli-siemens per
centimetre (mS/cm). This measurement can change however depending on the apparent
conductivity of the water, to avoid incredibly low readings from purer bodies of water, a smaller
scale can be utilised through micro-siemens per centimetre (S/cm).
This relationship is useful for a proportional measurement of a liquids conductivity in a known size
volume, however is not a clear representation of a larger systems conductivity. As a result of this, it
is also common to measure water conductivity in Parts Per Million (ppm) using the ratio of 2S/cm
to 1ppm.
As such common water conductivity measurements for different bodies of water have been
represented through the following table:
Solution Type
Pure Water
Distilled Water
RO water
Domestic tap water
Potable Water (max)
Sea Water
Brackish Water
0.5-0.8
1.055
56
100
ppm
25-50
250-400
528
28,000
50, 000
This information can be used as reference for testing conditions within local water system.
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Amperometric -
Potentiometric -
These two methods of devices both have their advantages and disadvantages within a system. Due
to the nature of the sensor platform operating remotely using solar and battery power storage, the
application of an AC system is less ideal for the system as the device will require an inverter
component. However the amperometric design is less accurate and is at a disadvantage in larger
moving water samples due to the method polarisation of the detection plates. All these aspects have
been taken into consideration and the following sensor device has been chosen for the sensor
platform design.
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Ranges
Resolution
Accuracy
Linearity
Repeatability
Ambient Drift
<0.02 %/C
Zero Range
+/- 5%
Span Range
70 to 130%
Sensors
Platinised Platinum
This instrument will be implemented into all Sensor platforms in conjunction with the
microcontroller device.
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ATmega1281
14.7456 MHz
8 KB
4 KB
128 KB
2 GB
20 g
73.5 x 51 x 13 mm
RTC (32 KHz)
15 mA
55 A
55 A
0.07 A
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Provided by Libelium, information on the component connections for power and information
channels on board are represented through the following block diagrams, this information helps to
provide insight into the operation of the board.
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As can be seen by the board layout and block diagrams of the Waspmote pro board, the device has 2
sensor I/O pin ins as well as an auxiliary SPI-UART connector on board. To utilise these ports, the Pinout information is crucial to implementing the device as such, a summary of the pin-out connections
for the 3 connectors on board have been provided:
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Protocol
ZigBee-Pro
Frequency
2.4 GHz
txPower
50 mW
Sensitivity
-102 dBm
Range
7000 m
The device operates in conjunction with a coordinator/gateway device that is essential to the design,
by utilising the gateway for the ZigBee device to connect, multiple nodes can be develop a wireless
telemetry network using the Waspmote Pro development boards as the sensor nodes.
Using the ZigBee radio device and Meshlium gateway equipment, the network topologies built
available are Star, Tree and Mesh transmission networks. As the ranges of these devices are capable
of 7000 meters line of sight, all topology designs are practical for the water conductivity sensor
network design.
However consideration needs to be taken into the communication programming used within the
system as loss of communication is a high risk in the design.
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4.4.3 EEPROM
The ATMEGA 1281 microcontrollers EEPROM (4KB) is non-volatile memory that can be utilised to
store variable information and values permanently even when power is lost to the device. This is
necessary to store operating conditions for when the device loses power or enters hibernate mode.
In the EEPROM memory, addresses 0 to 1023 are reserved memory space required for the operation
of the ATMEGA 1281 microcontroller. Addresses from 1204 to 4095 are free available memory
spaces to store variable information. The Waspmote Pro, WaspStackEEPROM can be utilised to
access the EEPROM memory as a LIFO stack to allow save frames during operation.
4.4.4 RAM
The ATMEGA 1281 microcontroller includes SRAM memory (8KB) which is utilised to store
temporary information from the on-board program. The 8KB of SRAM memory is shared between all
initialised and uninitialized variables, the dynamic memory allocator as well as the memory stack
that is utilised for calling subroutines and storing local variables.
