MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CE 300 SUMMER PRACTCE REPORT

Name, Surname

: oruh Durmu

Student ID

: 1736479

Section No

:2

Surveying Group No

:8

Surveying Group Members:

Gkben Demir
Kemal Doan
Meril idem Durmu
Mehmet Mete Erdem
Yusuf Duman

1736370
1736446
1736461
1622067
1669548

Date of Complitation of Report

17.09.2012

Date of Summer Practice

11.06.2012 06.07.2012

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION.....4
2. MAIN PARTS...5
2.1 Technical Trips...5
2.1.1. Kurtboaz Dam and Ivedik Water treatment Plant..5
2.1.2.

KAM Concrete.6

2.1.3.

ATAK Engineering Steel Structure7

2.1.4.

MSA Concrete Highway Construction...8

2.1.5.

ESER Green Building9

2.1.6.

Landslides..10

2.1.7.

Excavations11

2.2 Computer Applications in Civil Engineering MATLAB...........12

2.2.1. MATLAB Session 1....12
2.2.2. MATLAB Session 2....12
2.2.3. MATLAB Session 3....13
2.3 Selected Research Topics in Civil Engineering...14
2.3.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics.14
2.3.2. Building Information Modeling.15
2.3.3. Green Building Materials.16
2.3.4. Modeling Traffic17
2.3.5. Computational Modeling of Materials17
2.3.6. Earthquake Reconnaissance..18
2.4 Surveying18
2.4.1. Angle and Distance Measurements18

2.4.2. Leveling...20
2.4.3. Curve and Building Layout..21
2.4.4. Traversing21
2.5 Oral Presentation Techniques.22
2.6 Presentations...22
3. COCLUSION.23
4. REFERANCES..25
5. TABLE OF FIGURES...26

1. INTRODUCTON
3

CE 300 is the name of the summer practice that a second year civil engineering
student must attend. In this summer practice one have an idea of the fields where civil
engineers work, areas that have been researching, computer programs which are been
using and using total station for surveying applications.
First of all, it contains seven field trips;
1. A dam and a water treatment plant Kurtboaz Dam and Ivedik
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Water Treatment Plant,

Precast Concrete Manufacturer KAM Concrete,
Steel Structure Manufacturer ATAK Engineering,
Concrete Highway Construction MSA ,
Green Building ESER,
Landslides Akyurt,
Two excavation fields Ford TUR Oto, Bayraktar Plaza and
Shopping Centre.

In those field trips we observe working conditions of our collegues and the areas they
have been working. Engineers informed us about process of working as a civil
engineer at those fields
Secondly, we were enlightened by our lecturers about some research topics
they have been studying. They present us,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Building Information Modeling
Green Building Materials
Modeling Traffic
Computational Modeling of Materials
Earthquake Reconnaissance

Those are methods that have been using and developing in civil engineering.
Thirdly, we did surveying and learned using total station. Instructors informed
us about four application in surveying, then we went to do field practice.
We also learned some basics in matlab and how to use it in computation. It
involves three interactive lessons in computer lab.
Finally, we informed a bit about oral presentation skills and do a presentation
in class. At last week we use those skills to present a topic that have been given us.
4

2. MAN PARTS
2.1. Technical Trips
2.1.1. Kurtboaz Dam and Ivedik Water treatment Plant
Kurtboaz Dam had been constructed on Kurt Stream in four years between
1963-1967. It has been using as a supply for drinking water and irrigation. It is an
earth-filled dam with a volume of 834.000 m 3. The fresh water gathering from
Kurtboaz Dam is transported by channels to the Ivedik Water Treatment Plant.

Figure 1. Kurt Stream

Figure 2. Kurtboaz Dam

Ivedik Water Treatment Plant is the biggest water treatment plant in Turkey. It
has got two treatment plants and has a capacity of 1.128.000 m3. First plant started
working at 1984 and second one at 1992. It supply water for Ankara with the help of
three dams; Kurtboaz, Kesikkpr, amldere.
They informed us about how this treatment facilities works. Firstly, the water
gathered from those three dams are aeration then they chlorinate for decontamination.
After that, its pH is arranging by sulfuric acid. And after some chemical processes
water goes to filter tanks. Then it is ready to be distributed to Ankara.

