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ONENETisanopensourcestandardforwirelessnetworkdesignedforlowcost,lowpower(batteryoperated)controlnetwork...

suchason/offmessages.Simpletransactionsuseencryptiontechniquestoavoidsusceptibilitytoreplayattacks.Blocktra...

Figure2.1:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB9DTEandRS232DB9DCEFigure2.2:Straightcableconnectionbetwe...

Figure2.3:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB9DTEandRS232DB25DCEFigure2.4:Crossovercableconnectionbet...

Figure2.5:CrossovercableconnectionbetweenDB25DCEandDB25DCEFigure2.6:CrossovercableconnectionbetweenDB9D...

2.4.3EthernetEthernetdefinesanumberofwiringandsignallingstandardsforthephysicalconnectionoftwoormoredevic...

interconnected.AndduetotheubiquityofEthernet,theeverdecreasingcostofthehardwareneededtosupportit,andthe...

unlicensedIndustrial,ScientificandMedical(ISM)2.4GHzshortrangeradiofrequencyband.TheBluetoothspecifications...

mostpopularstandardformobilephonecommunicationintheworld.Itisusedbyoverthreebillionpeopleacrossmorethan...

suchasautomobileenginecontrolsystems,remotecontrols,officemachines,appliances,powertoolsandtoys.Hence,micro...

theprogrammemorybus.Ifthefetchedinstructionrequiresanoperationondatamemory,theCPUcanfetchthenextprogram...

CHAPTERTHREEMETHODOLOGYIndesigningahomeautomationsystem,oneormoresuitableplatformsareusedinordertobuilda...

3.1.2SelectionofhardwarecomponentsEachplatformhasasetofhardwarecomponentsoverwhichitisimplemented.ForRS23...

Figure3.1:Blockdiagramofthehomeautomationsystem3.2.1PIC18F4455PIC18F4455ismanufacturedbyMicrochipIncorporat...

andparallelports,timersandsometimesotherbuiltinperipheralssuchasA/D(analoguetodigital)andD/A(digitaltoa...

3.2.1.2RandomAccessMemory(RAM)TheRAM,randomaccessmemory,isusedtowriteandreaddatavaluesasaprogramruns.R...

asynchronousmodes.TheparallelI/Oportsrequireadatalineforeachbitinabyte,whiletheserialI/Ousesasingled...

24576Bytesflashprogrammemory,Capableof12288instructionset,2048BytesofDatamemory,256BytesofDataEEPR...

Figure3.4:PIC18F4455blockdiagram42

3.2.3PIC18F4455programmingFigure3.4isadetailedblockdiagramofthePIC4455.Inprogrammingit,acomplierandaprog...

Figure3.6:MikroElectronikaprogrammerinterface3.2.4Nokia6021Nokia6021,showninfigure3.7,isanEDGE(EnhancedDa...

shortandmultimediamessageservice(SMS/MMS)andwirelessapplicationprotocol(WAP).ItalsohasanRS232datacablecal...

Figure3.8:HIN232pinoutItrequiresasingle+5Vpowersupplyandfeatureonboardchargepumpvoltageconverterswhichge...

3.2.6RelayRelayisasmallelectricalswitchconsistingofanelectromagnet(coil),aswitchandaspring,thatopensand...

ContactorrelayThisisaveryheavydutyrelayusedforswitchingelectricmotorsandlightingloads.Highcurrentcon...

CHAPTERFOURDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONThedesignofthisprojectinvolvedcouplingseveralhardwarecomponentsandtestinga...

Setthecommunicationparametersliketheclockrate(20MHz),thebaudrate(9600bits/s),thetransmitpin(PINC6)and...

Afterthecompletionofthehardwarecoupling,severaltestsweredoneonthedesign.Someobservationsandcorrectionswer...

mayeasilybreak,apapermaterialwhichmaygiveintostrainandstress,orevenametallicmaterialwhichwillmakethe...

Figure4.5:Theindividualcontrolhomeautomationsystem56

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MyFinalYearProjectIndividualControlHomeAutomationSystem
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Thisprojectinvolvesthedesignandconstructionofanindividualcontrolhome
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Youcanalsodothisdirectlyviayourpcorlaptop,wiredorwireless.youcandoitwith8051orevenPIC16Fmicrocontrollers.
checkthetotalprojectincludingcode,simulationeverythinghere,
http://embeddedtweaks.wordpress.com/2014/10/29/controllingyourelectricalappliancesviapclaptoppicmicrocontroller/
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MyFinalYearProjectIndividualControlHomeAutomationSystem

1. 1.INDIVIDUALCONTROLHOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMBYOLAFUSIMICHAELOLALEKANEEE/04/2995SUBMITTEDTOTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICAL
ANDELECTRONICSENGINEERING,FEDERALUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,AKURE.INPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTFORTHEAWARD
OFBACHELOROFENGINEERING.OCTOBER,2009
2. 2.CERTIFICATIONThisistocertifythatthisproject,theentiredesignandconstructionofthehomeautomationsystemwascarriedoutandsubmittedastrueworkofOLAFUSI
MICHAELOLALEKANofmatriculationnumberEEE/04/2995underthesupervisionofEngineerO.E.BejideoftheDepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,Federal
UniversityofTechnology,AkureinpartialfulfilmentoftherequirementsfortheawardofBachelorofEngineeringinElectricalElectronicsEngineering._____________________
_____________________EngineerO.E.BejideDate(ProjectSupervisor)____________________________________________Dr.A.O.MelodiDate(Headof
Department)____________________________________________ExternalSupervisorDateii
3. 3.DEDICATIONToGodAlmightyforHisprovisionandgraceTomyparentsfortheirconstantvitalsupportTomysiblingsfortheircareandplaceDoIdedicatethisreportiii
4. 4.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIcannotbutacknowledgetheunquantifiablehelpGodgavemethroughoutthisprojectwork,alwaysshowingupwheneverIgottotheendofmyline
andfeltlikechangingtheprojecttoasimplerone.MostremarkablewasthebreakthroughHegavemewhenIwasstuckatonePICCcodefunctionforamonth!Iamdeeplyindebted
tomyparentsandsiblingsfortheirconstantsupportespeciallyincircumstanceswhereIfindithardtoevenconvincemyselfthatmyrequestforhelpisfairandreasonable.Iam
equallyindebtedmyveryunderstanding,fatherlyandenviableprojectsupervisor,EngineerO.E.Bejidewhoisalwayswillingtogoaboveandbeyondincounsellingandsupervising
me.Icouldnothavebeenabletounderstandhowtogoaboutthevitalaspectoftheprojectworkifnotforthesupervisoryassistanceofmyfriendandcolleague,AyoadeAdewole
(really,allaspectofmyprojectworkwasvital).Imustalsoacknowledgemycolleagueswhooverthefouryearswehavebeentogether,inwaystheythemselvesdonotunderstand,
havebeenthevitalcomponentsofmyeducationalandpersonalgrowthwhichalsogreatlyrubbedonmysuccessfulcompletionofthisprojectwork.Igreatlyappreciatethetripartite
supportandnourishmentIenjoyedfromtheentirefamilyoftheChapelofFaith,especiallythroughUncleVictorOmololu,AuntPatienceOmololuandtheirministry.Imustalso
acknowledgethespiritualoversightofthetwochaplainswhomIhavebeenunderthroughoutmyfiveyearundergraduatestudy,RevGbengaOlagunjuandRev.TimothyAbi
Abiola.iv
5. 5.ABSTRACTThisprojectinvolvesthedesignandconstructionofanindividualcontrolhomeautomationsystemusingRS232,GSMtechnologyandamicrocontroller.Home
automationistheautomaticorsemiautomaticcontrolandmonitoringofhouseholdappliancesandresidentialhousefeatureslikedoors,gateandeventhewindows.Thisprojectisa
demonstrationofhowtodesignandbuildamultipurposeremotelycontrolledsystemthatcanswitchOFFandONanyelectricalhouseholdappliance(includingthesecuritylight),by
diallingaphonealreadyinterfacedviaRS232toamicrocontrollerthatcontrolsarelayfortheautomaticswitchingonandoffoftheapplianceandthephonewillsendafeedbackshort
messageservicetextindicatingthenewstateoftheappliance,whetherswitchedONorOFF.Theresultsofthisprojectshowthatamicrocontrollerisaverypowerfuldevice
forbuildingsmartelectronicdevicesthatcanautomaticallycontrolelectricalappliances,withlittlecircuitrycomplexitiesandcomponents.v
6. 6.TABLEOFCONTENTSPROJECT
REPORT....................................................................................................................iCERTIFICATION......................................................................................................................iiDEDIC
OFCONTENTS..........................................................................................................viTABLEOF
FIGURES............................................................................................................viiiLISTOF
TABLES....................................................................................................................ixCHAPTER
ONE........................................................................................................................1INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................11.1
AUTOMATION..........................................................................................................21.1.1Officeautomation...............................................................................................31.1.2
Buildingautomation...........................................................................................31.1.3Powerautomation...............................................................................................41.1.4Home
automation................................................................................................41.2PROJECTAIM...........................................................................................................41.3PROJECT
OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................51.4PROJECTSCOPEANDLIMITATION.....................................................................51.5PROJECT
JUSTIFICATION......................................................................................51.6REPORTLAYOUT.....................................................................................................6CHAPTER
TWO.......................................................................................................................7LITERATUREREVIEW...........................................................................................................72.1
HISTORYOFHOMEAUTOMATION.....................................................................72.2HOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMS..........................................................................72.3
HOMEAUTOMATIONSTANDARDS....................................................................92.3.1INSTEONstandard...........................................................................................102.3.2
EuropeanHomeSystems(EHS)protocol........................................................112.3.3ZigBeestandard................................................................................................122.3.4KNX
.................................................................................................................132.3.5ZWavestandard...............................................................................................152.3.6X10
standard.....................................................................................................182.3.7LonWorks.........................................................................................................202.3.8ONENET
standard...........................................................................................202.3.9UniversalPowerlineBus...................................................................................222.4HOMEAUTOMATION
IMPLEMENTATIONPLATFORMS.................................242.4.1Powerlinecommunication..................................................................................242.4.2
RS232.................................................................................................................252.4.3Ethernet...............................................................................................................292.4.4
Bluetooth.............................................................................................................302.4.5Infrared...............................................................................................................312.4.6
GSM....................................................................................................................312.4.7Microcontroller...................................................................................................322.3.7.1Von
Neumannarchitecture.........................................................................332.3.7.2Harvardarchitecture...................................................................................33vi
7. 7.CHAPTERTHREE..................................................................................................................35METHODOLOGY
..................................................................................................................353.1PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS......................................................................353.1.1Selectionof
implementationplatform................................................................353.1.2Selectionofhardwarecomponents.....................................................................363.2SYSTEM
DESIGN......................................................................................................363.2.1PIC18F4455.........................................................................................................373.2.1.1Central
ProcessingUnit(CPU)..................................................................383.2.1.2RandomAccessMemory(RAM)..............................................................393.2.1.3ReadOnlyMemory
(ROM).......................................................................393.2.1.4InputandOutputports(I/O)......................................................................393.2.2PIC18F4455
architecture...................................................................................403.2.3PIC18F4455programming................................................................................433.2.4Nokia
6021.........................................................................................................443.2.5HIN232..............................................................................................................453.2.6
Relay..................................................................................................................47CHAPTERFOUR....................................................................................................................49DESIGN
ANDIMPLEMENTATION......................................................................................494.1BUILDINGTHEPOWERSUPPLYANDINTERFACINGTHERELAY.............504.2
SERIALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEMICROCONTROLLERANDNOKIA6021............................................................................................................514.3
PROGRAMMINGTHEMICROCONTROLLER...................................................524.4TESTINGTHECOMPLETEDESIGNAND