As there is limited space it is important to use good coding practices to implement memory saving
techniques within main program structure.
4.4.5 Waspmote-Pro IDE Programming Interface
To ensure that necessary memory addresses and instructions for the Waspmote Pro board are not
overwritten, Libelium provides their own standalone Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
program for programming of the Waspmote Pro device.
The Waspmote IDE offers a range of features compatible with the Waspmote Pro. Programs written
within the Waspmote IDE are called Sketches, these sketches are written within the text editor inbuilt into the IDE and are saved with the file extension .pde.
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Included with the Waspmote IDE, Libelium also provides an extensive API of libraries and header
files for use with the Waspmote Pro device. With a range of various programming examples showing
coding examples to access the different functions of the device, the provided libraries provide extra
functionality for use in the main program structure of the Waspmote Pro device.
Using the library header files, Libelium includes a number of pre-programmed subroutines and
functions to build upon the C programming architecture of the device. These pre-built codes cover
the major functions of the Waspmote Pro development board from coding for communication and
sensors as well as handling internal timers and other functions of the ATMEGA 1281 microcontroller.
For information on the Waspmote API, the Waspmote Programming Guide provided by Libelium on
their website can be referred to for the function commands.
4.4.6 Networking with the XBee Modules
When using communication modules with the Waspmote devices, the devices have preprogrammed requirements that must be met for operation to occur. For the XBee ZigBee radio
modules, the devices are required to join the wireless network when they are powered on, as such it
is necessary for the devices to check the association indication before the program attempts to send
information to ensure better performance.
The XBee protocol requires a short period of time to create the necessary routing table and cross
communications between devices when powered on, as such it is necessary to implement delays in
the programming to ensure proper connections are created before sending information.
An important note that must be made when utilising the ZigBee modules with the Waspmote Pro
development board is the information packet handling. When a packet is received by the XBee
module, memory space is reserved to store the packets information, due to this factor, the reserved
space for the XBee information must be freed otherwise the code will crash when no more allocated
memory is available for the device.
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Due to the multiple sensor components of the system, the operation of the individual sensor system
are required to be more complex handling not only their own internal process but also for receiving
and transferring other sensors captured information. To reduce the complexity of the system, as
well as to integrate specific power operations within the system for power management purposes,
the proposed functionality of the Waspmote devices will be developed to operate on a schedule for
collecting information, transmitting data and a hibernation mode until a specific time of wake up
command is received by the devices.
4.5.1 Functional Flow Diagram
As specified within the scope, the developed programming of the Waspmote devices must be
capable of capturing and transmitting sensor information as well as being able to maintain long
periods of operation due to the remote nature that the tests are taken in. As such a primary flow
diagram has been developed suggesting the operation of the device and can be seen in Figure 7.
This Flow diagram states the required actions to be performed however does not provide
information on the programming at this stage, functionality of the telemetry system will be
developed through the implementation phase of the project.
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Micro State
Power Cycle
Accepted Interruptions
ON
15 mA
ON
Sleep
55 A
ON
32ms
Deep Sleep
55 A
ON
1s
Hibernate
0.06 A
OFF
1s
Synchronous (RTC)
For each energy state, the microcontroller operates differently, in the following sections, these
modes of operation will be explained.
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Sleep Mode
During Sleep Mode, the main program is suspended and the microcontroller passes into a latent
state of operation. During this state, the microcontroller can be awoken through all asynchronous
interruptions as well any synchronous interruption generated by the Watchdog Timer. The duration
interval for this state is from 16ms to 8s while power consumption is 55A.
During this state, the program stack where all variables and log values are stored is maintained; this
allows the current instruction and variable values to be restored when the Waspmote device returns
to the ON state.
During Deep Sleep Mode, the main program is suspended and the microcontroller passes into a
latent state of operation. During this state, the microcontroller can be awoken through all
asynchronous interruptions as well any synchronous interruption generated by the RTC device. The
duration interval for this state can range from seconds to minutes, hours or days while power
consumption is 55A.