Figure 3. Ivedik Water Treatment Plant

2.1.2. KAM Concrete

Second field trip is to the KAM Concrete Company which is a precast and
prefabricated concrete manifacturer is established at 1979. KAM is the shortening of
the Turkish words Quality, Research, Modernization.
At the beginning of the trip we informed about KAM and the precast concrete
manufacturing. Then we made a field trip to the construction site. An employee; who
is a physics engineer; explain all the machines and the process in site.

Figure 4. KAM Concrete

Precast concrete has lots of benefits. Firstly; because of close environment they
can produce concrete structures all of the year. Secondly, concrete has more strength
because they can control whole process. Finally they can strenghten concrete with
prestress. Although it is more expensive it is a good way to build a structure.

2.1.3. ATAK Engineering Steel Structures

ATAK Engineering established at 1988. They are working on design, project,
production, montage for steel structures.

In this trip we have been informed about steel structures that have been using
in civil engineering and they give information about how steel structures made.
Moreover they notice a machine that they have its patent.
We saw the whole process with an employee from there. Our guide explains us
cutting, drilling, cold forming etc.

Figure 5. ATAK Engineering

Figure 6. An engineer from ATAK Engineering

2.1.4. MSA Concrete Highway Construction

This trip is quite long, we made a 3 hours bus trip to get MSA Cement
Production Plant. When we first arrive, two engineers informed us about the plant and
7

a little bit about concrete. They explain the process of cement production and give
information about concrete road.
After that, we had a trip to cement plants. We saw the mixture of concrete, and
the mixing machines of it. Concrete need aggregates, cement, water and some
chemicals. The portions of materials in this mixture must be computed delicately.

Figure 7-8. MSA Cement Plant

Later, we went to see the concrete road. Before going to site they warned us
about bees. They destruct a bee hive while constructing the road so there might have
been bees. However we could not see any. The road is not too long but enough to
observe process. They use concrete, steel and an industrial fabric to build it. A machine
pour concrete in a straight line in a divide, they use steel cage to protect the distances
between divides, after that they cover it with fabric. Lots of workers are control and fix
the failures in concrete.

Figure 9. Industrial Fabric

Figure 10. Pouring Machine

Figure 11. Steel Cage

Finally, we saw the new technology for producing cement. It requires too much
heat to produce cement and MSA build a new technology for it. In this place it is
forbidden to take pictures.
8

2.1.5. ESER Green Building

ESER is a civil engineering company established in 1986. The purpose that
they has built a green building wanted to show the development in engineering.
ESER Green Building has a Platinum LEED Certificate which is the best
certificate for a green building. To get this certificate a building must satisfy some
conditions about efficiency of consuming energy, water, heat and building material.
In ESER Green Building, they use solar panels, wind generator for producing
electricity. They use stone wool for insulation the building and use a pipe system,
which is using the heat of the earth surface, to steady temperature. They use waterless
urinals and rain water to decrease water consumption. There are efficient air
ventilation systems.
On the other hand, some solar panels are just for decorative purposes and some
other things to. It involves a little show-off in it but it is good to see such a building in
Ankara.

Figure 12. ESER Green Building

2.1.6. Landslides
We went to Akyurt to see the landslide at the old ankr Ankara Highway. It
is called old because they cannot prevent the landslide on that region. The new one is
9

just going near old one. It has some landslide issues to but too much better than the old
one.
Landslide is a ground motion under influence of gravity. It can be slow or fast
but in both cases it is destructive. In Akyurt region one can observe the damage of it.
There are one person wide cracks on the road. Some parts of the road decline. They
make some walls, plant trees but they cannot prevent it. Moreover road is still sliding.
It does not stop. Old Ankara ankr sliding slowly to the new highway.

Figure 13. Decline at the road

Figure 14. Cracks on the road

Figure 15. Person-wide cracks

Figure 16. New highway

2.1.7. Excavations

10

Excavation is the process that move land from the construction site to build
there a foundation. Before visiting the excavation site our lecturer informed us about
excavation and types of excavation.
We went to two excavation sites, Ford TUR Oto and Bayraktar Plaza and
Shopping Centre. Both of them are running by Toker Company.
To move a land mass properly from a site an engineer must calculate the slope
of the banks or construct piles to prevent land slide. If there is nothing near
construction area an engineer can calculate slope and prevent landslide. However, if
there is a building near the site, piles must be constructed.
While constructing piles, engineers dig a deep hole into ground and fill it with
reinforced concrete. There are types of piles like fore pile, micro pile etc. Micro piles
are smaller than fore piles. They are both members to prevent landslide.

