Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROJECT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that SWAROOP SUNDAR
PUHAN, a student of class XII has
successfully completed the research on the
below mentioned project under the guidance
of MR.M.K.SONI ( Subject Teacher ) during
the year 2014-15 in partial fulfillment of
chemistry practical examination conducted by
AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of
of
Signature
external examiner
Teacher
Chemistry
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have best owned upon me their
blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I
am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my principal Mr.A.K.Singh and chemistry teacher
Mr.M.K.Soni, whose valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it
full
proof
success.His
suggestions
and
his
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that project work entitled
PREPARATION OF SOAP & DETERMINING
FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS,
submitted to the department of Chemistry, Atomic
Energy Central School (OSCOM) for the subject
Chemistry under the guidance of Mr.M.K.Soni is a
record of original work done by me. I further
declare that this project or any part of it has not
been submitted elsewhere for any other class.
CLASS: XII
PLACE: ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL SCHOOL, OSCOM
DATE:
-:
CONTENTS :1INTRODUCTION
2EXPERIMENT
3THEORY
4CONCLUSION
5BIBLIOGRAPHY
PREPARATION OF SOAP
GENERAL INFORMATION
What Are Oils & Fats?
Alcohol or alkanols may be considered as hydroxyl derivatives of saturated
hydrocarbons or alkanes and represented by general formula R-OH group.
All alcohols contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) as the functional group, which
determine the general properties of the family. The remaining part, i.e., other than the
(OH) group is called the hydrocarbon structure.
Alcohols are classified as mono, di- and trihydric alcohols according to the
number of hydroxyl groups contained in their molecules. Thus:
C2H5OH
CH2OH
Ethyl Alcohol
(Monohydric)
CH2OH
Glycol (Dihydric)
C2H4(OH)2
OR
CH2OH
CH2OH
OR
C3H5(OH)3
CH2OH
Glycerol (Trihydric)
C17H35COOH
C17H35COOH
(Palmitic acid)
(Oleic acid)
(Stearic acid)
Oils and fats are the triesters of glycerol with various long chain organic acids,
both saturated and unsaturated.
These triesters are usually known as glycerides.
Oils are liquids at ordinary temperatures while fats are solids.
The glycerides constituting oils contain a larger proportion of unsaturated acids,
such as oleic acid (C17H33COOH), linoleic acid (C17H31COOH), etc., while the
glycerides forming the fats contain a larger proportion of saturated acids, such as
lauric acid (C11H23COOH), myristic acid (C13H27COOH), palmitic acid (C15H31COOH)
and stearic acid (C17H35COOH).
The glycerides are named according to the acid radical present in them. For
instance, the glyceride containing stearic acid radical is called stearin or tristearin and
the one containing the palmitic acid radical is named as palmitin or tripalmitin.
CH2OOCC17H35
CH2OOCC15H31
CHOOCC17H35
CHOOCC15H31
CH2OOCC17H35
CH2OOCC15H31
(Stearin or triesterin)
(Palmitin or tripalmitin)
Usually more than one acid radical is present in the same glyceride. These are called
mixed glycerides. The naturally occurring oils and fats are generally mixtures of such
mixed glycerides.
For instance:
CH2OOCC17H35
CH2OOCC15H31
CHOOCC15H31
CHOOCC17H35
CH2OOCC17H35
CH2OOCC17H35
(Oleo-palmito-stearin)
(Palmito-distearin)
CH2OOCC17H35
CHOOCC15H31
CH2OOCC15H31
(Stearo-dipalmitin)
For example,
CH2OOCC15H31
CH2OH
CHOOCC15H31
NaOH
(Sodium palmitate)
CHOH
CH2OOCC17H35
CH2OH
(Dipalmito-stearin)
2C15H31COONa
(Soap)
C17H35COONa
(Sodium Sterate)
(Oil or fat)
(Soap)
1and
EXPERIMENT:OBJECTIVE:
a) To prepare soap from oils (say Mahuwa oil, ground nut oil and coconut oil).
b) To compare the soap prepared with the market soap by determining their
foaming capacity and cleaning effect.