CASING...........................................53CHAPTERFIVE......................................................................................................................57CONCLUSIONAND
RECOMMENDATION........................................................................575.1CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................575.2
RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................57REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................59APPE
I:Billofcomponents...........................................................................................61APPENDIXII:ThePICCcodeforprogrammingthePIC4455inCCSCcompiler..............62vii
8. 8.TABLEOFFIGURESFigure2.1:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB9DTEandRS232DB9DCE.......26Figure2.2:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB25
DTEandRS232DB25DCE...26Figure2.3:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB9DTEandRS232DB25DCE.....27Figure2.4:CrossovercableconnectionbetweenDB9
DTEandDB9DCE...........................27Figure2.5:CrossovercableconnectionbetweenDB25DCEandDB25DCE.......................28Figure2.6:Crossovercableconnectionbetween
DB9DCEandDB9DCE...........................28Figure3.1:Blockdiagramofthehomeautomationsystem....................................................37Figure3.2:Interactionsbetweenthemain
microcontrollerparts............................................38Figure3.3:40PinPIC18F4455microcontroller.....................................................................40Figure3.4:PIC18F4455block
diagram...................................................................................42Figure3.5:CCSCcompilerIDEinterface..............................................................................43Figure3.6:
MikroElectronikaprogrammerinterface...............................................................44Figure3.7:Nokia6021mobilephone......................................................................................45Figure
3.8:HIN232pinout.......................................................................................................46Figure4.1:Flowchartofthe
design........................................................................................49Figure4.2:Thepowersupply...................................................................................................50Figure4.3:TheRS232
tomicrocontrollerportionofthedesign.............................................52Figure4.4:Thecompletehomeautomationsystemcircuit(controllinglightingfixture).......55Figure4.5:The
individualcontrolhomeautomationsystem..................................................56viii
9. 9.LISTOFTABLESTable2.1:ListofX10fourbitcommands...............................................................................19Table3.1:HIN232pin
descriptions.........................................................................................46ix
10. 10.CHAPTERONEINTRODUCTIONImaginehowhelpfulitwillbetobeabletoswitchonyourairconditioningsystemtenminutesbeforeyougethomeonahotafternoonin
January.Howabouthavingasecuritysystemthatwilldetectsmoke,excessiveelectricalpowerusage,burglarattemptsandunauthorizedmovementsinyourhouseandalertyou?This
iswhathomeautomationisaboutandthereisnoendtoitsapplication.Infact,sophisticatedhomeautomationsystemsarenowbeingdevelopedthatcanmaintainaninventoryof
householditems,recordtheirusagethroughanRFID(RadioFrequencyIdentification)tag,andprepareashoppinglistorautomaticallyorderreplacements.Homeautomationhas
madeitpossibletohavewhatisoftenreferredtoasasmarthome,ahomethatcandetectandidentifyyou,automaticallyadjustthelightingtoyourpredefinedtaste,opendoors
automatically,playyourfavouritemusic,wateryourflowersinthemorning,switchonthesecuritylightsatnightandswitchthemoffinthemorning,heatwaterforbatheandtea,
streamtoyouanywhereintheworldviatheinternetalivevideoofwhatishappeninginandaroundyourhouse.Itmakesitpossibletolinklighting,entertainment,security,
telecommunications,heating,andairconditioningintoonecentrallycontrolledsystem.Thisallowsyoutomakeyourhouseanactivepartnerinmanagingyourbusylife.Nowadays,
youcanhardlyfindahousewithoutahomeautomationsystemwhichcanrangefromtheremoteforthetelevision,burglaralarmandhitechsecuritygates,toanautomatedair
conditioningsystemthatmaintainsthetemperatureatapredefinedvalue.1
11. 11.1.1AUTOMATIONAutomationistheuseofcontrolsystemsandinformationtechnologytocontrolequipment,industrialmachineryandprocesses,reducingtheneedfor
humanintervention.Inthescopeofindustrialization,automationisastepbeyondmechanization.Mechanizationprovidedhumanoperatorswithmachinerytoassistthemwiththe
physicalrequirementsofworkwhileautomationgreatlyreducestheneedforhumansensoryandmentalrequirementsaswell(Wikipedia,2009).Automationplaysanincreasingly
importantroleintheglobaleconomyandindailyexperience.Engineersstrivetocombineautomateddeviceswithmathematicalandorganizationaltoolstocreatecomplexsystemsfor
arapidlyexpandingrangeofapplicationsandhumanactivities.Manyrolesforhumansinindustrialprocessespresentlyliebeyondthescopeofautomation.Humanlevelpattern
recognition,languagerecognition,andlanguageproductionabilityarewellbeyondthecapabilitiesofmodernmechanicalandcomputersystems.Tasksrequiringsubjective
assessmentorsynthesisofcomplexsensorydata,suchasscentsandsounds,aswellashighleveltaskssuchasstrategicplanning,currentlyrequirehumanexpertise.Automationhas
hadanotableimpactinawiderangeofhighlyvisibleindustriesbeyondmanufacturing.Onceubiquitoustelephoneoperatorshavebeenreplacedlargelybyautomatedtelephone
switchboardsandansweringmachines.Medicalprocessessuchasprimaryscreeninginelectrocardiographorradiographyandlaboratoryanalysisofhumangenes,bloodplasmas,
cells,andtissuesarecarriedoutatmuchgreaterspeedandaccuracybyautomatedsystems.Automatedteller2
12. 12.machineshavereducedtheneedforbankvisitstoobtaincashandcarryouttransactions.Ingeneral,automationhasbeenresponsiblefortheshiftintheworldeconomyfrom
agrariantoindustrialinthe19thcenturyandfromindustrialtoservicesinthe20thcentury.1.1.1OfficeautomationOfficeautomationreferstothevariedcomputermachineryand
softwareusedtodigitallycreate,collect,store,manipulate,andrelayofficeinformationneededforaccomplishingbasictasksandgoals.Rawdatastorage,electronictransfer,and
themanagementofelectronicbusinessinformationcomprisethebasicactivitiesofanofficeautomationsystem,officeautomationhelpsinoptimizingorautomatingexistingoffice
procedures.1.1.2BuildingautomationBuildingautomationdescribesthefunctionalityprovidedbythecontrolofabuilding.Thecontrolsystemisacomputerized,intelligentnetwork
ofelectronicdevices,designedtomonitorandcontrolthemechanicalandlightingsystemsofabuilding.Abuildingautomationsystemisanexampleofadistributedcontrol
system.Thebuildingautomationsystem(BAS)corefunctionalitykeepsthebuildingclimatewithinaspecificrange,provideslightingbasedonanoccupancyschedule,andmonitors
systemperformanceanddevicefailuresandprovidesemailand/ortextnotificationstobuildingengineeringstaff.TheBASfunctionalityreducesbuildingenergyandmaintenance
costswhencomparedtoanoncontrolledbuilding.3
13. 13.1.1.3PowerautomationPowerautomationistheautomatedcontrolandmonitoringofpowerplants,substationsandtransformersforeffectiveness,efficiencyandfaultdetection.
Ithasmadeitpossibletohaveareliablemunicipalornationalelectricitysystem,whichoftencomprisesremoteandhardtoreachtransformersandpowersubsystemunits.Itmakesit
possibletomonitordifferentpowerunits,relaytheirstatusandhealthinformation,andevencarryoutfaultdetectionandcorrectionwithouthumaninterference.Exampleofpower
automationsystemistheSupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA)system.1.1.4HomeautomationHomeautomationmaydesignateanemergingpracticeof
increasedautomationofhouseholdappliancesandfeaturesinresidentialdwellings,particularlythroughelectronicmeansthatallowforthingsimpracticable,overlyexpensive
orsimplynotpossibleinrecentdecades.Homeautomationincludesallthatabuildingautomationprovideslikeclimatecontrols,doorandwindowcontrols,andinadditioncontrolof
multimediahometheatres,petfeeding,plantwateringandsoon.Butthereexistsadifferenceinthathomeautomationemphasizesmoreoncomfortsthroughergonomicsandeaseof
operation.1.2PROJECTAIMTheaimofthisprojectistodesignandconstructahomeautomation4
14. 14.systemthatwillremotelyswitchonoroffanyhouseholdapplianceconnectedtoit,usingamicrocontroller,voicedialonphone,andshortmessageserviceforfeedback.1.3
PROJECTOBJECTIVETheobjectiveofthisprojectistoimplementalowcost,reliableandscalablehomeautomationsystemthatcanbeusedtoremotelyswitchonoroff
anyhouseholdappliance,usingamicrocontrollertoachievehardwaresimplicity,lowcostshortmessageservice(SMS)forfeedbackandvoicedialfromanyphonetotogglethe
switchstate.1.4PROJECTSCOPEANDLIMITATIONThisprojectworkiscompleteonitsowninremotelyandautomaticallyswitchingonandoffofanyelectricalappliancenot
limitedtohouseholdappliances,andsendsafeedbackmessageindicatingthenewpresentstateoftheappliance.Itdoesnotimplementcontrolofmultipleappliancesorautomatic
detectionoffaultsinthecontrolledappliance.1.5PROJECTJUSTIFICATIONThisprojectisofcontributoryknowledgetothedevelopmentandimplementationofhomeautomation
systemsinNigeriausinglowcost,locallyavailablecomponentslikemicrocontroller,freevoicedialservice(popularlyreferredtoasflashing)andverycheapshortmessageservice
(SMS)text.5
15. 15.1.6REPORTLAYOUTTheentireprojectiscomposedoffivechapters,eachcoveringasectionoftheworkassummarizedbelow:Chapteronegivesanintroductionto
automationasawholeandthedifferenttypesofautomation.Chaptertwocoversanextensiveliteraturereviewofpreviousworksonhomeautomationsystems,thedifferent
establishedstandardsandprotocols,andtheplatformsoverwhichhomeautomationcanbeimplemented.Chapterthreehighlightstheprojectmethodology,givingreasonsfor
choiceofspecificplatformsandcomponents,andalso,comprehensivedetailsonbothhardwarecomponentsandcommunicationservicesused.Chapterfourisontheprojectdesign
andimplementationwithclearpracticaldetailsoftheprojectdesign,construction,testing,microcontrollercodinganddebugging.Specialemphasisisalsomadeontheflexibility
andscalabilityoftheprojectworkwithreallifeillustration.Chapterfiveisontheconclusionandrecommendationsbasedontheprojectworkwithemphasisonthereliability,
maintainabilityandflexibilityofthedesign.Also,recommendationsbasedonthechallengesencounteredandfurtherpossibledevelopmentoftheprojectworkareenumerated.6
16. 16.CHAPTERTWOLITERATUREREVIEW2.1HISTORYOFHOMEAUTOMATIONHomeautomationhasbeenaroundsincetheworldwar1(1914),infact,thetelevision
remote(asimplehomeautomationsystem)waspatentedin1893(Wikipedia,2009).Sincethendifferenthomeautomationsystemshaveevolvedwithasharpriseafterthesecond
WorldWar.Itsgrowthhasbeenthroughvariousinformalresearchanddesignsbytechnologyenthusiastswhowantabetterwayofgettingthingsdoneathomewithoutmuchefforton
theirpart.Thesystemsevolvedfromonethatcanautomaticallydoroutinechoreslikeswitchonandoffsecuritylights,tomoresophisticatedonesthatcanadjustlighting,putthe
televisionchanneltofavouritestationandcontroldoors.2.2HOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMSHomeautomationsystemsmaydesignateelectronicsystemsinhomesandresidential
buildingsthatmakepossibletheautomationofhouseholdappliances.Thenewstreamofhomeautomationsystemshasdevelopedintoavastoneandthecurrentmarketisflooded
withaflurryofhomeautomationsystemsanddevicemanufacturers.Thetypesofhomeautomationsystemsbasedontheircontrolsystemsare:1.IndividualControlSystems7
17. 17.Thesetypeswerethefirsttohitthemarketintheearlyyears,hereeachdeviceliketheheaterortheairconditionerwillhaveanindependentcontroldedicatedtoit.2.Distributed
ControlSystemsThemainfeatureofthesetypeofsystemsisemergencyshutdown.Withthissystemyoucanpresetorchangethecontrolparametersofseveralsimilardevices,for
example,thethermostatofseveralairconditionersandtheirON/OFFtimings.3.CentralControlSystemsThesearecomputerizedsystemsprogrammedtohandleallfunctions
ofmultipleutilitieslikeairconditioningsystem,homeentertainments,doors,windows,refrigeratorsandcookingsystems,allatthesametimeregardlessofwhetheryouareathomeor
away.Youcanconnecttothecontrolsystemthroughtelephoneorinternetfromanywhereintheworld.Thetypesofhomeautomationsystemsbasedonthecarriermodeare:1.
PowerlinecarrierSystemsTheleastexpensivetypeofhomeautomationsystemoperatesoverthehomesexistingwiring,orpowerlinecarrier.ThesecanrangefromX10basedlamp
timers,tomoresophisticatedsystemsthatrequireinstallationbyatrainedprofessional.8
18. 18.2.WirelesssystemsAlsoavailablearewirelesshomeautomationsystemsthatutilizeradiofrequencytechnology.Theyareoftenusedtooperatelights,sometimesinconjunction
withahardwiredlightingcontrolsystem.3.HardwiredsystemsWired,orhardwiredhomecontrolsystemsarethemostreliableandexpensive.Thesesystemscanoperateoverhigh
gradecommunicationscablesuchasCategory5or5e,ortheirownproprietarybuscable.Thatiswhyitisbesttoplanforthemwhenahouseisbeingconstructed.
Hardwiredsystemscanperformmoretasksatatimeanddothemquicklyandreliably,makingthemidealforlargerhomes.Theycanalsointegratemoresystemsinthehome,
effectivelytyingtogetherindoorandoutdoorlighting,audioandvideoequipment,securitysystem,eventheheatingandcoolingsystemintoonecontrolpackagethatwillbeeasyand

