Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(ENG-201)
Dr. Hamdy Abd Elhamid
habdelhamid@zewailcity.edu.eg
Outline
1- Rectifiers:
- Half-Wave,
- Full Wave,
- Bridge .
2- Signal Clipping
- Positive Clipping
- Negative Clipping
3- Clamper
- Positive Clamper
- Negative Clamper
4- Voltage regulators
Vi(t)
Vp
VD
-VP
Vo(t)
Vp - VD
0
VDC
1 T
V dt
0
T
1
Vp sin d
0
2
VP
cos
2
0
VP
0 d
1 T 2
V dt
T 0
1
2
Vp sin2 d
2 0
2
VP
1
sin
2
0
4
2
VP
4
VP
2
sin d
2
VP
2
0 d
1 cos 2 d
2
VO
Vp
t0
t1
t2
t3
Vrms
VDC
The PIV occurs at the peak of each half-cycle of the input voltage when the diode is
reverse-biased. In this circuit, the PIV occurs at the peak of each negative half-cycle.
Full-wave rectification.
Average Value
VDC
1 T
V dt
0
T
1
Vp sin d
VP
cos
0
2 VP
RMS Value
Vrms
1 T 2
V dt
0
T
1 2
2
V
sin
d
p
VP
1 cos 2 d
2
VP
1
sin 2
2
2
0
VP
Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a transformer turns ratio of 1. Vp(pri) is the peak value of the primary
voltage.
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Bridge operation during a positive half-cycle of the primary and secondary voltages.
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Vi(t)
Vp
-VP
Vo(t)
DC Value =???
Vp - VD
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Download datasheet
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Vr(pp)=
20
Vr(pp)=
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Vr( pp )
1
rfwr
VDC
4 3 fRL C
Vr( pp )
1
rhwr
VDC
2 3 fRL C
Vp(rect) : unfiltered peak rectified voltage
voltage
: average value of ripple
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Effects of RL and C
C=1000F
R=1500
C=470F
R=1000
C=100F
R=500
(a) RL fixed
(b) C fixed
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Type of
Rectifier
PIV
Half Wave
Full Wave :
CenterTapped
Full Wave:
Bridge
2Vsecondary(peak) - V
Vsecondary(peak)- V
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Example
What would you expect to see displayed on an oscilloscope connected across RL in the
limiter shown in above figure.
RL
1.0k
Vout
Vin
10V 9.09V
R1 RL
1.1k
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A negative limiter
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Summary
Limiters
(Clippers)
In this examples
VD = 0
In analysis, VD = 0
or VD = 0.7 V can
be used. Both are
right assumption.
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Diode Clampers
Positive clamper operation.
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Diode Clamper
Diode ON state
V Vc = 0 ; Vc = V; Vo = 0.7 V but
ideal Vo = 0V
Diode OF state
-V - Vc - Vo = 0; Vc = V
Vo = -2 V32
Output
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Voltage Multipliers
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Tripler
Voltage Quadrupler
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Voltage Doubler
Positive Half-Cycle
o D1 conducts
o D2 is switched off
o Capacitor C1 charges to Vm
Negative Half-Cycle
o D1 is switched off
o D2 conducts
o Capacitor C2 charges to Vm
Zener Diodes
The zener diode silicon pn-junction device-designed for operate in
the reverse-biased region
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Zener Diodes
1.8V 200V
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Zener Diodes
The reverse voltage (VR) is increased the reverse current (IR) remains extremely
small up to the kneeof the curve
Reverse current called the zener current, IZ
At the bottom of the knee- the zener breakdown voltage (VZ) remains constant
although it increase slightly as the zener current, IZ increase.
IZK min. current required to maintain voltage regulation
IZM max. amount of current the diode can handle without being damage/destroyed
IZT the current level at which the VZ rating of diode is measured (specified on a
data sheet)
The zener diode maintains a constant voltage for value of reverse current rating
from IZK to IZM
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Zener Diodes
(Zener Equivalent Circuit)
Since the actual voltage is not ideally vertical, the change in zener current
produces a small change in zener voltage V
Z
By ohms law:
VZ
ZZ
I Z
Zener impedance
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I Z
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When the o/p terminal of the zener diode is open (RL=)-load current is zero and all of
the current is through the zener
When a load resistor (R) is connected, current flow through zener & load RL, IL, IZ
The zener diode continues to regulate the voltage until IZ reaches its min value , IZK
At this point, the load current is max. , the total current through R remains
essentially constant.
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Example . Fig. (x) shows the zener regulator. Calculate (i) current through the series
resistance (ii) minimum and maximum load currents and (iii) minimum and maximum
zener currents. Comment on the results.
Solution.
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10/26/2015
Example . A zener regulator has VZ = 15V. The input voltage may vary from 22 V to 40 V
and load current from 20 mA to 100 mA. To hold load voltage constant under all
conditions, what should be the value of series resistance ?
Solution. In order that zener regulator may hold output voltage constant under all
operating conditions, it must operate in the breakdown region. In other words,
there must be zener current for all input voltages and load currents. The worst
case occurs when the input voltage is minimum and load current is maximum
because then zener current drops to a minimum.
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10/26/2015
Zener Limiting
Zener diode also can be used in ac applications to limit voltage swings to desired level
a) To limit the +ve peak of a signal voltage to the selected zener voltage
- During ve alternation, zener arts as FB diode & limits the ve voltage to -0.7V
b) Zener diode is turn around
-The ve peak is by zener action & +ve voltage is limited to +0.7V
c) Two back-to-back zeners limit both peaks to the zener voltage 7V
-During the +ve alternation, D2 is functioning as the zener limiter D1 is functioning
as a FB diode.
-During the ve alternation-the roles are reversed
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