APPARATUS:
Beakers, Stalagmometer (drop pipette), test tubes, petri dishes, stop watch.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
The washing soap is prepared from the following chemicals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mahuwa Oil
Caustic Soda
Starch
Water
=
=
=
=
100g
25g
25g
150ml
PROCEDURES:
1. Dissolve caustic soda in 150ml of water. This solution is called lye. Let this
soda lye cool.
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50g of starch with it. Remove the flame and
allow the oil to cool.
3. When the oil and soda lye are at about the same temperature (which can
be tested by putting a finger in each of them at the
same time). Add soda lye to the oil in a thin stream.
4. Stir the mass constantly well with a wooden rod till the whole lye has been
added. A creamy pasty mass is obtained.
5. Stir the mass more till a semi-solid mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron
mould or a wooden frame.
6. Cover the mould or frame with wooden board or a gunny bag and leave it for
few hours.
7. Remove the flame and take out the soda slab. Cut it with the help of a wire into
cakes of desired size.
NOTE: - Soaps from ground nut oil as well as coconut oil are
prepared by same procedure.
PRECAUTION:
2-3
The dirt is held on the surface of the cloth by grease or oil droplets.
Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non-polar alkyl group dissolves
in grease (non-polar) while the polar COONa group dissolves in water
(polar). In this way an emulsion is formed between grease and water which
appears as foam. The dirt along with the emulsion is washed away when the cloth
is treated with excess of water.
Ca2+
(Water Soluble)
2C17H35COONa
(C17H35COO)2 Ca
2Na+
2Na+
(ppt.)
Mg2+
(C17H35COO)2 Mg
(Water Soluble)
(ppt.)
However, if hard water is first treated with Na 2CO3, magnesium and calcium
ions present in it and precipitate as their insoluble carbonates. The filtrate can be
used for washing purposes since it is now rendered soft.
In contrast, detergents can be used for washing purposes even in hard water. The
reasons being that detergents are sodium or potassium salts of aliphatic or aromatic
sulphonic acids and even their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble in water
and thus do not form scum but form foam when treated with hard water.
EXPERIMENT:OBJECTIVE:
To compare the foaming capacity of different soaps.
APPARATUS:
Five 100ml conical flasks, five 20ml test tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder, test
tube stand, weight box and stop watch.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Five different samples of soap, distilled water.
THEORY:
The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its
concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of the solutions of
the different samples of soaps having the same concentration with the same force and
for same period of time. The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam
produced during shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to
disappear in each sample is determined. The longer the time taken for
the disappearance of foam in the given sample of soap,
greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing capacity.
PREOCEDURE:
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Put 50ml of
distilled water in each of conical flasks and add 5gm of soap shavings or granules of
different soap samples to each flask.
2. Warm the contents of each flask to get a clear solution.
3. Take five 20ml test tubes and add 10ml of distilled water to each one of them and
label them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Now add 1ml of soap solution from each conical flask
to the corresponding test tube.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube number 1 with your thumb and shake its contents
vigorously for one minute. Place test tube in the test tube stand and start the stop
watch immediately. Note the time taken for disappearance of the foam produced.
5. Repeat the same procedure for test tubes 2, 3, 4 and 5 shaking each time with the
same force and for the same time (one minute). Note the time taken for disappearance
of foam in each case and record the observations in a tabular form.
OBSERVATIONS:
Amount of each soap sample taken
=
5.0gm
Volume of distilled water added to each soap sample = 50.0ml
Test
Tube
Name of the
Soap Sample
Volume of
Soap
Volume
of Water
Time of
disappearanc
Numbe
r
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dove
Lifebuoy
Dettol
Lux
Liril
Medimix
Solution
Added
Added
1.0ml
1.0ml
1.0ml
1.0ml
1.0ml
1.0ml
10.0ml
10.0ml
10.0ml
10.0ml
10.0ml
10.0ml
e of foam
RESULT:
The foaming capacity and hence the cleansing capacity of different samples of
soaps is in the order:
Lifebuoy > Dettol > Liril > Lux > Medimix > Dove
PRECAUTION:
Each test tube containing the soap solution must be shaken with the
same force and for the same period of time.
BIBLIO
GRAPH
Y
TEXT BOOK OF CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY
http://www.google.co.in
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.youtube.com
http://www.slideshare.net
Help from Subject Teacher and Lab Attender.