intuitivetooperate.4.InternetProtocolcontrolsystemInternetProtocol(IP)controlautomationsystemusestheinternet,giveseachdeviceunderitscontrolanInternetProtocol
address,andcreatesalocalareanetwork(LAN)inthehome.Hence,thehomecanbeinteractedwithovertheinternetwithpossibilityoflivevideostreamingandrealtimecontrol.2.3
HOMEAUTOMATIONSTANDARDS9
19. 19.Therearemanyestablishedindustrystandardsforhomeautomationsystemsandareimplementedoverthevariouscarriermodesrangingfrompowerlinetowireless.Thepopular
andmajorstandardsareINSTEON,EuropeanHomeSystems(EHS),ZigBee,KNX,ZWave,X10,LonWorks,ONENETandUniveraslPowerlineBus(UPB).2.3.1INSTEON
standardINSTEONstandardisadualbandmeshtopologyemployingacpowerlinesandaradiofrequency(RF)protocoltocommunicatewithandautomatehomeelectronicdevices
andappliances,whichnormallyworkindependently.ItisahomeautomationnetworkingtechnologyinventedbySmartLabsInc.INSTEONwasdeveloped,basedontheX10model,
forcontrolandsensingapplicationsinthehome(Wikipedia,2009).INSTEONisdesignedtoenablesimpledevicestobenetworkedtogetherusingthepowerlineand/orradio
frequency(RF).AllINSTEONdevicesarepeers,meaningeachdevicecantransmit,receive,andrepeatanymessageoftheINSTEONprotocol,withoutrequiringamastercontroller
orcomplexroutingsoftware.INSTEONisnotonlyaneffectivesystemforconnectinglightingswitchesandloadswithoutextrawiring,butitalsoformsthebasisforamore
sophisticatedhomeautomationnetwork.ThefollowingarethepossibleapplicationsofINSTEON:Sceneandremotecontrollighting,10
20. 20.Securityalarminterfacesandsensors,Homesensors(e.g.water,humidity,temperature),Accesscontrol(e.g.doorlocks),Heating,ventilatingandaircooling(HVAC)
control,Audiovideocontrol,andAppliancemanagement.2.3.2EuropeanHomeSystems(EHS)protocolTheEuropeanhomesystems(EHS)protocolwasaimedathomeappliances
controlandcommunicationusingpowerlinecommunication(PLC).DevelopedbyEHSA(EuropeanHomeSystemsAssociation)itwasmergedwithtwootherprotocolstoformthe
KNXprotocol,whichcomplieswithCENELECnormEN50090standardandhadachancetobeabasisforthefirstopenstandardforhomeandbuildingcontrol(Wikipedia,
2009).TheareasofapplicationofEHSare:Heating,ventilatingandaircooling(HVAC)control,Sceneandremotecontrollighting,andAppliancemanagement.11
21. 21.2.3.3ZigBeestandardZigBeeisaspecificationforasuiteofhighlevelcommunicationprotocolsusingsmall,lowpowerdigitalradiosbasedontheIEEE802.15.42003standard
forwirelesspersonalareanetworks(WPANs),suchaswirelessheadphonesconnectingwithcellphonesviashortrangeradio.ThetechnologydefinedbytheZigBeespecificationis
intendedtobesimplerandlessexpensivethanotherWPANssuchasBluetooth.ZigBeeistargetedatradiofrequency(RF)applicationsthatrequirealowdatarate,longbatterylife,
andsecurenetworking(Wikipedia,2009).ZigBeeisalowcost,lowpower,wirelessmeshnetworkingstandard.Thelowcostallowsthetechnologytobewidelydeployedinwireless
controlandmonitoringapplications,thelowpowerusageallowslongerlifewithsmallerbatteries,andthemeshnetworkingprovideshighreliabilityandlargerrange.ZigBeeoperates
intheindustrial,scientificandmedical(ISM)radiobands868MHzinEurope,915MHzintheUSAandAustralia,and2.4GHzinmostjurisdictionsworldwide.ZigBeechip
vendorstypicallysellintegratedradiosandmicrocontrollerswithbetween60Kand128Kflashmemory,suchastheFreescaleMC13213,theEmberEM250andtheTexasInstruments
CC2430.Radiosarealsoavailableasstandalonetobeusedwithanyprocessorormicrocontroller.Generally,thechipvendorsalsooffertheZigBeesoftwarestack,although
independentonesarealsoavailable.TheZigBeeAllianceisagroupofcompaniesthatmaintainandpublishtheZigBeestandard.TypicalareasofapplicationofZigBeeare:12
22. 22.HomeEntertainmentandControlSmartlighting,advancedtemperaturecontrol,safetyandsecurity,moviesandmusic,HomeAwarenessWatersensors,powersensors,
smokeandfiredetectors,smartappliancesandaccesssensors,MobileServicesmpayment,mmonitoringandcontrol,msecurityandaccesscontrol,mhealthcareandtele
assist,CommercialBuildingEnergymonitoring,HVAC,lighting,accesscontrol,andIndustrialPlantProcesscontrol,assetmanagement,environmentalmanagement,energy
management,industrialdevicecontrol.2.3.4KNXKNXisastandardised(EN50090,ISO/IEC14543),OSIbasednetworkcommunicationsprotocolforintelligentbuildings.KNXis
thesuccessorto,andconvergenceof,threepreviousstandards:theEuropeanHomeSystemsProtocol(EHS),BatiBUS,andtheEuropeanInstallationBus(EIB).TheKNXstandard
isadministeredbytheKonnexAssociation(Wikipedia,2009).ThisstandardisbasedonthecommunicationstackofEIBbutenlargedwiththephysicallayers,configurationmodes
andapplicationexperienceofBatiBUSandEHS.13
23. 23.KNXdefinesseveralphysicalcommunicationmedia:TwistedpairwiringPowerlinenetworkingRadioInfraredEthernet(alsoknownasEIBnet/IPorKNXnet/IP)KNXis
designedtobeindependentofanyparticularhardwareplatform.AKNXDeviceNetworkcanbecontrolledbyanythingfroman8bitmicrocontrollertoaPC,accordingtotheneeds
ofaparticularimplementation.Themostcommonformofinstallationisovertwistedpairmedium.KNXisapprovedasanopenstandardtoInternationalstandard(ISO/IEC145433)
EuropeanStandard(CENELECEN50090andCENEN133211)andChinaGuoBiao(GB/Z20965).KNXhasmorethan100members/manufacturersincludingABB,Bosch,Miele
&CieKG,ONSemiconductor,SchneiderElectricIndustriesS.A.,Siemens,UponorCorporationandJung.TherearethreecategoriesofKNXdevice:1.Amodeor"Automaticmode"
devicesautomaticallyconfigurethemselves,andareintendedtobesoldtoandinstalledbytheenduser.14
24. 24.2.Emodeor"Easymode"devicesrequirebasictrainingtoinstall.Theirbehaviourispreprogrammed,buthasconfigurationparametersthatneedtobetailoredtotheusers
requirements.3.Smodeor"Systemmode"devicesareusedinthecreationofbespokebuildingautomationsystems.Smodedeviceshavenodefaultbehaviour,andmustbe
programmedandinstalledbyspecialisttechnicians.2.3.5ZWavestandardTheZwaveisawirelesscommunicationsproprietarystandarddesignedforhomeautomation,specifically
toremotecontrolapplicationsinresidentialandlightcommercialenvironments.Thistechnology,whichisdevelopedbySigmadesignsZensys,usesalowpowerRFradioembedded
orretrofittedintohomeelectronicsdevicesandsystems,suchaslighting,homeaccesscontrol,entertainmentsystemsandhouseholdappliances.Thetechnologyhasbeenstandardized
bytheZWaveAlliance,aninternationalconsortiumofmanufacturersthatoverseesinteroperabilitybetweenZWaveproductsandenableddevices(Wikipedia,2009).ZWaveisa
meshnetworkingtechnologywhereeachnodeordeviceonthenetworkiscapableofsendingandreceivingcontrolcommandsthroughwallsorfloorsandaroundhouseholdobstacles
