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FiveYearPlansofIndia
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Since1947,theIndianeconomyhasbeenpremisedontheconceptofplanning.Thishasbeencarried
throughtheFiveYearPlans,developed,executed,andmonitoredbythePlanningCommission.Withthe
PrimeMinisterastheexofficioChairman,thecommissionhasanominatedDeputyChairman,whoholds
therankofaCabinetMinister.MontekSinghAhluwaliaisthelastDeputyChairmanoftheCommission
(resignedon26May2014).TheEleventhPlancompleteditsterminMarch2012andtheTwelfthPlanis
currentlyunderway.[1]PriortotheFourthPlan,theallocationofstateresourceswasbasedonschematic
patternsratherthanatransparentandobjectivemechanism,whichledtotheadoptionoftheGadgilformula
in1969.Revisedversionsoftheformulahavebeenusedsincethentodeterminetheallocationofcentral
assistanceforstateplans.[2]

Contents
1History
2FirstPlan(19511956)
3SecondPlan(19561961)
4ThirdPlan(19611966)
5FourthPlan(19691974)
6FifthPlan(19741979)
7RollingPlan(19781980)
8SixthPlan(19801985)
9SeventhPlan(19851990)
10AnnualPlans(19901992)
11EighthPlan(19921997)
12NinthPlan(19972002)
13TenthPlan(20022007)
14EleventhPlan(20072012)
15TwelfthPlan(20122017)
16Seealso
17References
18Externallinks

History
FiveYearPlans(FYPs)arecentralizedandintegratednationaleconomicprograms.JosephStalin
implementedthefirstFYPintheSovietUnioninthelate1920s.Mostcommuniststatesandseveral
capitalistcountriessubsequentlyhaveadoptedthem.ChinaandIndiabothcontinuetouseFYPs,although
ChinarenameditsEleventhFYP,from2006to2010,aguideline(guihua),ratherthanaplan(jihua),to
signifythecentralgovernmentsmorehandsoffapproachtodevelopment.IndialauncheditsFirstFYPin
1951,immediatelyafterindependenceundersocialistinfluenceoffirstPrimeMinisterJawaharlalNehru.[3]

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TheFirstFiveYearPlanwasoneofthemostimportantbecauseithadagreatroleinthelaunchingof
IndiandevelopmentaftertheIndependence.Thus,itstronglysupportedagricultureproductionanditalso
launchedtheindustrializationofthecountry(butlessthantheSecondPlan,whichfocusedonheavy
industries).Itbuiltaparticularsystemofmixedeconomy,withagreatroleforthepublicsector(withan
emergingwelfarestate),aswellasagrowingprivatesector(representedbysomepersonalitiesasthosewho
publishedtheBombayPlan).

FirstPlan(19511956)
ThefirstIndianPrimeMinister,JawaharlalNehrupresentedtheFirstFiveYearPlantotheParliamentof
Indiaandneededurgentattention.TheFirstFiveyearPlanwaslaunchedin1951whichmainlyfocusedin
developmentoftheprimarysector.TheFirstFiveYearPlanwasbasedontheHarrodDomarmodelwith
fewmodifications.
ThetotalplannedbudgetofRs.2069crore(2378crorelater)wasallocatedtosevenbroadareas:irrigation
andenergy(27.2%),agricultureandcommunitydevelopment(17.4%),transportandcommunications
(24%),industry(8.4%),socialservices(16.64%),landrehabilitation(4.1%),andforothersectorsand
services(2.5%).Themostimportantfeatureofthisphasewasactiveroleofstateinalleconomicsectors.
Sucharolewasjustifiedatthattimebecauseimmediatelyafterindependence,Indiawasfacingbasic
problemsdeficiencyofcapitalandlowcapacitytosave.
Thetargetgrowthratewas2.1%annualgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)growththeachievedgrowthrate
was3.6%thenetdomesticproductwentupby15%.Themonsoonwasgoodandtherewererelativelyhigh
cropyields,boostingexchangereservesandthepercapitaincome,whichincreasedby8%.National
incomeincreasedmorethanthepercapitaincomeduetorapidpopulationgrowth.Manyirrigationprojects
wereinitiatedduringthisperiod,includingtheBhakraDamandHirakudDam.TheWorldHealth
Organization(WHO),withtheIndiangovernment,addressedchildren'shealthandreducedinfantmortality,
indirectlycontributingtopopulationgrowth.
Attheendoftheplanperiodin1956,fiveIndianInstitutesofTechnology(IITs)werestartedasmajor
technicalinstitutions.TheUniversityGrantsCommission(UGC)wassetuptotakecareoffundingand
takemeasurestostrengthenthehighereducationinthecountry.Contractsweresignedtostartfivesteel
plants,whichcameintoexistenceinthemiddleoftheSecondFiveYearPlan.Theplanwasquasi
successfulforthegovernment.