During this state, the program stack where all variables and log values are stored is maintained; this
allows the current instruction and variable values to be restored when the Waspmote device returns
to the ON state.
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Hibernate Mode
Hibernate Mode is different to the other energy conservation states. During Hibernate Mode,
the main program is suspended and all Waspmote modules are completely disconnected. During this
state, the microcontroller can only be awoken through synchronous interruptions generated by the
RTC device. The duration interval for this state can range from seconds to minutes, hours or days
while only the RTC device consume power at a consumption of 0.06A.
During this state, the microcontroller does not store any operating values from variables or from the
program stack. When leaving the Hibernate state, the microcontroller is reset requiring that Setup
and Loop routines are run within the programming.
With information provided on the different functionality of the Waspmote device, the developed
primary sensor network flow diagram can reviewed.
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1x Buoy Platform
2x Solar Panels
1x Conductivity Sensor
1x 24A Battery Charger
1x 12V Battery
1x Waspmote Device
1x Zigbee Pro Wireless Addon
1x Microcontroller Battery Pack
1x IP 55 Rated Container
As mentioned earlier, due to the nature of the project being implemented through the university,
the resources need to be closely managed as components are not easily replaced. In the occurrence
of damages or destroyed equipment, depending on the parts that are lost, a total of one sensor
platform may be able to be replaced with the current budget for the project.
However as the project is functionally the same with one less platform this is not a major concern
and replacement depends on the current phase of development and the permissible time to
reconstruct a platform.
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Planning Phase
Duration
(Days)
1.1
1.2
63
1.3
11
1.4
30
1.5
30
1.6
30
1.7
Finalise the design constraints and set parameters including both technical
and environmental specifications
1.8
13
1.9
10
This breakdown covers the major research requirements of the project and the development of the
project risk assessment and Literature review. Upon completion of the planning phase,
development of the project will continue within the implementation phase.
5.2.2 Implementation Phase
For the implementation phase of the project, the development has been segregated into 4 major
work packages, however as the project is split amongst two work groups, the physical hardware and
software design requirements will be worked on separately as proposed by the scope of work
section of the report.
As such a breakdown of the major work tasks and allocated time has been proposed for the major
sections of the implementation phase as follows:
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Task
No.
Duration
(Days)
2.1
14
2.2
14
2.4
16
2.5
16
2.6
16
2.7
10
2.8
12
Task
No.
Duration
(Days)
4.1
4.2
4.3
Develop a method of capturing data from ADHOC sensor network for end
users.
14
4.4
4.5
Analyse captured sensor data compared to previous tests and resource test
result data.
4.6
4.7
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Task
No.
Duration
(Days)
5.1
14
5.2
14
5.3
16
5.4
Analyse full results of testing to the prototype rig and it's suitability for
commercial application
20
5.5
15
These sections of the project cover the work that will be completed by the individual during the
implementation phase, this work includes joint development with the other work group members
through testing and collection of data however and where applicable to the design review.
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Utilising these developments, another major section of this development phase is the initial tests of
the ADHOC system, as it is crucial to determine that the design is functioning as intended to a
suitable degree before large scale tests are performed, the sensor network must undergo trial tests
in order to improve the system where possible and to mitigate and risks of damaged equipment or
failed experiments affecting the scheduling of the project.
5.3.2 Data Management and Handling
To ensure that the relevant information from the sensor network is captured and processed to a
degree suitable for end users, the process of transferring information by telemetry systems and
automatically storing and processing the collected information remotely must be established from
theory and source material.
This research has been performed during the planning phase of the report however implementing
the theory for the system is crucial. To ensure this, methods of storing information internally within
the device must be developed. Due to limited memory however a method of transferring
information and deleting old information will be produced so that the system can operate
indefinitely without internal memory issues.
This process will be tested and refined during the scheduled testing phases of the project and
implemented into the final design.