orradiodeadspotsthatmightoccurinthehome.ZWavedevicescanworksinglyoringroups,andcanbeprogrammedintoscenesoreventsthattriggermultipledevices,either
automaticallyorviaremotecontrol.ZWaveisalowpowerwirelesstechnologydesignedspecificallyfor15
25. 25.remotecontrolapplications.UnlikeWiFiandotherIEEE802.11basedwirelessLANsystemsthataredesignedprimarilyforhighbandwidthdataflow,theZWaveRFsystem
operatesinthesubGigahertzfrequencyrangeandisoptimizedforlowoverheadcommandssuchasonoff(asinalightswitchoranappliance)andraiselower(asinathermostator
volumecontrol),withtheabilitytoincludedevicemetadatainthecommunications.BecauseZWaveoperatesapartfromthe2.4GHzfrequencyof802.11basedwirelesssystems,it
islargelyimpervioustointerferencefromcommonhouseholdwirelesselectronics,suchasWiFirouters,cordlesstelephonesandBluetoothdevicesthatworkinthesamefrequency
range.Thisfreedomfromhouseholdinterferenceallowsforastandardizedlowbandwidthcontrolmediumthatcanbereliablealongsidecommonwirelessdevices.Onotherhand,2.4
GHzfrequencyusageallowsunlicenseddevicesusageinmostcountriesthisisconvenienttocustomersandallowswidertechnologyadoptionandreduceddeploymentcosts.This
couldbenottrueforotherfrequenciesandcouldeasilyturnintoastrongdrawbackiflicensingisrequiredorfrequencyisoccupied.Thatsoneofreasonwhycompeting2.4GHz
technologiesbecamesopopular.Asaresultofitslowpowerconsumptionandlowcostofmanufacture,ZWaveiseasilyembeddedinconsumerelectronicsproducts,including
batteryoperateddevicessuchasremotecontrols,smokealarmsandsecuritysensors.ZWaveiscurrentlysupportedbyover200manufacturersworldwideandappearsinabroadrange
ofconsumerproductsintheU.S.andEurope.SomecommonapplicationsforZWaveinclude:RemoteHomeControlAndManagementByaddingZWaveto16
26. 26.homeelectronicssuchaslighting,climateandsecuritysystems,itispossibletocontrolandmonitorthesehouseholdfunctionsviaremotecontrol,basedonmanualorautomated
decisions.Thecontrolcanbeappliedtoasingledeviceorgroupofdevices,inasingleroomorzoneorthroughouttheentirehome.OneofthebenefitsofZWaveoverpowerline
communicationtechnologiesistheabilitytofunctioninolderhouseslackinganeutralwire.ZWavedevicescanalsobemonitoredandcontrolledfromoutsideofthehomebywayof
agatewaythatcombinesZWavewithbroadbandInternetaccess.EnergyConservationZWaveisenvisionedasakeyenablingtechnologyforenergymanagementinthegreen
home.Asanexample,ZWaveenabledthermostatsareabletoraiseorlowerautomatically,basedoncommandsfromZWaveenableddaylightsensors.Groupedscenecontrolscan
ensurethatunnecessaryenergyconsumptionisminimizedbyvariousalloffstatesforsystemsthroughoutthehome,suchaslighting,appliancesandhomeentertainmentsystems.
HomeSafetyAndSecuritySystemsBecauseZWavecantransceivecommandsbasedonrealtimeconditions,andisabletocontroldevicesinintelligentgroupings,itallowsnovel
extensionsoftraditionalhomesecurityconcepts.Asanexample,theopeningofaZWaveenableddoorlockcandeactivateasecuritysystemandturnonlightswhenchildrenarrive
homefromschool,andsendanotificationtoaparentsPCorcellphoneviatheInternet.OpeningaZWaveenabledgaragedoorcan17
27. 27.triggerexteriorandinteriorhomelights,whileaZWavemotiondetectorcantriggeranoutdoorsecuritylightandawebcam,whichwouldallowtheendusertomonitorthehome
whileaway.HomeEntertainmentZWavesabilitytocommandmultipledevicesasaunifiedeventmakesitwellsuitedforhomeaudioandvideoapplications.Forexample,a
simple"PlayDVD"commandontheremotecontrolcouldturnontheneededcomponents,setthemtothecorrectinputsandevenlowermotorizedshadesanddimtheroomlights.Z
WavesRFtechnologyisalsowellsuitedasanevolutionofconventionalInfrared(IR)basedremotecontrolsforhomeelectronics,asitisnotconstrainedbyIRslineofsightand
distancelimitations.InJanuaryof2008,ZensysannouncedasinglechipsolutionthatpairsZWavewithIRcontrol,positioningthetechnologyasanallencompassingsolution
forhomeremotecontrols.2.3.6X10standardX10isaninternationalandopenindustrystandardforcommunicationamongelectronicdevicesusedforhomeautomation.Itprimarily
usespowerlinewiringforsignallingandcontrol,wherethesignalsinvolvebriefradiofrequencyburstsrepresentingdigitalinformation.X10wasdevelopedin1975by
PicoElectronicsofGlenrothes,Scotland,inordertoallowremotecontrolofhomedevicesandappliances.Itwasthefirstgeneralpurposehomeautomationnetworktechnologyand
remainsthemostwidelyavailable.AlthoughanumberofhigherbandwidthalternativesexistincludingKNX,INSTEON,BACnet,andLonWorks,X10remains18
28. 28.popularinthehomeenvironmentwithmillionsofunitsinuseworldwide,andinexpensiveavailabilityofnewcomponents(Wikipedia,2009).PacketstransmittedusingX10
controlprotocolconsistofafourbithousecodefollowedbyoneormorefourbitunitcode,finallyfollowedbyafourbitcommand.Table2.1:ListofX10fourbitcommandsCode
FunctionDescription0000AllUnitsOffSwitchoffalldeviceswiththehousecodeindicatedinthemessage0001AllLightsOnSwitchesonalllightingdevices(withtheabilityto
controlbrightness)0010OnSwitchesonadevice0011OffSwitchesoffadevice0100DimReducesthelightintensity0101BrightIncreasesthelightintensity0111Extended
CodeExtensioncode1000HailRequestRequestsaresponsefromthedevice(s)withthehousecodeindicatedinthemessage1001HailAcknowledgeResponsetotheprevious
command101xPresetDimAllowstheselectionoftwopredefinedlevelsoflightintensity1101StatusisOnResponsetotheStatusRequestindicatingthatthedeviceisswitched
on1110StatusisOffResponseindicatingthatthedeviceisswitchedoff1111StatusRequestRequestrequiringthestatusofadevice19
29. 29.2.3.7LonWorksLonWorksisanetworkingplatformspecificallycreatedtoaddresstheneedsofcontrolapplications.Theplatformisbuiltonaprotocolcreatedby
EchelonCorporationfornetworkingdevicesovermediasuchastwistedpair,powerlines,fibreoptics,andradiofrequency.Itisusedfortheautomationofvariousfunctionswithin
buildingssuchaslightingandHVAC(Heating,ventilatingandairconditioning).Thistechnologyhasitsoriginswithchipdesigns,powerlineandtwistedpair,signallingtechnology,
routers,networkmanagementsoftware,andotherproductsfromEchelonCorporation.Twophysicallayersignallingtechnologies,twistedpairandpowerlinecarrier,aretypically
includedineachofthestandardscreatedaroundtheLonWorkstechnology.Thetwowirelayeroperatesat78kbit/susingdifferentialmanchesterencoding,whilethepowerline
achieveseither5.4or3.6kbit/s,dependingonfrequency.Additionally,theLonWorksplatformusesanaffiliatedInternetprotocol(IP)tunnellingstandardANSI/CEA852inuse

