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Statistics
Statistics
Statistics
Statistics
Statistics
Statistics
Statistics
Gathering
Displaying
Interpretation
Inference
Gathering data, whether in or out of a classroom, occurs on a daily basis. We are always
observing and processing information as we go about the routine of our day. At this level data
is like a pile of clothing that has just come from a dryer. When we sort the clothing we can
see some order; in the same sense we see order in data when it can be displayed.
Displaying information occurs when we wish to communicate our data or when we want to
make decisions about them. These displays can take several forms such as circle graphs, line
graphs, bar charts, stem and leaf charts, or box and whisker plots. Displaying data is both an
art and a science..
Interpreting data can begin by determining measures of central tendency, outliers, symmetry,
and range of a data set. Generally we call such measures the shape of the data, and
determining these measures gives people a good sense for the overall meaning of the data.
Inference is the highest cognitive level of working with data, and generally occurs when we
wish to use data to make decisions based on past information as well as make predictions of
future trends and events. Taking random samples of an event such as rolling dice allows us to
look at past events. When we ask what is likely to happen in the future, we enter the realm of
inference
Q2.Explain the objectives of Statistical Average. What are the requisites of a good average?
Answer:
"An average value is a single value wit'' the range of the data that is used to represent all of
the values in the series. Since an average is somewhere within the range of the data, it is also
call the measure of central value."
The basic purpose of the statistical analysis is to determine the value which represents the
whole series. This value is termed as central value or an average. In other words, average is a
statistical measure representing a group of individual values in simple and comprehensive
manner.
Its Basic objectives are:
To facilitate quick understanding of complex data
To facilitate comparison
To know about universe from a sample
To help in decision making
Requisites of a good Average:
(i) It should be rigidly defined. If an average is left to the estimation of an observer and if
it is not a definite and fixed value it cannot be representative of a series. The bias of the
investigator in such cases would considerably affect the value of the average. If the
average is rigidly defined; this instability in its value would be no more, and it would
always be a definite figure,
(ii) It should be based on all the observations of the series. If some of the items of the
series are not taken into account in its Calculation the average cannot be said to be a
representative one. As we shall see later on there are some averages which do not take
into account all the values of a group and to this extent they are not satisfactory
averages.
(iii) It should be capable of further algebraic treatment. If an average dose not possess
this quality, its use is bound to be very limited. It will not be possible to calculate, say,
the combined average of two or more series from their individual averages; further it will
not be possible to study the average relationship of various parts of a variable if it is
expressed as the sum of two or more variables. Many other similar studies would not be
possible if the average is not capable of further algebraic treatment.
(iv) It should be easy to calculate and simple to follow. If the calculation of the average
involves tedious mathematical processes it will not be readily understood and its use will
be confined only to a limited number of persons. It can never be a popular average. As
such, one of the qualities of a good average is that it should not be too abstract or
mathematical and there should be no difficulty in its calculation. Further, the properties
of the average should be such that they can be easily understood by persons of ordinary
intelligence.
Q3. A. Mention the Characteristics of Chi-square test.
Answer:
The test we use to measure the differences between what is observed and what is
expected according to an assumed hypothesis is called the chi-square test.
Characteristics of Chi-square test:
Income groups
Total
Poor
Middle
Rich
160
30
10
200
140
120
40
300
Total
300
150
50
500
Solution: Let us make the hypothesis that the techniques adopted both the groups are similar
and the data are similar.
Expected frequencies are
Investigator Income groups
Total
120
60
20
200
180
90
30
300
Total
300
150
50
500
(O E) 2
E
2
2
(160 120)
(30 60)
120
60
55.54
2
(10 20)
(140 180)
(120 90)
20
180
90
(40 30)
30
calculated value is bigger than the table value, we conclude the rejection of null hypothesis at
5% level of significance. Technique adopted by one of two groups in data collection is
defective.
Q4. What do you mean by cost of living index? Discuss the methods of construction of cost of
living index with an example for each.
Answer:- The Cost of living index, also known as consumer price index or Cost of living
price index is the countrys principal measure of price change. The Consumer price index
helps us in determining the effect of rise and fall in prices on different classes of consumers
living in different areas. Different people consume different kinds of commodities and the
same commodities in different proportions. The consumer price index helps us in
determining the effect of size. Fall in price index helps us in determining the effect of rise
and fall in prices on different classes of consumers living in different areas. The consumer
price index number is significant because the demand of a higher wage is based on the cost
of living index and the wages and salaries in most nations are adjusted according to this
index number.
The cost of living index does not measure the actual cost of living or the fluctuations in the
cost of living due to causes other than the change in price level. However, its object is to
find out how much the consumers of a particular class have to pay for a certain quantity of
goods and services.
There are two methods for constructing consumer price index number. They are:
I.
Aggregate expenditure method
II.
Family budget method or method of weighted average of price relatives.
I.
II.
Q5
.
symmetric around zero. Categorization of trend results was based on the magnitude
and statistical significance of the slope coefficient. The actual magnitude of the trend
was used if the significance level was less than 0.25. If the significance level was
greater than 0.75, the trend was considered to be zero. If the significance level was
between 0.25 and 0.75 and the slope was small, the trend was considered to be zero;
however, if the slope was large, the trend was considered indeterminate and was not
included on the map
Q6
.
The following data represent the number of units of production per day turned out by
5 different workmen using different types of machines.
Workmen
Machine type
B
C
38
47
40
52
36
44
38
46
42
49
A
44
46
34
43
38
1
2
3
4
5
D
36
43
32
33
39
i) Test whether the mean productivity is the same for the four different machine types.
ii) Test whether 5 men differ with respect to mean productivity.
Answer:Source of
Variation
sum of
squares
Between
56
degree of
freedom
mean
square
28
Variety
F1= 28 = 1.55
18
Between
498
166
Fertilizer
Residual
variance
ratio
108
18
Error
Total
a)
662
11
Fcal = 1.55 is less than its table value f0.05 = 5.14 at df = (2,6) , the null hypothesis is accepted
b) Fcal = 9.22 is more than its table value f0.05 = 4.67 at df = (3,6) , the null hypothesis is rejected