SecondPlan(19561961)
TheSecondPlanwasparticularlyinthedevelopmentofthepublicsector.Theplanfollowedthe
Mahalanobismodel,aneconomicdevelopmentmodeldevelopedbytheIndianstatisticianPrasanta
ChandraMahalanobisin1953.Theplanattemptedtodeterminetheoptimalallocationofinvestment
betweenproductivesectorsinordertomaximiselongruneconomicgrowth.Itusedtheprevalentstateof
arttechniquesofoperationsresearchandoptimizationaswellasthenovelapplicationsofstatisticalmodels
developedattheIndianStatisticalInstitute.Theplanassumedaclosedeconomyinwhichthemaintrading
activitywouldbecentredonimportingcapitalgoods.[4][5]
HydroelectricpowerprojectsandfivesteelplantsatBhilai,Durgapur,andRourkelawereestablished.Coal
productionwasincreased.Morerailwaylineswereaddedinthenortheast.
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TheTataInstituteofFundamentalResearchwasestablishedasaresearchinstitute.In1957atalentsearch
andscholarshipprogramwasbeguntofindtalentedyoungstudentstotrainforworkinnuclearpower.
ThetotalamountallocatedundertheSecondFiveYearPlaninIndiawasRs.48billion.Thisamountwas
allocatedamongvarioussectors:powerandirrigation,socialservices,communicationsandtransport,and
miscellaneous.
Thetargetgrowthratewas4.5%andtheactualgrowthratewas4.27%.[6]1956industrialpolicy.

ThirdPlan(19611966)
TheThirdFiveyearPlanstressedagricultureandimprovementintheproductionofwheat,butthebrief
SinoIndianWarof1962exposedweaknessesintheeconomyandshiftedthefocustowardsthedefence
industryandtheIndianArmy.In19651966,IndiafoughtaWarwithPakistan.Therewasalsoasevere
droughtin1965.Thewarledtoinflationandtheprioritywasshiftedtopricestabilisation.Theconstruction
ofdamscontinued.Manycementandfertilizerplantswerealsobuilt.Punjabbeganproducingan
abundanceofwheat.
Manyprimaryschoolswerestartedinruralareas.Inanefforttobringdemocracytothegrassrootlevel,
Panchayatelectionswerestartedandthestatesweregivenmoredevelopmentresponsibilities.
Stateelectricityboardsandstatesecondaryeducationboardswereformed.Statesweremaderesponsible
forsecondaryandhighereducation.Stateroadtransportationcorporationswereformedandlocalroad
buildingbecameastateresponsibility.
Thetargetgrowthratewas5.6%,buttheactualgrowthratewas2.4%.[6]
DuetomiserablefailureoftheThirdPlanthegovernmentwasforcedtodeclare"planholidays"(from
196667,196768,and196869).Threeannualplansweredrawnduringthisinterveningperiod.During
196667therewasagaintheproblemofdrought.Equalprioritywasgiventoagriculture,itsallied
activities,andindustrialsector.Themainreasonsforplanholidayswerethewar,lackofresources,and
increaseininflation.