byanumberofmanufacturerstoconnectthedevicesonpreviouslydeployedandnewLonWorksbasednetworkstoIPawareapplicationsorremotenetworkmanagementtools.Most
LonWorksbasedcontrolapplicationsarebeingimplementedwithsomesortofIPintegration,eitherattheuserinterface,applicationlevelorinthecontrolinfrastructure.Thisis
accomplishedwithwebservicesorIProutingproductsavailableonthemarket(Wikipedia,2009).2.3.8ONENETstandard20
30. 30.ONENETisanopensourcestandardforwirelessnetworkdesignedforlowcost,lowpower(batteryoperated)controlnetworksforapplicationssuchashomeautomation,
securityandmonitoring,devicecontrol,andsensornetworks.ONENETisnottiedtoanyproprietaryhardwareorsoftware,andcanbeimplementedwithavarietyoflowcostoff
theshelfradiotransceiversandmicrocontrollersfromanumberofdifferentmanufacturers(Wikipedia,2009).ONENETusesUHFISMradiotransceiversandcurrentlyoperatesin
the868MHzand915MHzfrequencies.TheONENETstandardallowsforimplementationonotherfrequencies,andsomeworkisbeingdonetoimplementitinthe400MHzand2.4
GHzfrequencyranges.ItutilizesWidebandFSK(Frequencyshiftkeying)toencodedatafortransmissionanditfeaturesadynamicdatarateprotocolwithabasedatarateof38.4
kbit/s.Thespecificationallowspernodedynamicdatarateconfigurationfordataratesupto230kbit/s.ONENETsupportsstar,peertopeer,andmeshnetworkingtopologies.Star
networktopologycanbeusedforlowercomplexityandcostofperipherals,andalsosimplifiesencryptionkeymanagement.Inpeertopeermode,amasterdeviceconfiguresand
authorizespeertopeertransactions.Thewirelessmeshnetworkmodeallowsforrepeatingtocoverlargerareasorroutearounddeadareas.Outdoorpeertopeerrangehasbeen
measuredtoover500m,indoorpeertopeerrangehasbeendemonstratedfrom60mtoover100m,andmeshmodecanextendoperationalrangetoseveralkilometers.Simple,block,
andstreamingtransactionsaresupported.SimpletransactionstypicallyusemessagetypesasdefinedbytheONENETprotocoltoexchangesensordatasuchastemperatureorenergy
consumption,andcontroldata21
31. 31.suchason/offmessages.Simpletransactionsuseencryptiontechniquestoavoidsusceptibilitytoreplayattacks.Blocktransactionscanbeusedtotransmitlargerblocksofdata
thansimplemessages.Blocktransactionsconsistofmultiplepacketscontainingupto58bytesperpacket.Blockstransactionscantransferupto65,535bytesperblock.Streaming
transactionsaresimilarinformattoblocktransactionsbutdonotrequireretransmissionoflostdatapackets.ONENETisoptimizedforlowpowerconsumptionsuchasbattery
poweredperipherals.LowdutycyclebatterypoweredONENETdevicessuchaswindowsensors,moisturedetectors,etc.canachieveathreetofiveyearbatterylifewithAAor
"AAA"alkalinecells.Dynamicpoweradjustmentallowssignalstrengthinfotobeusedtoscalebacktransmitpowertoconservebatterypower.Highdataratesandshortpacketsizes
minimizetransceiverontime.Furtherpowerefficiencycanbegainedutilizingdeterministicsleepperiodsforclientdevices.2.3.9UniversalPowerlineBusTheUniversalPowerline
Bus(UPB)isanindustryemergingstandardforcommunicationamongdevicesusedforhomeautomation.Itusespowerlinewiringforsignallingandcontrol.Householdelectrical
wiringisusedtosenddigitaldatabetweenUPBdevices.WhileintheX10protocolthisdigitaldataisencodedontoa120KHzcarrierwhichistransmittedasburstsduringthe
relativelyquietzerocrossingsofthe50or60HzACalternatingcurrentwaveform,theUPBprotocolworksdifferently.TheUPBcommunicationmethodconsistsofaseriesof
preciselytimedelectricalpulses(called22
32. 32.UPBPulses)thataresuperimposedontopofthenormalACpowerwaveform(sinewave).ReceivingUPBdevicescaneasilydetectandanalysetheseUPBPulsesandpulloutthe
encodeddigitalinformationfromthem.UPBPulsesaregeneratedbychargingacapacitortoahighvoltageandthendischargingthatcapacitorsvoltageintothepowerlineataprecise
time.Thisquickdischargingofthecapacitorcreatesalargespike(orpulse)onthepowerlinethatiseasilydetectablebyreceivingUPBdeviceswiredlargedistancesawayonthe
samepowerline.UPBcontrollersrangefromextremelysimplepluginmodulestoverysophisticatedwholehousehomeautomationcontrollers.Thesimplestcontrollersareplugin
controllersthatarerecommendedforamoderateamountofswitchesanddevicesasitbecomescumbersometocontrolawiderangeofdevices.Moresophisticatedcontrollerscan
controlmoreunitsand/orincorporatetimersthatperformpreprogrammedfunctionsatspecifictimeseachday.Unitsarealsoavailablethatusepassiveinfraredmotiondetectorsor
photocellstoturnlightsonandoffbasedonexternalconditions.Finally,wholehousehomeautomationcontrollerscanbefullyprogrammed.Thesesystemscanexecutemany
differenttimedevents,respondtoexternalsensors,andexecute,withthepressofasinglebutton,anentirescene,turninglightson,establishingbrightnesslevels,andsoon.UPBwas
developedbyPCSPowerlineSystemsofNorthridge,Californiaandreleasedin1999.BasedontheconceptoftheubiquitousX10standard,UPBhasanimprovedtransmissionrate
andhigherreliability.WhileX10withoutspecialisedfirewallshasareportedreliabilityof7080%,UPBreportedlyhasareliabilityofmorethan99%(Wikipedia,2009).23
33. 33.2.4HOMEAUTOMATIONIMPLEMENTATIONPLATFORMSHomeautomationcanbeimplementedoveranumberofplatformsnamely,Powerline,RS232serial
communication,Ethernet,Bluetooth,InfraredandGSM.Eachplatformhavingitsownpeculiarityandareaofapplication.2.4.1PowerlinecommunicationPowerlinecommunicationis
asystemforcarryingdataonaconductoralsousedforelectricalpowertransmission.Thoughelectricalpoweristransmittedoverhighvoltagetransmissionlines,distributedover
mediumvoltageandusedinsidebuildingsatlowervoltages,powerlinecommunicationcanbeappliedateachstage.Allpowerlinecommunicationsystemsoperatebyimpressinga
modulatedcarriersignalonthewiringsystem.Differenttypesofpowerlinecommunicationsusedifferentfrequencybands,dependingonthesignaltransmissioncharacteristicsof
thepowerwiringused.Sincethepowerwiringsystemwasoriginallyintendedfortransmissionofalternatingcurrent(AC)power,inconventionaluse,thepowerwirecircuitshave
onlyalimitedabilitytocarryhigherfrequencies.Thepropagationproblemisalimitingfactorforeachtypeofpowerlinecommunications.Dataratesoverapowerline
communicationssystemvarywidely.Lowfrequency(about100200Khz)carriersimpressedonhighvoltagetransmissionlinesmaycarryoneortwoanalogvoicecircuits,or
telemetryandcontrolcircuitswithanequivalentdatarateofafewhundredbitspersecondhowever,thesecircuitsmaybemanymileslong.24
34. 34.2.4.2RS232TheRS232standsforrecommendedstandardnumber232.TheserialportsonmostcomputersuseasubsetoftheRS232standard.ThefullRS232standardspecifiesa