Figure 17. Fore piles

Figure 18. Constructing piles

Figure 19. Excavation with slope

Figure 20. Digging machine

2.2. Computer Applications in Civil Engineering MATLAB

11

In todays world, engineers compute, draw and design with the help of
computers. The programs developing by computer engineers ease all engineering
works for all types of engineering profession as MATLAB, Autocad, Netcad, Google
Sketch-up, SAP 2000 etc. In summer practice we have learnt one of them name as
MATLAB. With MATLAB one can develop algorithm, analyze and visualize data,
make numeric computations and then publish them. In our MATLAB session we were
informed basically.

2.2.1. MATLAB Session 1

With our instructor Onur Pekcan we were getting started to MATLAB. First of
all, Mr. Pekcan enlightened us about the using interface of MATLAB which is divided
into four parts; working memory, working path, command history and command
window. After that, we have learnt how to create a column and row vector. And then
we have seen some operators and commands like; length command to return the
number of elements in a vector, ; operator for separating rows from each other,:
colon operator for extract entire row or column of the matrix etc.(MATLAB Session
1,2012). We also have seen matrix inverse and plot function of MATLAB.
After lesson part, we moved on with a practice to improve our skills at
MATLAB. Our mission was completing three tasks for CE300 ltd. First task was
solving an A.X=B matrix system by using MATLAB. Second task was changing the
signs of a given matrix. Final task was finding the critical unknown in the unknown
matrix.

2.2.2. MATLAB Session 2

We started session 2 with a useful icon on the MATLAB; help icon. It is a
guide for us to find something we need to use. After that we learn how to use M-files
that are the files that contain computer codes. M-files grouped in two parts: Script files
and function files.
Script files do not take the input arguments and return the output arguments.
We use scripts to edit or use variables, that create remain in workspace. On the other
12

hand, function files may take input arguments and return output arguments. We use
function files to operate on variables within their own workspace that is separate from
the MATLAB base workspace (MATLAB Session 2, 2012).
After that, we learnt debugging, some relational operators like ==, ~= etc.,
and if-else-end statement to control command flow. And then we practiced what we
had learnt. We had again work for the same company and again had three tasks about
the same project. This time we were trying to find whether one of the column can
carry the load safely. Firstly, we wrote a function that calculates the allowable force on
the column. Secondly, we wrote a function to calculate factor of safety for a given
value. Finally, we wrote if-else-end statement to give us the right values for designing
this column.

2.2.3. MATLAB Session 3

In third session of MATLAB we started the lesson how to take inputs. Then we
move on by getting data from excel and csv files and then we informed about loops
and learnt how to use for loop.
After lesson part, we were given three tasks to handle. In task one, we tried to
find total load acting on the floor at the project that we had worked on. We used for
loop and given data set. In task two, we tried to find unsafe columns under
compressive forces. We use for loop and data set again and also use fprintf
command to display the unsafe one. In task three, we tried to find the total moment
acting on the structure with respect to x and y axes with the same methodology as we
do in the first two tasks.
After those tasks, we learnt surface plot and types of it, bar chart and scatter
plot. Then we made an exercise about making bar chart.
We finalize MATLAB sessions with learning different ways to save data we
have found in MATLAB.

2.3. Selected Research Topics in Civil Engineering

13

Aim of this presentation series was to introduce us the fields that a civil
engineer can research and work in. Our lecturers gave brief information about their
fields.

2.3.1. Computational Fluid Dynamic

First topic of the presentation series was given by Asst. Prof. Dr. Mete Kken.
Fluid is a word covering all gasses and liquids and Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD), is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to
solve and analyze problems involve fluid flows.(Wikipedia, 2008).
At this branch of fluid mechanics researchers and engineers use computers to
handle the problems. They generate simulations to observe behavior of the fluid like
air around an airplane or water around a submarine.