FourthPlan(19691974)
AtthistimeIndiraGandhiwasthePrimeMinister.TheIndiraGandhigovernmentnationalised14major
IndianbanksandtheGreenRevolutioninIndiaadvancedagriculture.Inaddition,thesituationinEast
Pakistan(nowBangladesh)wasbecomingdireastheIndoPakistanWarof1971andBangladesh
LiberationWartookfundsearmarkedforindustrialdevelopment.IndiaalsoperformedtheSmilingBuddha
undergroundnucleartestin1974,partiallyinresponsetotheUnitedStatesdeploymentoftheSeventhFleet
intheBayofBengal.ThefleethadbeendeployedtowarnIndiaagainstattackingWestPakistanand
extendingthewar.
Thetargetgrowthratewas5.6%,buttheactualgrowthratewas3.3%.[6]

FifthPlan(19741979)
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TheFifthFiveYearPlanlaidstressonemployment,povertyalleviation(GaribiHatao),andjustice.The
planalsofocusedonselfrelianceinagriculturalproductionanddefence.In1978thenewlyelectedMorarji
Desaigovernmentrejectedtheplan.TheElectricitySupplyActwasamendedin1975,whichenabledthe
centralgovernmenttoenterintopowergenerationandtransmission.[7]
TheIndiannationalhighwaysystemwasintroducedandmanyroadswerewidenedtoaccommodatethe
increasingtraffic.Tourismalsoexpanded.Itwasfollowedfrom1974to1979.
Thetargetgrowthratewas4.4%andtheactualgrowthratewas3.8%.[6]

RollingPlan(19781980)
TheJanataPartygovernmentrejectedtheFifthFiveYearPlanandintroducedanewSixthFiveYearPlan
(19781980).ThisplanwasagainrejectedbytheIndianNationalCongressgovernmentin1980andanew
SixthPlanwasmade.TheRollingPlanconsistsofthreekindofplansthatwereproposed.TheFirstPlanis
forthepresentyearwhichcomprisestheannualbudgetandSecondisaplanforafixednumberofyears,
whichmaybe3,4or5years.PlannumbertwoiskeptchangingaspertherequirementsoftheIndian
economy.TheThirdPlanisaperspectiveplanwhichisforlongtermsi.e.for10,15or20years.Hence
thereisnofixationofdatesinforthecommencementandterminationoftheplanintherollingplans.The
mainadvantageoftherollingplansisthattheyareflexibleandareabletoovercometherigidityoffixed
fiveyearplansbymendingtargets,theobjectoftheexercise,projectionsandallocationsasperthechanging
conditionsinthecountryseconomy.Themaindisadvantageofthisplanisthatifthetargetsarerevised
eachyear,itbecomesverydifficulttoachievethemwhicharelaiddowninthefiveyearperiodandit
turnedouttobeacomplexplan.Frequentrevisionsmakethemresultedininstabilityoftheeconomywhich
areessentialforitsbalanceddevelopmentandprogress.

SixthPlan(19801985)
TheSixthFiveYearPlanmarkedthebeginningofeconomicliberalisation.Pricecontrolswereeliminated
andrationshopswereclosed.Thisledtoanincreaseinfoodpricesandanincreaseinthecostofliving.
ThiswastheendofNehruviansocialism.TheNationalBankforAgricultureandRuralDevelopmentwas
establishedfordevelopmentofruralareason12July1982byrecommendationoftheShivaraman
Committee.Familyplanningwasalsoexpandedinordertopreventoverpopulation.IncontrasttoChina's
strictandbindingonechildpolicy,Indianpolicydidnotrelyonthethreatofforce.Moreprosperousareas
ofIndiaadoptedfamilyplanningmorerapidlythanlessprosperousareas,whichcontinuedtohaveahigh
birthrate.
TheSixthFiveYearPlanwasagreatsuccesstotheIndianeconomy.Thetargetgrowthratewas5.2%and
theactualgrowthratewas5.4%.[6]TheonlyFiveYearPlanwhichwasdonetwice.