25pin"D"connectorofwhich22pinsareused.MostofthesepinsarenotneededfornormalPCcommunications,andindeed,mostnewPCsareequippedwithmaleDtype
connectorshavingonly9pins,tradingoffcompatibilitywiththestandardagainsttheuseoflesscostlyandmorecompactconnectors.InRS232,thecommunicatingdevicesare
referredtoasDataTerminalEquipment(DTE)andDataCommunicationEquipment(DCE).TheDTEisanendinstrumentthatconvertsuserinformationintosignalsorreconverts
receivedsignalsandusesthemaleconnector.TheDTEisthefunctionalunitofadatastationthatservesasadatasourceoradatasinkandprovidesforthedatacommunication
controlfunctiontobeperformedinaccordancewithlinkprotocol.WhiletheDCEiscommunicationlinkcontroldevicethatprovidestheclocksignalandusesthefemaleconnector.
TheDTEendsthecommunicationline,whereastheDCEprovidesapathforcommunication.InconnectingaDTEdevicetoaDCEastraightpinforpinconnectionisused.
However,toconnecttwoDCEsorDTEsthetransmitandreceivelinesmustbecrossed.TheDTEisusuallyacomputeroraterminaldeviceandtheDCEisusuallyamodem.Figures
2.12.3showsthestraightconnectionswhilefigures2.42.6illustratethecrossovercableconnections.25
35. 35.Figure2.1:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB9DTEandRS232DB9DCEFigure2.2:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB25DTEandRS232DB25
DCE26
36. 36.Figure2.3:StraightcableconnectionbetweenRS232DB9DTEandRS232DB25DCEFigure2.4:CrossovercableconnectionbetweenDB9DCEandDB9DCE27
37. 37.Figure2.5:CrossovercableconnectionbetweenDB25DCEandDB25DCEFigure2.6:CrossovercableconnectionbetweenDB9DCEandDB9DCE28
38. 38.2.4.3EthernetEthernetdefinesanumberofwiringandsignallingstandardsforthephysicalconnectionoftwoormoredevicestogether.Ethernetwasoriginallybasedontheidea
ofcomputerscommunicatingoverasharedcoaxialcableactingasabroadcasttransmissionmedium.Themethodsusedshowsomesimilaritiestoradiosystems,althoughthereare
fundamentaldifferences,suchasthefactthatitismucheasiertodetectcollisionsinacablebroadcastsystemthanaradiobroadcast.Thecommoncableprovidingthecommunication
channelwaslikenedtotheetheranditwasfromthisreferencethatthename"Ethernet"wasderived(Wikipedia,2009).Fromthisearlyandcomparativelysimpleconcept,Ethernet
evolvedintothecomplexnetworkingtechnologythattodayunderliesmostlocalareanetworks.ThecoaxialcablewasreplacedwithpointtopointlinksconnectedbyEthernethubs
and/orswitchestoreduceinstallationcosts,increasereliability,andenablepointtopointmanagementandtroubleshooting.StarLANwasthefirststepintheevolutionofEthernet
fromacoaxialcablebustoahubmanaged,twistedpairnetwork.Theadventoftwistedpairwiringdramaticallyloweredinstallationcostsrelativetocompetingtechnologies,
includingtheolderEthernettechnologies.Throughthephysicalconnection,Ethernetstationscommunicatebysendingeachotherdatapackets,blocksofdatathatareindividuallysent
anddelivered.DespitethesignificantchangesinEthernetfromathickcoaxialcablebusrunningat10Mbits/stopointtopointlinksrunningat1Gbit/sandabove,allgenerationsof
Ethernet(excludingearlyexperimentalversions)sharethesameframeformats(andhencethesameinterfaceforhigherlayers),andcanbereadily29
39. 39.interconnected.AndduetotheubiquityofEthernet,theeverdecreasingcostofthehardwareneededtosupportit,andthereducedpanelspaceneededbytwistedpairEthernet,
mostmanufacturersnowbuildthefunctionalityofanEthernetcarddirectlyintocomputerandlaptopmotherboards,eliminatingtheneedforinstallationofaseparatenetwork
card.2.4.4BluetoothBluetoothisanopenwirelessprotocolforexchangingdataovershortdistancesfromfixedandmobiledevices,creatingpersonalareanetworks(PANs).Itwas
originallyconceivedasawirelessalternativetoRS232datacables.Itcanconnectseveraldevices,overcomingproblemsofsynchronization.Itisastandardandacommunications
protocolprimarilydesignedforlowpowerconsumption,withashortrange(powerclassdependent:1meter,10meters,100meters)basedonlowcosttransceivermicrochipsineach
device.Bluetoothmakesitpossiblefordevicestocommunicatewitheachotherwhentheyareinrange.Becausethedevicesusearadio(broadcast)communicationssystem,theydo
nothavetobeinlineofsightofeachother.Bluetoothusesaradiotechnologycalledfrequencyhoppingspreadspectrum,whichchopsupthedatabeingsentandtransmitschunksofit
onupto79frequencies.Initsbasicmode,themodulationisGaussianfrequencyshiftkeying(GFSK).Itcanachieveagrossdatarateof1Mb/s.Bluetoothprovidesawaytoconnect
andexchangeinformationbetweendevicessuchasmobilephones,telephones,laptops,personalcomputers,printers,GlobalPositioningSystems(GPS)receivers,digitalcameras,and
videogameconsolesthroughasecure,globally30
40. 40.unlicensedIndustrial,ScientificandMedical(ISM)2.4GHzshortrangeradiofrequencyband.TheBluetoothspecificationsaredevelopedandlicensedbytheBluetoothSpecial
InterestGroup(SIG).TheBluetoothSIGconsistsofcompaniesintheareasoftelecommunication,computing,networking,andconsumerelectronics(Wikipedia,2009).2.4.5
InfraredInfrared(IR)radiationiselectromagneticradiationwhosewavelengthislongerthanthatofvisiblelight(400700nm),butshorterthanthatofmicrowaveradiation.Its
wavelengthspansbetween750nmand100mandisemployedinshortrangecommunicationamongdevicesthatconformtothestandardspublishedbytheInfraredDataAssociation
(IrDA).RemotecontrolsandIrDAdevicesuseinfraredlightemittingdiodes(LEDs)toemitinfraredradiationwhichisfocusedbyaplasticlensintoanarrowbeam.Thebeamis
modulated,i.e.switchedonandoff,toencodethedata.Thereceiverusesasiliconphotodiodetoconverttheinfraredradiationtoanelectriccurrent.Itrespondsonlytotherapidly
pulsingsignalcreatedbythetransmitter,andfiltersoutslowlychanginginfraredradiationfromambientlight.Infraredcommunicationsareusefulforindooruseinareasofhigh
populationdensity.IRdoesnotpenetratewallsandsodoesnotinterferewithotherdevicesinadjoiningrooms.Infraredisthemostcommonwayforremotecontrolstocommand
appliances.2.4.6GSMGSMwhichstandsforGlobalSystemforMobileCommunication,isthe31
41. 41.mostpopularstandardformobilephonecommunicationintheworld.Itisusedbyoverthreebillionpeopleacrossmorethan212countriesandterritories(Wikipedia,2009).GSM
basicallyprovidesvoicecallandshortmessageservice(SMS).Itoperatesasacellularnetworkthatmobilephonesconnecttobytryingtosearchforcellsintheirimmediatevicinity.
ThemodulationusedinGSMisGaussianminimumshiftkeying(GMSK),akindofcontinuousphasefrequencyshiftkeying.InGMSK,thesignaltobemodulatedontothecarrieris

