Acknowledgement

This report has been prepared for the building project of BCE 3rd semester. From this
project, we get knowledge on solving various problems that may arise during construction
phase of building.
We would like to give our sincere thanks to all the professionals and individuals who
provided their valuable suggestions and ideas to us. Firstly we would like to express our
gratitude to our project teacher Dr. Govind Prasad Lamichhane who helped us in every
steps from beginning to completing this project.
Though we dont claim for the complete accuracy of our report, we did our best to make
the report come out in this phase. Any Suggestions, comments and feedbacks are highly
welcomed!
Ashish sapkota (BCE/069/009)
Ashok Acharya (BCE/069/010)
Ashok Sapkota (BCE/069/011)
Asim Subedi (BCE/069/012)
Bhuwan Adhikari (BCE/069/013)
Bibek Rana (BCE/069/014)
Bibek Shrestha (BCE/069/015)
Binod Kumar Swornakar (BCE/069/016)

Project Teacher: Dr. Govind Prasad Lamichanne

PREFACE
This report is prepared by applying all the knowledge and experiences which we
gained by studying Engineering Drawing, Civil Engineering Materials, Strength Of
Materials, Applied Mechanics and other various engineering courses prescribed
by Pokhara University Curriculum for first and Second year. The main purpose of
this report is to give the detail information about the building design, drawing and
estimation of proposed building.
This report mainly consist of design and drawing of plan of ground floor, first floor
and roof plan. As a whole we tried our best to make the report perfect and
efficient.

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Technical Terms and Definition
3. Foundation
4. Damp Proofing and Water Proofing
5. Door and Window
6. Roof, Beam, Column and Slab
7. Stair
8. Location Plan
9. Ground Floor Plan
10. First Floor Plan
11. Front Elevation
12. Back Elevation
13. Side Elevation
14. Side Elevation
15. Roof Plan

1. INTRODUCTION
A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in
one place. Buildings come in a variety of shapes, sizes and functions, and have been adapted
throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather
conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.
The term Building in Civil Engineering means a structure having various components like:
Foundation Wall, Stair, Columns, Floors, Roofs, Door, Windows, Ventilation, Lifts and various
types of surface. Normally Building are constructed according to specifications prepared by
architectures. The society requires the building for various activities. The Building can be
grouped as follows for our convenience:

Residential Building
Commercial Building
Educational Building
Industrial Building
Agricultural Building
Government Building
Military Buildings
Transport Buildings
Religious Buildings

A building can broadly divided into two parts;

Sub Structure
Super Structure
The Portion of the building below the surrounding ground is known as sub-structure and
portion above the ground is termed as super Structure.

2. Technical Terms and Definition

Balcony: A horizontal cantilever projection including a hand rail or balustrade to serve as
passage setting out place.
Building line: The line to which the plinth of a building adjoining a street on extension of
a street on Future Street may lawfully extended.

 Cabin: A room constructed with non-load bearing portions with adequate provision of
light and ventilations.
Covered Area: Ground area covered by the building immediately above the plinth level.
It does not include the place covered by uncovered staircase, Compounded wall, gates,
gardens etc.
DAMPROOF COURSE: A coarse consisting of some appropriate water proofing materials
provided to prevent penetration of dampness on moisture.
FLOOR AREA RATIO: The quotient obtained during the total area on all the floor
multiplied by 100 by the area of the plot.
Mathematically,
FAR = (Total Covered area of the floor * 100)/Plot area
FOOTING: A foundation unit is constructed in brick work masonry on concrete under the
base of wall on column for the propose of distributing the load over large area.
FOUNDATION: The part of Structure which is in direct contact with and transmission of
load to the ground.
GROUND FLOOR: It means the storey of the building which has its floor surface near to
the ground around the building.
PLINTH AREA: The built-up covered area measured of the floor wall of the basement.

3. FOUNDATION
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. Foundations are generally divided into
two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.

Shallow foundations
Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually
embedded about a metre or so into soil. One common
type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads
of concrete (or other materials) which extend below
the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and
columns to the soil or bedrock.
Another common type of shallow foundation is the slabon-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil through
a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs,

which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or posttensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker for heavier
structures.