SeventhPlan(19851990)
TheSeventhFiveYearPlanmarkedthecomebackoftheCongressPartytopower.Theplanlaidstresson
improvingtheproductivitylevelofindustriesbyupgradingoftechnology.

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ThemainobjectivesoftheSeventhFiveYearPlanweretoestablishgrowthinareasofincreasing
economicproductivity,productionoffoodgrains,andgeneratingemployment.
AsanoutcomeoftheSixthFiveYearPlan,therehadbeensteadygrowthinagriculture,controlsontherate
ofinflation,andfavourablebalanceofpaymentswhichhadprovidedastrongbasefortheSeventhFive
YearPlantobuildontheneedforfurthereconomicgrowth.TheSeventhPlanhadstrivedtowards
socialismandenergyproductionatlarge.ThethrustareasoftheSeventhFiveYearPlanwere:social
justice,removalofoppressionoftheweak,usingmoderntechnology,agriculturaldevelopment,anti
povertyprogrammes,fullsupplyoffood,clothing,andshelter,increasingproductivityofsmallandlarge
scalefarmers,andmakingIndiaanindependenteconomy.
Basedona15yearperiodofstrivingtowardssteadygrowth,theSeventhPlanwasfocusedonachieving
theprerequisitesofselfsustaininggrowthbytheyear2000.Theplanexpectedthelabourforcetogrowby
39millionpeopleandemploymentwasexpectedtogrowattherateof4%peryear.
SomeoftheexpectedoutcomesoftheSeventhFiveYearPlanIndiaaregivenbelow:
Balanceofpayments(estimates):Export 330billion(US$5.0billion),Imports() 540billion
(US$8.2billion),TradeBalance() 210billion(US$3.2billion)
Merchandiseexports(estimates): 606.53billion(US$9.2billion)
Merchandiseimports(estimates): 954.37billion(US$14.4billion)
Projectionsforbalanceofpayments:Export 607billion(US$9.2billion),Imports()
954billion(US$14.4billion),TradeBalance() 347billion(US$5.2billion)
UndertheSeventhFiveYearPlan,Indiastrovetobringaboutaselfsustainedeconomyinthecountrywith
valuablecontributionsfromvoluntaryagenciesandthegeneralpopulace.
Thetargetgrowthratewas5.0%andtheactualgrowthratewas6.01%.[8]

AnnualPlans(19901992)
TheEighthPlancouldnottakeoffin1990duetothefastchangingpoliticalsituationatthecentreandthe
years199091and199192weretreatedasAnnualPlans.TheEighthPlanwasfinally.

EighthPlan(19921997)
198991wasaperiodofeconomicinstabilityinIndiaandhencenofiveyearplanwasimplemented.
Between1990and1992,therewereonlyAnnualPlans.In1991,Indiafacedacrisisinforeignexchange
(forex)reserves,leftwithreservesofonlyaboutUS$1billion.Thus,underpressure,thecountrytookthe
riskofreformingthesocialisteconomy.P.V.NarasimhaRaowasthetenthPrimeMinisteroftheRepublic
ofIndiaandheadofCongressParty,andledoneofthemostimportantadministrationsinIndia'smodern
history,overseeingamajoreconomictransformationandseveralincidentsaffectingnationalsecurity.At
thattimeDr.ManmohanSingh(laterPrimeMinisterofIndia)launchedIndia'sfreemarketreformsthat
broughtthenearlybankruptnationbackfromtheedge.Itwasthebeginningofprivatisationand
liberalizationinIndia.