firstsmoothedwithaGaussianlowpassfilterpriortobeingfedtoafrequencymodulator,whichgreatlyreducestheinterferencetoneighbouringchannels(adjacentchannel
interference).GSMnetworksoperateinthe900MHzor1800MHzfrequencybandsinmostcountriesoftheworldexceptinfewcountrieslikeUSAandCanadawhere850and1900
MHzbandsareusedasthe900and1800MHzbandswerealreadyallocated.TheGSMtechnologyusesa200Khzradiofrequencychannelsthataretimedivisionmultiplexedto
enableuptoeightuserstoaccesseachcarrier.2.4.7MicrocontrollerAmicrocontrollerisaninexpensivesinglechipcomputer.Singlechipcomputermeansthattheentirecomputer
systemlieswithintheconfinesoftheintegratedcircuitchip(Byte,2002).Themicrocontrollerontheencapsulatedsilverofsiliconhasfeaturessimilartothoseofourstandard
personalcomputer.Itsabilitytostoreandrununiqueprogramsmakesitextremelyversatile,anditsabilitytoperformmathsandlogicfunctionsallowsittomimicsophisticatedlogic
andelectroniccircuits.Microcontrollersareusedinautomaticallycontrolledproductsanddevices,32
42. 42.suchasautomobileenginecontrolsystems,remotecontrols,officemachines,appliances,powertoolsandtoys.Hence,microcontrollersduenotfunctioninisolation,theyaccept
inputfromoneormoredevicesandprovideoutputtootherdeviceswithinagivensystem.Infact,theyareresponsiblefortheintelligenceinmostsmartdevicesintheconsumer
market.Themicrocontrollerhastwogeneralarchitecturetypesthatdefineitsmodeofoperationanddesign.2.3.7.1VonNeumannarchitectureThisarchitecturehasasingle,common
memoryspacewherebothprograminstructionsanddataarestored.Thereisasingledatabuswhichfetchesbothinstructionsanddata.AndeachtimetheCPUfetchesaprogram
instructionitmayhavetoperformoneormoreread/writeoperationstodatamemoryspace.Itmustwaituntilthesesubsequentoperationsarecompletebeforeitcanfetchanddecode
thenextprograminstruction.Theadvantagetothisarchitectureliesinitssimplicityandeconomy.OnsomeVonNeumannmachinestheprogramcanreadfromandwritetoCPU
registers,includingtheprogramcounter.Thiscanbedangerousasyoucanpointtheprocessortomemoryblocksoutsideprogrammemoryspaceandcarelessprocessormanipulation
cancauseerrorswhichrequireahardreset.2.3.7.2HarvardarchitectureThisarchitectureimplementsseparatememoryareasforprograminstructionsanddata.Therearetwoormore
internaldatabuseswhichallowsimultaneousaccesstobothinstructionsanddata.TheCPUfetchesinstructionson33
43. 43.theprogrammemorybus.Ifthefetchedinstructionrequiresanoperationondatamemory,theCPUcanfetchthenextprograminstructionwhileitusesthedatabusforitsdata
operation.Thisspeedsupexecutiontimeatthecostofmorehardwarecomplexity.Mostmodernmicrocontrollershavetheharvardarchitecture.34
44. 44.CHAPTERTHREEMETHODOLOGYIndesigningahomeautomationsystem,oneormoresuitableplatformsareusedinordertobuildareliableandflexiblesystemthatcanbe
easilyoperatedandadaptedforanewhouseholdappliance.Therefore,forthepurposeofthisprojectsomespecificdeliberatechoicesweremadeonthetypeofplatforms,
hardwarecomponentsandmodeofoperationofthehomeautomationsystem.3.1PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONSBeforetheactualdesignoftheprojectwork,specific
deliberatechoicesinselectionofappropriateimplementationplatformsandhardwarecomponentsweremade.Prioritywasgiventolowcostavailability,reliability,flexibilityand
simplicityinalltheseselections.3.1.1SelectionofimplementationplatformAsalreadyexplainedinthepreviouschapter,therearemanyplatformsoverwhichahomeautomation
systemcanbeimplemented.OfthecurrentlyavailableplatformsPowerline,RS232,Ethernet,Bluetooth,Infrared,GSMandMicrocontrollerRS232,GSMandMicrocontroller
werefoundmostappropriateduetotheirlowcostavailability,reliabilityandsimplicitywhenusedforanindividualcontrolhomeautomationsystemwhichmyprojectworkison.
PowerlineandEthernetistooexpensiveandcomplexforthiskindofhomeautomationsystem,whileBluetoothandInfraredareunreliable.35
45. 45.3.1.2SelectionofhardwarecomponentsEachplatformhasasetofhardwarecomponentsoverwhichitisimplemented.ForRS232,thereareDB9andDB25connectioncables,
butDB9cablewasfoundmostappropriatebecauseitischeaper,morereadilyavailable,lessbulkyandjustsufficientforthedesignedsystemwhencomparedwithDB25.ForGSM,
thereareGSMmodemsandphonebrands,butNokia6021waschosenduetoitslowcostavailability,abilitytounderstandATcommandsandavailabilityofitsRS232DB9cable.
Finally,forMicrocontroller,thepopularonesarethoseproducedbyMicrochip,ATMEL,MotorolaandTexasInstruments,ofalltheseMicrochipmanufacturedPICmicrocontroller
wasfoundmostsuitableduetoitslowcostavailability,andreadilyavailableprogrammers,compilersandflexibility.3.2SYSTEMDESIGNThedesignedhomeautomationsystem
usesPIC18F4455microcontroller,Nokia6021mobilephone,RS232standardforcommunicationbetweenthemicrocontrollerandmobilephone,HIN232forinterfacingthe
microcontroller,arelayandadriverforinterfacingtherelay.Asillustratedintheblockdiagramshowninfigure3.1,whentheNokia6021receivestherequiredsignal,it
communicatesviatheRS232andHIN232tothePIC18F4455,thePIC18F4455controlstherelaystateviaadriverandthisinturndeterminesthestateoftheconnectedappliance,
whetherswitchedonoroff.36
46. 46.Figure3.1:Blockdiagramofthehomeautomationsystem3.2.1PIC18F4455PIC18F4455ismanufacturedbyMicrochipIncorporationbasedinUnitedStatesofAmerica,andis
oneoftheirharvardarchitecturebasedmicrocontrollerseriescalledPIC.PICisgenerallyassumedtomeanprogrammableinterfacecontroller.ThePICmicrocontrollercontainsa
CPU(centralprocessingunit),RAM(randomaccessmemory),ROM(readonlymemory),I/O(input/output)lines,
serial37HIN232PIC18F4455SERIALRELAYDRIVERRS232HOMEAPPLIANCEACLINE
47. 47.andparallelports,timersandsometimesotherbuiltinperipheralssuchasA/D(analoguetodigital)andD/A(digitaltoanalogue)converters.Figure3.2showstheinteractions
(dataflow)betweenthemainmicrocontrollerparts.Figure3.2:Interactionsbetweenthemainmicrocontrollerparts3.2.1.1CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)TheCPUisresponsiblefor
allthecomputing,itfetches,decodesandexecutesprograminstructionsanddirectstheflowofdatatoandfrommemory.Itperformsthecalculationsrequiredbyprograminstructions
andplacestheresultsofthesecalculations,ifrequired,intomemoryspace.MostCPUsaresynchronous,meaningthattheydependonthecyclesofaprocessorclock,thisclock
generatesahighfrequencysquarewaveusuallydrivenbyacrystal,aRC(resistorcapacitor)oranexternalsource.Theclockissometimesreferredtoasanoscillator.Theclockspeed,
oroscillationrate,ismeasuredinmegahertz(MHz)whichrepresentsonemillioncycles/second.38
48. 48.3.2.1.2RandomAccessMemory(RAM)TheRAM,randomaccessmemory,isusedtowriteandreaddatavaluesasaprogramruns.RAMisvolatilemeaningthatifthepower
supplytothemicrocontrollerisremoved,itscontentsarelost.AllvariablesusedinaprogramareallocatedfromtheRAM.ThetimetoretrieveinformationfromRAMdoes
notdependuponthelocationoftheinformationbecauseRAMisnotsequential,hencethetermrandomaccess.MostsmallPICmicrocontrollersprovideverylittleRAMwhichforces
youtowriteapplicationsthatuseRAMwisely.Manipulatinglargedatastructuresandusingpointers,reentrantorrecursivefunctionsuselargeamountsofRAMandaretechniques
whicharegenerallyavoidedonmicrocontrollers3.2.1.3ReadOnlyMemory(ROM)TheROM,readonlymemory,isnonvolatilememoryusedforprograminformationand
permanentdata.ThemicrocontrollerusesROMmemoryspacetostoreprograminstructionsitwillexecutewhenitisstartedorreset.Programinstructionsmustbesavedinnon
volatilememorysothattheyarenotaffectedbylossofpower,themicrocontrollerusuallycannotwritedatatoprogrammemoryspace.3.2.1.4InputandOutputports(I/O)Without
somemeansofgettinginformationandsignalsinandout,themicrocontrollerwillhavelittleornouse.Hence,theinputandoutputportsareusedtopassdatainandoutofthe
microcontrollerinacontrolledmanner,oftenaccordingtoastandardprotocol.ThePICmicrocontrollerportsareoftwotypesnamely,serialandparallelports.Theycanoperatein
twomainmodesnamely,synchronousand39
49. 49.asynchronousmodes.TheparallelI/Oportsrequireadatalineforeachbitinabyte,whiletheserialI/Ousesasingledatalineforallthebitsinthedatastreambytransferringthe
bitsinsequence.Thesynchronousmodeinvolvessynchronizingthedatatransferwithaclockwhiletheasynchronousmodedoesnot.PICmicrocontrollersmostoftenhaveparallel
I/OcapabilitybuiltinandtheserialI/Oasaperipheralfeature.3.2.2PIC18F4455architectureAsshowninfigure3.3isatypicalPIC18F4455,a40pinhighperformancenanowatt
technologymicrocontroller,wasusedintheactualdesign(Microchip,2007).Figure3.3:40PinPIC18F4455microcontrollerThefeaturesofPIC18F4455are:40
50. 50.24576Bytesflashprogrammemory,Capableof12288instructionset,2048BytesofDatamemory,256BytesofDataEEPROMmemory,18interruptsources,USBV.20
compliant,100,000erase/writecycle,Programmablecodeprotection,Dataretentionofover40years,Selfprogrammableundersoftwarecontrol,EnhancedUSARTmodule,
andCcompileroptimizedarchitecture.41
51. 51.Figure3.4:PIC18F4455blockdiagram42
52. 52.3.2.3PIC18F4455programmingFigure3.4isadetailedblockdiagramofthePIC4455.Inprogrammingit,acomplierandaprogrammerwereused.Therearemanyavailable
compilersforPIC18F4455suchasMikroC,HiTech,MikroBasic,MikroPascal,CCSCandMPLAB,butCCSC(whoseinterfaceisshowninfigure3.5)wasused.Also,thereare
manyprogrammersavailablebutMikroElectronikadevelopmentboard(itscontrolinterfaceisshowninfigure3.6)wasused.Figure3.5:CCSCcompilerIDEinterfaceTheCCSC
compilerhasanIntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment(IDE)throughwhichprogramswrittencanbecompiledintoHexadecimalcodes.TheIDEinterfaceisshownabove.43
53. 53.Figure3.6:MikroElectronikaprogrammerinterface3.2.4Nokia6021Nokia6021,showninfigure3.7,isanEDGE(EnhancedDataRatesforGSMEvolution)enabledmobile
phone.ItisbuiltontheGSMtechnologystandardandhasbothInfraredandBluetoothtransceivers,thesefeaturesmakeitsuitableforuseinbuildinganhomeautomationsystem.It
canserveasanextremelylongrangeremote(onethatcanbecontrolledfromanywhereintheworld)viaacombinationoftwoormoreofitsInfraredorBluetoothfunctionality,voice
anddatacallcapabilities,44
54. 54.shortandmultimediamessageservice(SMS/MMS)andwirelessapplicationprotocol(WAP).ItalsohasanRS232datacablecalledDKU5cablewithwhichthephonecanbe
connectedtoanyRS232serialcommunicationcapabledevice.Figure3.7:Nokia6021mobilephoneInremotecommunicationwiththeNokia6021,Hayescommandset(alsoknown
asATcommand)isused.Thiscommandsetisaspecificcommandlanguageconsistingofseriesofshorttextstringswhichcombinetogethertoproducecompletecommandsfor
operationssuchasdialling,hangingup,sending/readingtextmessages,andchangingtheparametersoftheconnection.3.2.5HIN232HIN232,showninfigure3.8,isanRS232
transmitter/receiverinterfacechip,usedformakingserialcommunicationpossiblebetweenadevicethatusesTTL(transistortransistorlogic)signallevelsandanotherdevicethat
usesRS232signallevels(Intersil,2008).45
55. 55.Figure3.8:HIN232pinoutItrequiresasingle+5Vpowersupplyandfeatureonboardchargepumpvoltageconverterswhichgenerate+10Vand10Vsuppliesfromthe5V
supply.ItsdriversfeaturetrueTTLinputcompatibility,slewratelimitedoutput,and300poweroffsourceimpedance.Thereceiverscanhandleupto+30V,andhavea3kto7k
inputimpedance,andtheyfeaturehysteresistogreatlyimprovenoiserejection.Table3.1:HIN232pindescriptionsTable3.1givesadetailedworkingdescriptionofeachpin.46
56. 56.3.2.6RelayRelayisasmallelectricalswitchconsistingofanelectromagnet(coil),aswitchandaspring,thatopensandclosesunderthecontrolofanotherelectricalcircuit.The
springholdstheswitchinoneposition,untilacurrentispassedthroughthecoil,thecoilgeneratesamagneticfieldwhichmovestheswitch.Becausetherelayisabletocontrolan
outputcircuitofhigherpowerthantheinputcircuit,itisoftenusedtoautomaticallyswitchlargeelectricalpowerdevices(Wikipedia,2009).Therearemanytypesofrelay,namely
LatchingrelayThisrelayhastworelaxedstates(bistable)anditisoftenreferredtoasimpulse,keeporstayrelay.Whenthecurrentisswitchedoff,therelayremainsinitslaststate.
Thisispossibleduetoasolenoidoperatingaratchetandcammechanism,orbyhavingtwoopposingcoilswithanovercenterspringorpermanentmagnettoholdthearmatureand
contactsinpositionwhilethecoilisrelaxed.Hence,thefirstpulseofcurrenttothecoilturnstherelayonandthesecondpulseturnsitoff.ReedrelayThisrelayhasasetof
contactsinsideavacuumorinertgasfilledglasstube,whichprotectsthecontactsagainstatmosphericcorrosion.Thecontactsareclosedbyamagneticfieldgeneratedwhencurrent
passesthroughacoilaroundtheglasstube.Reedrelaysarecapableoffasterswitchingspeedsthanmostotherrelaytypes,buthavealowswitchcurrentandvoltageratings.47