Deep foundations
A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak
layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings
including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, geo-piers and earth stabilized
columns. The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different
engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned
concrete.

4. Damp Proofing and Water Proofing

The treatment given to prevent leakage of water from roof is generally termed as water
proofing whereas the treatment given to keep walls dry is damp proofing.
Floors and basement dry treatment is given to keep the wall and floor dry which is termed as
damp Proofing. The various defects caused by dampness in building may be summarized below:
-

It may result in softening and crumbling of plaster.

It may result in the warping, breaking, and refining of timber.
It may deteriorate decrial fittings.
It promotes growth of termites.

Following methods are generally adopted to prevent the defect of dampness in a structure.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Treatment to foundation.
Treatment floor.
Treatment to wall.
Treatment to Flat roof.
Treatment to pupate wall.
Treatment to pitched roof.

Water proofing treatment by using grout consisting of cement mortar admixed with acrylic
based chemicals along with rough stone slab. This treatment is presently being commonly

adopted for ensuring water tightness of basement to damp soil on at site where sub soil water
is high.

5. DOORS AND WINDOWS

DOOR: A door may be defined as frame-work of wood, steel, aluminum, glass on combination
of these materials secured in opening left in wall for the purpose of providing according to the
user of the structure. It basically consists of two parts i.e.
i.
ii.

Frame and
Ashutter

Door can be broadly classified into different types as under:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.

Battered and ledge doors.

Battered Ledge and braced doors.
Battered ledge, braced and frame doors.
Framed and paneled door.
Glazed on sash door.
Flush door.
Fly proof door.
Revolving door.
Sliding door.
Collapsible steel doors.
Rolling steel door.
M.S. sheet door.
Fine check door.
Swing doors.

WINDOW
A window may be defined as an opening in a wall for the purpose of day light, Vision and
ventilation, the construction of windows indicate to that of door. Windows consists of a
window frame and shutters.
Window to be provided in a room depends upon the size of room to be lighted, Location of
room and its utility architectural treatment and direction of wind and its speed.

Windows can be broadly classified as below:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

Fixed Window
Pivoted window
Double hung window
Sliding window
Dashon Glazed Window
Metals Windows
Bay Window
Dormer window
Gable window
Ventilators

6. Roof, Beam, Column and Slab

ROOF: It may be defined as covering provided over the top of building with a view to keep out
rain, snow, sun and wind and the protect the building form the advrse effect of their elements
installed on the building top.
Roof can be classified in the following two main type:
i.
ii.

Pitched on slopped roof

Flat roof

BEAM: A beam is a horizontal member which gives direct support to slab in RC-Construction
beam and the slab are generally cost in one time. There are two types of beams such as:
i.
ii.

T-Beam
L-Beam

COLUMN: Column is vertical member which gives supports to the structure. There are two
types of column. They are:
i.
ii.

Short Column
Long Column

SLAB: Slab are simply supported cantilever type. In slab the alternative main bar are bent up at
1/7 from center of support. For simply supported slab, maximum bending moment a t the
center is:

2
8

There are two types of slab. They are:

i.
ii.

One way slab

Two way slab

7. STAIR
A stair may be defined as a series of steps suitable arranged for the purpose of connecting
different floors of a building. It may also be defined as arrangement of treads, riser, Stringers,
Newel pos, Handrails and bolluster, strair may be constructed from various materials. Like:
Timber, Stone, Brick, Metal, Plain Concrete on reinforced concrete.
The location of stair in a building requires a careful consideration for efficient walk-way. Also,
Stair provides the means of communication and as such they are located as to serve the
purpose for which they are provided. The common technical term used in stair construction is
listed below:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.

Steps
Tread
Riser
Flight
Landing
Nosing
Line of Nosing
Filer
Pitch or slope
Winders
Hand rails
Bulluster
Head room on head way
Spand rel

8. CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS
The different type of stairs may be classified as below:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Straight Stair
Open Newel Stair
Circular Stair
Geometrical Stair
Bifurcated Stair

9. Ground Floor Plan

10.First Floor Plan

11. East Elevation

12. West Elevation

13.North Elevation

14.South Elevation

15.Roof Plan