Stability

What is the difference between heel and list?

Heel the inclination of a vessel to one side under the influence of external
forces such as wind and waves
List the inclination of a vessel to one side under the influence of internal
forced such as uneven distribution of weights within vessel
With the aid of a diagram, describe KG.
The distance between the keel (K) and the ships centre of gravity (G).
What is GM? What is its importance to ships stability?
This is the distance between the centre of gravity (G) and the metacentre
(M). It is known as the Metacentric Height of the vessel.
What is KM?
The distance between the keel (K) and the metacentre (M).
Define Metacentre and how is it determined?
Metacentre is found where at small angles of heel, the upward thrust of the
shifted centre of buoyancy B1 intercepts the centreline.

What is GZ?
When a ship is heeled over, the shift of the centre of buoyancy from B to B1
causes the upward thrust to misalign with the downward force of the centre
gravity (G). On the upward thrust line of force from B1 perpendicular to the
centre of gravity is Z. GZ is the distance between these two points.
Name four values that can be obtained from the GZ curve.
Maximum GZ, range of stability, angle of vanishing stability, angle of deck
edge emersion, initial GM, area under the GZ curve.

Draw a GZ Curve showing the angle of loll

What is free surface effect?

It is caused by partly-filled tanks, cargo shifts or water on deck. The centre of
gravity if the liquid shifts, causing a shift of the ships centre of gravity,
reducing the righting lever (GZ) and causing a virtual rise of the centre of
gravity, thereby reducing metacentric height.
What is the meaning of pressed up?
The liquid in the tank is completely filled so that there is no movement of the
cargos centre of gravity, reducing the free surface effect.
What is the angle of loll and how is it best eliminated?
Angle of loll is the angle to which an initially unstable vessel will come to lie
at rest. The best way to correct this is to shift weights to the lower side, or
press up tanks on the lower sides first to lower centre of gravity to below the
metacentre.
What is TPC?
For any draught, this is the weight in tonnes that must be added or removed
from the vessel in order to change the draught by 1cm in salt water.
What is dock water allowance?
It is the allowance made for loading cargo, taking into consideration the
relative density of the water at the dock at which she is operating. On the
loadline, it is the distance between the summer loadline (S) and the
freshwater line (F).

In a fresh water port, under what circumstances can the summer load line be
submerged? What will happen to the ship as it enters sea water conditions?
In these ports the ship can be loaded so that the summer loadline can be
submerged taking into account the dock water allowance. When the ship
proceeds to sea water, the greater density of the sea water will cause the
ship to rise up to the summer loadline.
What is meant when a ship is said to be trimmed by the bow?
It means that the ship is sitting in the water with the bow down or down by
the head. Or, deeper draught at the forward end.
Trim = difference between draught forward and draught aft
Define Light ship
The vessel is complete and ready for service in every respect, including
permanent ballast, spare parts, lubricating oil, and working stores but is
without fuel, cargo, drinking or washing water, officers, crew, passengers,
their effects, temporarily ballast or any other variable load.
Define light displacement, load displacement and deadweight
Light displacement weight of the empty vessel. It includes the weight of the
structure
Load displacement weight of the vessel loaded with people, baggage, fuel,
cargo, stores
Deadweight a measure of how much mass a ship is carrying or can safely
carry, it does not include the weight of the ship. It is the sum of the weights
of cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers and crew.