Figure 21. Submarine

Figure 22. Airplane

In civil engineering they use CFD for similar purposes. Engineers try to
calculate the wind force on a skyscraper or water force on a dam. Due to its ease of use
and it is more economic to apply; CFD is being used more and more and broadening
itself in more different fields.

2.3.2. Building Information Modeling

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Second topic of presentation series was Building Information Modeling (BIM)

which was given by Asst. Prof. Dr. Asl Akamete. BIM is a process involving the
generation and management of digital representation of physical and functional
characteristics of a facility. (Wikipedia, 2011). BIM offers an opportunity to
engineers for discussing, changing their projects without wasting time and money.
In the area of civil engineering, BIM is an indispensible application. It involves
all the phases of a construction project. An engineer can calculate expenditure,
necessary strengths of beams and other elements, and can also design the structures
geometry with it.

Figure 23-24. Factuality of BIM

With usage of BIM in civil engineering, projects are being more accurate and
fast. The application also is beneficial for researchers too. They can experiment their
theories and ideas just with a computer application, they do not need huge labs to
observe the effects, and defects of their research.

15

2.3.3. Green Building Materials

Third topic is green building material. Dr. Sinan Turhan Erdoan informed us.
Green building refers to sustainability of the used materials and efficient use of heat,
water and electricity. Mr. Erdoan enlightened us about the selection of materials that
should be use in a green building.
To conserve the heat in the building, it must cover with isolation materials. The
materials that will be used in building must be sustainable and endemic materials.

Figure 25. Insulation Foam

Mr. Erdoan showed us some microscopic pictures of materials like a Velcro

which is an example how nature influence engineers and scientist. How they create
new technology by observing the nature. The solutions that evolution has found are
being used to ease our life.

Figure 26-27. Microscopic pictures of Velcro

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2.3.4. Modeling Traffic

Fourth topic is modeling traffic was given by Asst. Prof. Dr. Hediye Tyde
Yaman. Modeling traffic is a method by using some algorithms and mathematical
applications for understanding the behavior of traffic. Computer is the main device to
help interpreting about the traffic at junctions, highways, roads, etc.
There are some methodologies for modeling traffic as macroscopic,
microscopic models. Those are help engineers and researchers to provide solutions for
traffic congestion.

2.3.5. Computational Modeling of Materials

Fifth topic is computational modeling of materials by Asst. Prof. Dr. Serdar
Gktepe. Computational materials science is an approach to predicting the behavior
of materials using computational methods to solve realistic models of relevant
mechanisms and processes.(UNT). Material engineers and researchers are using this
technology for answering their unknowns about the material they are working on.
Mr. Gktepe informed us about some projects modeling was applied for
example rubbers. They construct a rubber beam that can carry all structures load and
can resist and absorb the earthquake force.
He also mentioned about a project that he was involved. With a research team
they modeled a human heart. He showed us an open-heart surgery of a sheep.

Figure 28. Model of a human heart

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2.3.6. Earthquake Reconnaissance

Last topic is earthquake reconnaissance given by Prof. Dr. Altu Erberik and
Asst. Prof. Dr. Zeynep Glerce. Earthquake reconnaissance is important to keep the
records of the earthquakes that had happened to understand the mechanism of
earthquake. To keep those records an exploration team including civil and geology
engineers go to the place where earthquake happened and get observations from there.
Lecturer also showed us liquefaction of a soil. When soil liquefies its capacity
to carry load disappear. Thus, even if the structure is strong, building will tumble. We
also saw some pictures how an earthquake can damage. Lecturer showed us the weak
parts of the building on the pictures.

2.4. Surveying
At this part of the summer practice, we went to field to practice of using the
total station. Our field is our campus; we practiced it at Devrim Stadium and the pitch
using by the players of American Football Team with our team, in my team there were
six people. Before we went out, assistances from our department were informing us
about the work we would do and the features of the device about our work.
In the field we were doing the tasks that they had given us. There were four
feature and lots of tasks for each of it. Ali and the assistances also guided us at the
field.

2.4.1. Angle and Distance Measurements

At this part of the surveying, we took an introduction to the total station and
learnt some terms; like zenith angles, bearing, azimuth etc.; at the class DR-2. Also our
assistance explained us how setting the bubble and the units using for angle
measurement.