57. 57.ContactorrelayThisisaveryheavydutyrelayusedforswitchingelectricmotorsandlightingloads.Highcurrentcontactsaremadewithalloyscontainingsilver.Thoughthere
isanunavoidablearcingandthecontactsoxidize,thesilveroxideformedisstillagoodconductor.Contactorrelaysareoftenusedformotorstartersandtheygeneratealotofnoise
whenswitching.SolidstaterelayThisrelaytypeisasolidstateelectroniccomponentthatprovidesthesamefunctionastheelectromagneticrelay.Itisjustthatitdoesnothaveany
movingpartwhichincreasesitslongtermreliability.48
58. 58.CHAPTERFOURDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONThedesignofthisprojectinvolvedcouplingseveralhardwarecomponentsandtestingatthedifferentstagesofthe
implementation.Firstly,aflowchartasshowninfigure4.1wasdevelopedforthedesignindicatingtheprocessesinvolved.Figure4.1:Flowchartofthedesign49PhoneringsSwitch
applianceoffStartSwitchapplianceonAppliancealreadyswitchedonSendmessageSendmessageNoYesYes
59. 59.4.1BUILDINGTHEPOWERSUPPLYANDINTERFACINGTHERELAYInbuildingthepowersupply,asillustratedinfigure4.2thefollowingcomponentswereused
220/9V500mA50Hztransformer,4700F,35Vcapacitor,bridgerectifier,and5Vvoltageregulator.Figure4.2:Thepowersupply50Voltage
regulatorCapacitorTransformerBridgerectifier
60. 60.Theprimarysideofthetransformerwasconnectedtoa220VACmainswhilethe9Vsecondarysidewasconnectedtothealternatingvoltageinputpinsofthebridgerectifier.The
DCoutputofthebridgerectifierwassenttothe5Vvoltageregulatorwhichsuppliestheconstant5VvoltagesupplyneededbythePIC4455andHIN232.4.2SERIAL
COMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEMICROCONTROLLERANDNOKIA6021InmakingpossibletheserialcommunicationbetweenthePIC4455microcontrollerandtheNokia
6021mobilephone,thevoltagelevelsignalsfromtheRS232DB9datacableofthephonehadtobeconvertedtothecorrespondingTTL/CMOSvoltagelevelsignalsthatthe
microcontrollerunderstands.Indoingthis,HIN232whichisanRS232linedriver/receiverwasusedtoconverttheRS232signalstotheircorrespondingTTL/CMOSsignals.The
microcontrollertransmitpinC6andreceivepinC7wereconnectedtotheTTL/CMOSinputandoutputpins9and10,indoingthisconnectionitwasnecessarytoconnectthetransmit
pin(C6)ofthemicrocontrollertotheinputreceivepinoftheHIN232andthereceivepin(C7)ofthemicrocontrollertotheoutputtransmitpinoftheHIN232.Thisensuredthe
crossconnectionrequiredforserialcommunicationbetweentwoDCEs(DataCommunicationEquipment)forboththemicrocontrollerandtheNokia6021areDCEs.FortheDB9
cable,thetransmitpin2isconnectedtotheRS232outputpin7andthereceivepin3isconnectedtotheRS232inputpin8.Finally,theDTR(dataterminalready)pin4andRTS
(requesttosend)pin7oftheDB9cablewereconnectedtothe+5Vterminalwhilethesignalgroundpin551
61. 61.wasconnectedtothegroundterminal.Thecompleteconnectionisshowninfigure4.3.Figure4.3:TheRS232tomicrocontrollerportionofthedesign4.3PROGRAMMINGTHE
MICROCONTROLLERInprogrammingthemicrocontroller,CCSCcompilerwasusedtowritethePICCcodethatwasbuiltintoanhexadecimalcodetobeprogrammedinto
thePIC4455.ThePICCprogramcodeimplementedforthePIC4455microcontrollerwasdevelopedstepwiseasIncludetherequiredheaderfileswhichare18f4455.hand
string.hheaderfiles.Includetherequiredclassfilewhichisinput.c.52HIN232PIC4455microcontrollerRS232DB9connector
62. 62.Setthecommunicationparametersliketheclockrate(20MHz),thebaudrate(9600bits/s),thetransmitpin(PINC6)andthereceivepin(PINC7).#users232(baud=9600,
xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7)InitializethePIC4455portstobeused.PinC7wassetasaninputpinsinceitwasthereceivepin,theportDwasinitializedtolowsinceD4pinwould
beusedtocontroltherelay.SendtheATcommandsthatwillputthephoneintextmode(at+cmgf=1)andnotificationmode(at+cnmi=2,3,2,2,1).Thiswasrequiredforthephoneto
notifythemicrocontrollerofanincomingcall.printf(at+cmgf=1+cnmi=2,3,2,2,1r)Putthemicrocontrollerinawaitingmodesuchthatifitdetectsdataonitsreceivepin,itwill
executethemainfunctionalcodesthatwillcomparetheincomingdatawithsomepredetermineddatatodetermineifthephoneisringingandthecourseofactiontotakebefore
goingbacktothewaitingmode.if(kbhit()){...}4.4TESTINGTHECOMPLETEDESIGNANDCASING53
63. 63.Afterthecompletionofthehardwarecoupling,severaltestsweredoneonthedesign.Someobservationsandcorrectionsweremadeasfollows:1.Thesystemwouldnotwork
whenthephoneisconnectedafterpoweringit,evenafterareset.Thiswasduetothefactthatthesignalssentatfirstbythesystemtothephonedonotdieofthelineimmediatelyand
affectssubsequentsignalssentevenafterconnectingandresettingthesystem.Thiscanbepreventedbyconnectingthephonefirstbeforepoweringthesystem.Muchconcernwasnot
giventothisshortcomingbecausethesystemwasdesignedtohaveapermanentlyconnectedphone,makingitimpossibleforthisshortcomingtoarise.2.Itwasalsoobservedthatthe
systemwouldnotrespondafteraboutfourloopcycles(thiscorrespondstofourconcurrentswitchtoggle).Thiswasduetobufferoverflowonthemicrocontrollerwhichmakesit
notprocessnewdatasentitbythephoneafterthosecycles.Theattemptedsolutionwastofindawayofflushingthebufferaftereachcycle,butduetolittlehelpfoundfrombooks,
internetandfellowPICprogrammers,itssolutioncouldnotbeimplemented.Otherthanintheabovestatedsituations,thesystemworkedverywellandreliably.Indesigningthecase
forthesystem,utmostconcernwasgiventoguardingthesystemfromphysicalstrainandstressduringcarriageandprojectpresentation.Atransparentplasticmaterialwasusedfor
thecasingasagainstglassmaterialwhich54
64. 64.mayeasilybreak,apapermaterialwhichmaygiveintostrainandstress,orevenametallicmaterialwhichwillmaketheprojectworkquiteuneconomical,clumsyandheavy.The
casingwasmadeinamannerthatpermitsthewholecircuitboardtobedetachedfromthesystem.Thecompletehomeautomationsystemcircuitcontrollingalightingfixture,andthe
designedsystemareshowninfigure4.4and4.5.Figure4.4:Thecompletehomeautomationsystemcircuit(controllinglightingfixture)55
65. 65.Figure4.5:Theindividualcontrolhomeautomationsystem56
66. 66.CHAPTERFIVECONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATION5.1CONCLUSIONItisevidentfromthisprojectworkthatanindividualcontrolhomeautomationsystemcanbe
cheaplymadefromlowcostlocallyavailablecomponentsandcanbeusedtocontrolmultifarioushomeappliancesrangingfromthesecuritylamps,thetelevisiontotheair
conditioningsystemandeventheentirehouselightingsystem.Andbetterstill,thecomponentsrequiredaresosmallandfewthattheycanbepackagedintoasmallinconspicuous
container.Thedesignedhomeautomationsystemwastestedanumberoftimesandcertifiedtocontroldifferenthomeappliancesusedinthelightingsystem,airconditioningsystem,
heatingsystem,homeentertainmentsystemandmanymore(thisisaslongasthemaximumpowerandcurrentratingoftheappliancedoesnotexceedthatoftheusedrelay).Finally,
thishomeautomationsystemcanbealsoimplementedoverBluetooth,InfraredandWAPconnectivitywithoutmuchchangetothedesignandyetstillbeabletocontrolavarietyof
homeappliances.Hence,thissystemisscalableandflexible.5.2RECOMMENDATIONInconsonancewiththeprojectworkandinviewoftheresearchedmethodsandundertakings
intheprojectdesign,thefollowingarerecommended:57
67. 67.Thedepartmentshouldhelpthestudentsingettingcomponentsthatarenotlocallyavailable.Studentsshouldbetaughthowtomakeembeddedsystemsastheuseofcomputer
softwareinmostprojectworkmakesituneconomical,andtheuseoftheconventionalintegratedcircuitsandlogicgatesmakestheprojectworkclumsy.Finally,thisprojectcanbe
furtherdevelopedtocontrolmorethanonehomeapplianceatoncethroughtheuseofshortmessageservicetextsratherthanvoicedialthoughitwillbemoreexpensiveandwill
requiremorerelaycircuits,makingitadistributedcontrolhomeautomationsystem.Also,tocutthecostofmobilephone,theprojectmaybeimplementedusingstandaloneGSM
modemsthatonlyperformspecialisedfunctionsliketextmessagingand/orphonecalls.ThisGSMmodemsoftenarecheaperandmorereliablethanGSMmobilephones.58
68. 68.REFERENCESByteCraft(2002).FirstStepswithEmbeddedSystems.ByteCraftLimited,Canada.B&BElectronics(2003)RS232connectionsthatwork!DTE&DCEFAQ.
Fromhttp://www.bbelec.comRetrievedon29/03/2003Collins,T.J.(2008).Aprojectreportonthedesignandconstructionofalowvoltagepowerlinecommunicationsystem.
ProjectReport,FUTAAkure.Intersil(2008).HIN232datasheet.IntersilInc,USA.MartinBates(2006).InterfacingPICMicrocontrollersEmbeddedDesignbyInteractiveSimulation.
Newnes,London.Microchip(2007).PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550DataSheet.MicrochipTechnology.Inc,USANigelGardner(1998).AnIntroductiontoprogrammingthe
MicrochipPICinC.CharacterPress,UK.Wikipedia(2009).Automation.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation.Retrievedon7/30/2009Wikipedia(2009).Bluetooth.From
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth.Retrievedon7/30/2009Wikipedia(2009).BuildingAutomation.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_automation.Retrievedon
7/30/2009Wikipedia(2009).Ethernet.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet.Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia(2009).EuropeanHomeSystemsProtocol.
Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Home_Systems_Protocol.Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia(2009).GSM.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM.Retrieved
on8/7/2009Wikipedia(2009).HomeAutomation.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation.Retrievedon7/6/2009Wikipedia(2009).INSTEON.From
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSTEON.Retrievedon8/3/200959
69. 69.Wikipedia(2009).KNX(standard).Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(standard).Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia(2009).LonWorks.From
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LonWorks.Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia(2009).Microcontroller.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller.Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia
(2009).ONE.NET.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE.NET.Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia(2009).RS232.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS232.Retrieved
on7/21/2009Wikipedia(2009).X10(IndustryStandard).Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(industrystandard).Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia(2009).ZigBee.From
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee.Retrievedon8/3/2009Wikipedia(2009).ZWave.Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZWave.Retrievedon8/3/200960
70. 70.APPENDIXI:BillofcomponentsITEMSYMBOLVALUECOST(N)1B1BridgeRectifier502C11.0F103C21.0F104C31.0F105C41.0F106C51.0F107C6
4700F108C722pF109C822pF1010D1DB9RS232Cable80011F1Board10012F2Board10013H1HIN2327014L1LED515NINOKIA6021650016P1PIC4455
200017R110k518R2330519R3200520S16V10ARelay5021T1Transformer30022U1TIP41C5023U2TIP41C5024V1LM78055025V2LM78065026X1
CrystalOscillator7027Z1ResetButton20TOTAL1036061
71. 71.APPENDIXII:ThePICCcodeforprogrammingthePIC4455inCCSCcompiler#include<18f4455.h>#usedelay(clock=12000000)#users232(baud=9600,
xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7)#fusesHS,NOWRT,NOWDT,NOPUT,NOPROTECT,NOBROWNOUT,NOLVP,NOCPD,NODEBUG#usefast_io(A)//enhancesselfi/osettings#use
fast_io(B)#usefast_io(C)#include<string.h>//headerfile#include<input.c>inti,u,a,b,counter=1,togglechardata[20],data1[20],data2[20],data3[20],test[12],mem[12],req[12]void
main(){set_tris_c(128)set_tris_b(0)output_b(255)set_tris_d(0)output_d(0)delay_ms(500)printf("at+cmgf=1+cnmi=2,3,2,2,1r")/*Thisputsthephoneintextmodeandenables
notificationsending*/i=getch()//u=getch()//gets(data)////|Extractandsilenttheinitialsentinstructioni=getch()///u=getch()///gets(data1)///back:if(kbhit())//Runthe
subsequentcodeswhenthereisanewdata{welcome:if(counter==200)//_Reinitialisethecountercounter=0///gets(data2)62
72. 72.gets(data3)b=0for(a=1a<=6a++){req[b]=data3[a]b++}strncpy(mem,req,4)strcpy(test,"RING")/*Thecontrolstringwhichthephonesendswhenthereisaphonecall
*/if(strncmp(mem,test,4)==0)//checkifthenotificationisforphoneringing{counter++//Incrementthecountertoggle=counter%10if(toggle==5){output_high(PIN_D4)//put5Von
theD4pinprintf("at+cmgs="08064702218"r")printf("applianceisswitchedon")putc(26)}if(toggle==0){output_low(PIN_D4)//setpinD4to
0V//delay_ms(5)printf("at+cmgs="08064702218"r")//delay_ms(50)printf("applianceisswitchedoff")putc(26)//delay_ms(10)}}gotowelcome}gotoback}63
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