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ModernizationofindustrieswasamajorhighlightoftheEighthPlan.Underthisplan,thegradualopening
oftheIndianeconomywasundertakentocorrecttheburgeoningdeficitandforeigndebt.MeanwhileIndia
becameamemberoftheWorldTradeOrganizationon1January1995.Thisplancanbetermedas,theRao
andManmohanmodelofeconomicdevelopment.Themajorobjectivesincluded,controllingpopulation
growth,povertyreduction,employmentgeneration,strengtheningtheinfrastructure,institutionalbuilding,
tourismmanagement,humanresourcedevelopment,involvementofPanchayatirajs,NagarPalikas,NGOs,
decentralisationandpeople'sparticipation.
Energywasgivenprioritywith26.6%oftheoutlay.Anaverageannualgrowthrateof6.78%againstthe
target5.6%[6]wasachieved.
Toachievethetargetofanaverageof5.6%perannum,investmentof23.2%ofthegrossdomesticproduct
wasrequired.Theincrementalcapitalratiois4.1.Thesavingforinvestmentwastocomefromdomestic
sourcesandforeignsources,withtherateofdomesticsavingat21.6%ofgrossdomesticproductionandof
foreignsavingat1.6%ofgrossdomesticproduction.[9]

NinthPlan(19972002)
TheNinthFiveYearPlancameafter50yearsofIndianIndependence.AtalBihariVajpayeewasthePrime
MinisterofIndiaduringtheNinthFiveYearPlan.TheNinthFiveYearPlantriedprimarilytousethe
latentandunexploredeconomicpotentialofthecountrytopromoteeconomicandsocialgrowth.Itoffered
strongsupporttothesocialspheresofthecountryinanefforttoachievethecompleteeliminationof
poverty.ThesatisfactoryimplementationoftheEighthFiveYearPlanalsoensuredthestates'abilityto
proceedonthepathoffasterdevelopment.TheNinthFiveYearPlanalsosawjointeffortsfromthepublic
andtheprivatesectorsinensuringeconomicdevelopmentofthecountry.Inaddition,theNinthFiveYear
Plansawcontributionstowardsdevelopmentfromthegeneralpublicaswellasgovernmentalagenciesin
boththeruralandurbanareasofthecountry.NewimplementationmeasuresintheformofSpecialAction
Plans(SAPs)wereevolvedduringtheNinthFiveYearPlantofulfiltargetswithinthestipulatedtimewith
adequateresources.TheSAPscoveredtheareasofsocialinfrastructure,agriculture,information
technologyandWaterpolicy.
Budget
TheNinthFiveYearPlanhadatotalpublicsectorplanoutlayof8,59,200crores.TheNinthFiveYear
Planalsosawahikeof48%intermsofplanexpenditureand33%intermsoftheplanoutlayincomparison
tothatoftheEighthFiveYearPlan.Inthetotaloutlay,theshareofthecentrewasapproximately57%
whileitwas43%forthestatesandtheunionterritories.
TheNinthFiveYearPlanfocusedontherelationshipbetweentherapideconomicgrowthandthequality
oflifeforthepeopleofthecountry.Theprimefocusofthisplanwastoincreasegrowthinthecountrywith
anemphasisonsocialjusticeandequity.TheNinthFiveYearPlanplacedconsiderableimportanceon
combininggrowthorientedpolicieswiththemissionofachievingthedesiredobjectiveofimproving
policieswhichwouldworktowardstheimprovementofthepoorinthecountry.TheNinthFiveYearPlan
alsoaimedatcorrectingthehistoricalinequalitieswhichwerestillprevalentinthesociety.
Objectives