18

In this application of total station we used Devrim Stadium as our filed. First
task was an easy one. We tried to set our total station getting ready to work. We made
bubble adjustment and learnt how to open our device. Each person in the team tried
this one time.

Figure 29. Total Station

Figure 30. Features of Total Station

After that we picked two edge points at the view of landscape to measure the
angle between them. To do this, we learnt how to set a point zero. Then with turning
the device we measured the angle between them. Each group member tried it. This
task taught us how to use angle function of total station.
In third task, we use again the angle function of the total station. We compared
direct measuring and piecewise measuring. First of all, we took three points A,B,C.
Then we measured angle between A-B and B-C. After that we measured the angle
between A-C. We wrote down all the measurements and calculate the error by doing
piecewise and direct measuring.
Then, we moved on with task four. We picked five points. By measuring the all
between all points we tried to achieve the angle of 360 degree. Each group member
tried this task after that we calculated the error.
We finalize our first surveying session with learning reverse mode and hold
release application of the total station. We again picked two points and measure the
angle between them by using reverse and normal mode. Then we compared our results
and find the error. Every grouped member tried this one by using the same two points.

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2.4.2. Leveling
The aim of this surveying application is for obtaining the elevation of ground
points relative to a reference. We also learnt the leveling methods; which are
Barometric Leveling, Indirect Leveling, GPS Leveling and Direct Leveling. Then our
assistant taught how to apply Direct Leveling and some terms about it like;
benchmark, foresight reading, back sight reading etc.
To apply leveling around the Devrim Stadium we had got two equipments, a
level and a leveling rod. We began our leveling from a datum which is on the top of
the stadium. We measured the distance between rod and level with our footsteps in
order to put rod at a same distance from the level for getting the most accurate data
while getting the back and fore sight readings. We wrote down every reading to
confirm our readings at the checkpoints and the point where we had started. While
getting the readings we were again setting bubble for both rod and the level.

Figure 31. Application of leveling

Figure 32. Leveling Device

When we had finished our tour around the stadium, we moved on to the second
task. It is about calculating the error at our devices. We put our device to point C
which is at the middle of two selected points A and B. We got readings from both
points. After that, we put level to point A and get reading from point B and C. we
finalize our second session after showing the error values to our assistant.

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2.4.3. Curve and Building Layout

In this session we were using total station for making a curve and tried to find
where our total station was. First we were informed about the field work that we
would do. We learned some terms about it and understood the process. We used two
devices at those applications; a reflector and total station.
First of all, we walked to the American Football Pitch. All groups had a
specific point to set up. We used plumb bob to put our total station the exact point.
Then a team mate from our group tried to put reflector to the exact distance that we
were given. We set to first point as zero set and put a pin to that point. After that we
put three more pins through our curve according to the given angle. To finalize the
task we showed our results to assistant.
Our second task is about building layout. We put our total station at a random
point. Then we put our reflectors three specific points that were determined before and
they were inserted to the device. We measured the distance from those three points and
get our exact location.

2.4.4. Traversing
At this session we learnt control surveying which provides a framework of
surveying points. Our lecturer informed us about methods of control surveying and the
process we would go in. It has got various methods and traversing is one of them.
First we set our total station to a random point and then we look all traverse
points. When we had completed our round, we showed our values to the assistant.
After first task we put our total station to an exact point. Then we measured the
distances for each traverse point. Each group member did it with two methods reverse
and normal methods. To finalize our work we took the average of the values and
showed it to our assistant.

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2.5. Oral Presentation Techniques

We were taught some oral presentation techniques in summer practice. This
part was given by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayegl Askan Gndoan. It had two sessions; first
Prof. Gndoan gave us a presentation about preparing a good slide show. In the
second session, we divided into groups to prepare a presentation about a course that
we had taken in a limited time.
Good presentation can change the opinions of the people on a project or
subject. To present a good presentation there are two necessaries; well organized slide
show and oral presentation skills. A well organized slide should involve pictures about
the topic, the letters should be legible from far. It also should include fancy transitions
between slides.
Oral presentation techniques consist of strong compellatton and using relevant
body language. In order to get attention of the audience; one should emphasize
correctly, talk at the right volume and use passive voice. And also one should use body
language enough, not too much and not too little.
After learning those techniques we practiced about oral presentation skills with
little presentations. After each presentation Prof. Gndoan criticize us.