5.3.3 Project Completion
Within the final phase of the project, the design of the sensor network will incorporate all refined
aspects and tested to ensure the total functionality of the system. This will require full scale testing
of the project operating over a large period of time. Using the results from the test, any aspects of
the design that require work will be focused on and the final results will be analysed and
documented.
Using the gathered information, the majority of this phase will be spent on documenting the design
and developing the project report and presentation. This stage in development will run until the
completion of the project.
As such a schedule of work has been developed documenting the major phases and the available
periods of time dedicated to them. This is clearly represented within the proposed work schedule.
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Using these subsections of the project for scheduling of specific tasks, each individual aspect of the
project has been scheduled for until the GECON 2015, the main project design tasks will run over the
third university semester until the start of the first semester of 2015. At this stage the project
completion stage will begin to ensure that the project is finalised by the end of the degree.
This schedule has been developed for the entirety of the project containing all design phases, As the
development of the project relies on the design phases being worked on independently within the
work group, these aspects have been included although not all of this work will be focused on by the
individual. Each phases sub tasks have been scheduled into the project Gantt chart through the
following:
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5.4.1
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5.4.2
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5.4.3
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5.4.4
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5.4.5
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5.4.6
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Likely
Possible
Unlikely
Rare
Consequence of Risk
Extreme
Major
Moderate
Minor
Insignificant
Likelihood
Risk Matrix
Consequence
Insignificant
Minor
Moderate
Major
Extreme
Almost Certain
Moderate
High
High
Extreme
Extreme
Likely
Moderate
Moderate
High
High
Extreme
Possible
Low
Moderate
Moderate
High
High
Unlikely
Low
Low
Moderate
Moderate
High
Rare
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Using the chosen risk matrix, key risks to the project have been identified and evaluated, the
following project risks have been determined based on the completion of the project in regards to
cost and scheduling but also based on the future applications of the sensor network design.
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As such, the risk resulting in the loss of equipment or platform itself ranges depending on the
significance of the damages to a platform and the number of platforms that have been lost. As the
prototypes are electrical devices to be operated within water environments, the likelihood of
damages caused by water are potentially high, along with this, the tests that will be performed are
to be conducted in public river systems, as such loses to platforms caused by boats or theft is a
significant risk that also affects the project.
Using the condition of loss of a sensor platform, the following risks have been identified:
Risk
Effect on Project
Risk Mitigation
Risk Rating
Damage to Electrical
Components due to
water.
Moderate
High
Interruption of data
communication due to
loss of platform
Topography arrangement
and interconnection of
sensor network to
minimise loss of data
Moderate
Extreme
As can be seen from the risk matrix, any losses of the sensor platforms will result in significant delays
and costs to the project, these risks are difficult to mitigate due to the nature of testing the network.
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Effect on Project
Risk Mitigation
Risk Rating
Sensor Network
functioning incorrectly
during testing.
Run communication
checks at start of testing
and continuous operation
checks throughout
testing.
Moderate
Injury to Personal
Delay in project
development depending
on severity.
Ensure everyone is
equipped with proper PPE
Low
As can be seen, the risk associated with the functionality of the sensor network is generally
moderate, as the effects on the project are only related to delays in the project. With proper
preventative measures, the risks can be mitigated to reduce the delays in testing by continually
monitoring the sensor network during operation.
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Libelium, 2014. Waspmote IDE User Guide. [Online]
Available at: http://www.libelium.com/downloads/documentation/waspmote_ide_user_guide.pdf
[Accessed 14 September 2014].
Libelium, 2014. Waspmote RTC Programming Guide. [Online]
Available at: http://www.libelium.com/downloads/documentation/waspmote-rtc-programming_guide.pdf
[Accessed 14 September 2014].
Libelium, 2014. Waspmote Interruptions Programming Guide. [Online]
Available at: http://www.libelium.com/downloads/documentation/waspmote-rtc-programming_guide.pdf
[Accessed 14 September 2014].
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