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ThemainobjectiveoftheNinthFiveYearPlanwastocorrecthistoricalinequalitiesandincreasethe
economicgrowthinthecountry.OtheraspectswhichconstitutedtheNinthFiveYearPlanwere:
Populationcontrol.
Generatingemploymentbygivingprioritytoagricultureandruraldevelopment.
Reductionofpoverty.
Ensuringproperavailabilityoffoodandwaterforthepoor.
Availabilityofprimaryhealthcarefacilitiesandotherbasicnecessities.
Primaryeducationtoallchildreninthecountry.
EmpoweringthesociallydisadvantagedclasseslikeScheduledcastes,Scheduledtribesandother
backwardclasses.
Developingselfrelianceintermsofagriculture.
Accelerationinthegrowthrateoftheeconomywiththehelpofstableprices.
Strategies
StructuraltransformationsanddevelopmentsintheIndianeconomy.
Newinitiativesandinitiationofcorrectivestepstomeetthechallengesintheeconomyofthe
country.
Efficientuseofscarceresourcestoensurerapidgrowth.
Combinationofpublicandprivatesupporttoincreaseemployment.
Enhancinghighratesofexporttoachieveselfreliance.
Providingserviceslikeelectricity,telecommunication,railwaysetc.
Specialplanstoempowerthesociallydisadvantagedclassesofthecountry.
InvolvementandparticipationofPanchayatiRajinstitutions/bodiesandNagarPalikasinthe
developmentprocess.
Performance
TheNinthFiveYearPlanachievedaGDPgrowthrateof5.4%againstatargetof6.5%
Theagricultureindustrygrewatarateof2.1%againstthetargetof4.2%
Theindustrialgrowthinthecountrywas4.5%whichwashigherthanthatofthetargetof3%
Theserviceindustryhadagrowthrateof7.8%.
Anaverageannualgrowthrateof6.7%wasreached.
TheNinthFiveYearPlanlooksthroughthepastweaknessesinordertoframethenewmeasuresforthe
overallsocioeconomicdevelopmentofthecountry.However,forawellplannedeconomyofanycountry,
thereshouldbeacombinedparticipationofthegovernmentalagenciesalongwiththegeneralpopulationof
thatnation.Acombinedeffortofpublic,private,andalllevelsofgovernmentisessentialforensuringthe
growthofIndia'seconomy.
Thetargetgrowthwas7.1%andtheactualgrowthwas6.8%.

TenthPlan(20022007)
ThemainobjectivesoftheTenthFiveYearPlanwere:
Attain8%GDPgrowthperyear.
Reductionofpovertyrateby5%by2007.
Providinggainfulandhighqualityemploymentatleasttotheadditiontothelabourforce.
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Reductioningendergapsinliteracyandwageratesbyatleast50%by2007.
20pointprogramwasintroduced.
Targetgrowth:8.1%growthachieved:7.7%
Expenditureof43,825croresfortenthfiveyears
(OutoftotalplanoutlayRs921,291crore(57.9%)wasforcentralgovernmentandRs691,009crore
(42.1%)wasforstatesandunionterritories.)

EleventhPlan(20072012)
Rapidandinclusivegrowth.(Povertyreduction)
Emphasisonsocialsectoranddeliveryofservicetherein.
Empowermentthrougheducationandskilldevelopment.
Reductionofgenderinequality.
Environmentalsustainability.
Toincreasethegrowthrateinagriculture,industryandservicesto4%,10%and9%respectively.
ReduceTotalFertilityRateto2.1
Providecleandrinkingwaterforallby2009.
increaseagriculturegrowthto4%.