2.6. Presentations
At this part of the summer practice, we all divided into groups and prepared a
presentation about a given topic. We allocated subtopic; every person prepared and
presented this subtopic at the last week. Our groups topic is traffic engineering.
First, Kemal Doan introduced our topic. Then Gkben Demir gave
information about traffic components and characteristics. Afterwards Mehmet Mete
Erdem talked about freeways. Later, I informed about intersections. And Meril idem
Durmu finalized our presentation with ethic discussions; which had been prepared by
Gven Kazm Altunkaya; and summarized the presentation.

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3. CONCLUSION
In summer practice we had seen lots of new things. However they were not
catchy. I think lots of the part of it unnecessary. Because we had just finished our
finals, I did not intently attend summer practice.
First of all, nearly all the field trips were like advertising of companies. The
four field trips were to the companies such as, MSA, ATAK, KAM and ESER.
Although we were introduced about the fields they are in, it felt like advertisement
especially in the ESER. They just show us how they succeed in their field. And in
MSA our bus trip took six hours just to see a little concrete road; it is not a highway
anyway. Other fields were much more informing and enjoyable. In excavation, we saw
all the process and informed just about the excavation nothing more. Kurtboaz and
vedik was unnecessary but at least they were just talked about the process. Landslides
are also informing; we had a chance to understand the running mechanism under it
with real examples.
Secondly, we had taken MATLAB courses. They are not satisfying but enough
for an introduction. It is good to learn such programs. Onur Pekcan was a good
lecturer and not to strict about rules, therefore it made sessions more enjoyable.
Thirdly, we made some surveying applications. They were long, tiring but
enjoyable. It was good to do something at the field. We learnt how to use total station,
learnt working as a team at the field. However, I cannot remember using a total station
now.
Fourthly, lecturers from our department presented us some research topics. I
think it could be much more catchier and less boring if they were not too long and too
academic. Lots of us could not understand the presentation, some of us slept during it.
Finally, the oral presentation skills are the most unnecessary one. We got a
whole course about it during the semester. It was enjoyable due to the skills of our
lecturer but really a waste of time.
To conclude, I think the time of the summer practice was wrong. Students did
not have any time to rest, this made us reluctant to attend summer practice. Also some

23

parts of the summer practice was unnecessary. If the main parts was organized well, t
would not be so much tiring and boring.

24

4. REFERENCES
UNT. (n.d). University of North Texas. Retrieved September 13 2012, from:
http://mtse.unt.edu/CMM/
Wikipedia. (2008).Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 13
2012, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics
Wikipedia. (2011).Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 13
2012, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling

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5. TABLE OF FGURES
1. Figure 1. Kurt Stream..5
2. Figure 2. Kurtboaz Dam...5
3. Figure 3. Ivedik Water Treatment Plant..6
4. Figure 4. KAM Concrete....6
5. Figure 5. ATAK Engineering...7
6. Figure 6. An engineer from ATAK Engineering .....7
7. Figure 7-8. MSA Cement Plant8
8. Figure 9. Industrial Fabric.8
9. Figure 10. Pouring Machine......8
10. Figure 11. Steel Cage8
11. Figure 12. ESER Green Building..9
12. Figure 13. Decline at the road.10
13. Figure 14. Cracks on the road.10
14. Figure 15. Person-wide cracks10
15. Figure 16. New highway.10
16. Figure 17. Fore piles...11
17. Figure 18. Constructing piles..11
18. Figure 19. Excavation with slope11
19. Figure 20. Digging machine11
20. Figure 21. Submarine..14
21. Figure 22. Airplane.14
22. Figure 23-24. Factuality of BIM.15
26

23. Figure 25. Insulation Foam16

24. Figure 26-27. Microscopic pictures of Velcro16
25. Figure 28. Model of a human heart.17
26. Figure 29. Total Station..19
27. Figure 30. Features of Total Station19
28. Figure 31. Application of leveling..20
29. Figure 32. Leveling Device.20

27