TwelfthPlan(20122017)
Mainarticle:12thFiveYearPlan(India)
TheTwelfthFiveYearPlanoftheGovernmentofIndiahasdecidedforthegrowthrateat8.2%butthe
NationalDevelopmentCouncil(NDC)on27Dec2012approved8%growthratefor12thfiveyearplan.[10]
Withthedeterioratingglobalsituation,theDeputyChairmanofthePlanningCommissionMrMontek
SinghAhluwaliahassaidthatachievinganaveragegrowthrateof9percentinthenextfiveyearsisnot
possible.TheFinalgrowthtargethasbeensetat8%bytheendorsementofplanattheNational
DevelopmentCouncilmeetingheldinNewDelhi.
"Itisnotpossibletothinkofanaverageof9%(in12thPlan).Ithinksomewherebetween8and8.5percent
isfeasible,MrAhluwaliasaidonthesidelinesofaconferenceofStatePlanningBoardsanddepartments.
Theapproachedpaperforthe12thPlan,approvedlastyear,talkedaboutanannualaveragegrowthrateof
9%.
WhenIsayfeasible...thatwillrequiremajoreffort.Ifyoudontdothat,thereisnoGodgivenrightto
growat8percent.Ithinkgiventhattheworldeconomydeterioratedverysharplyoverthelastyear...the
growthrateinthefirstyearofthe12thPlan(201213)is6.5to7percent.
HealsoindicatedthatsoonheshouldsharehisviewswithothermembersoftheCommissiontochoosea
finalnumber(economicgrowthtarget)toputbeforethecountrysNDCforitsapproval.
Thegovernmentintendstoreducepovertyby10%duringthe12thFiveYearPlan.MrAhluwaliasaid,
Weaimtoreducepovertyestimatesby9%annuallyonasustainablebasisduringthePlanperiod.Earlier,
addressingaconferenceofStatePlanningBoardsandPlanningdepartments,hesaidtherateofdeclinein
povertydoubledduringthe11thPlan.Thecommissionhadsaid,whileusingtheTendulkarpovertyline,
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therateofreductioninthefiveyearsbetween200405and200910,wasabout1.5%pointseachyear,
whichwastwicethatwhencomparedtotheperiodbetween199395to200405.[11]Theplanaimstowards
thebettermentoftheinfrastructuralprojectsofthenationavoidingalltypesofbottlenecks.Thedocument
presentedbytheplanningcommissionisaimedtoattractprivateinvestmentsofuptoUS$1trillioninthe
infrastructuralgrowthinthe12thfiveyearplan,whichwillalsoensureareductioninsubsidyburdenofthe
governmentto1.5percentfrom2percentoftheGDP(grossdomesticproduct).TheUID(Unique
IdentificationNumber)willactasaplatformforcashtransferofthesubsidiesintheplan.

Seealso
FiveYearPlansofRomania
FiveYearPlansfortheNationalEconomyoftheSovietUnion
Commonminimumprogramme

References
1. PlanningCommission,GovernmentofIndia:FiveYearPlans
(http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html).Planningcommission.nic.in.
Retrievedon20120317.
2. PlanningCommission(24February1997)."ABackgroundNoteonGadgilFormulafordistributionofCentral
AssistanceforStatePlans"(http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/gadgil.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved20100917.
3. SonyPellisseryandSamGeall"FiveYearPlans"inEncyclopediaofSustainability,Vol.7pp.156160
4. JalalAlamgir,India'sOpenEconomyPolicy:Globalism,Rivalry,Continuity(LondonandNewYork:Routledge
2008),Chapter2.
5. BaldevRajNayar,GlobalizationAndNationalism:TheChangingBalanceOfIndia'sEconomicPolicy,1950
2000(NewDelhi:Sage,2001)
6. L.N.Dash(2000).WorldbankandeconomicdevelopmentofIndia(http://books.google.com/?
id=rRWDxpHcBHoC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=sixth+five+year+plan+of+india+growth+actual+5.6#v=onep
age&q=sixth%20five%20year%20plan%20of%20india%20growth%20actual%205.6&f=false).APHPublishing.
p.375.ISBN8176481211.
7. http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/pdf/Historical%20Back%20Ground.pdf
8. http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c21.htm
9. Agrawal,AN(1995).IndianEconomy:Problemsofdevelopmentandplanning.pune:WishwaPrakashan.
p.676.
10. "NationalDevelopmentCouncilapproves12thFiveYearPlan"(http://www.indianexpress.com/news/national
developmentcouncilapproves12thfiveyearplan/1051012/).IndianExpress.20121227.Retrieved
20130710.
11. [1](http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industryandeconomy/economy/article3609337.ece?ref=wl_industry
andeconomy)

14.Wikipedia\fiveyearplanofIndia

Externallinks
OfficialwebsiteofthePlanningCommissionofIndia(http://planningcommission.nic.in)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FiveYear_Plans_of_India&oldid=679564968"
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Categories: EconomicplanninginIndia EconomichistoryofIndia Fiveyearplans

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