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Saturday,June5,2010

ChronologyofIndia'sFreedomStruggle

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1905
PartitionofBengalannouncedtocomeinforcefromOct151906.
The decision on the Partition of Bengal was announced on 19 July 1905 by then Viceroy of
India, Lord Curzon. The partition took effect on 16 October 1905. Due to the high level of
political unrest generated by the partition, the eastern and western parts of Bengal were reunited
because of Hindu pressure in 1911.

1906DEC31
MuslimLeaguefoundedatDacca.
BengalPresidency,in1906,wasapoliticalpartyinBritishIndiathatplayedadecisiveroleduring
1940sintheIndianindependencemovement and developed into the driving force behind the creation
of Pakistan as a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent. After the independence of India and
Pakistan,theLeaguecontinuedasaminorpartyinIndia,especiallyinKerala,whereitisoftenin
governmentwithinacoalitionwithothers.

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1908July22
Tilaksentencedtosixyearsjailonchargesofsedition.
Hewas arrested on May 25, 1908, convicted by jury trial on July 22, 1908, and sentenced to six
years'imprisonmentinthecasepopularlyknownas'Second Sedition Case'.

1908 August, 11
KhudiramBoseexecuted.
He joined Jugantar /Yungatarthepartyofrevolutionaryactivists.
Khudiram and Prafulla Chaki were sent to Muzaffarpur, Bihar to assassinate Kingsford, the
CalcuttaPresidencyMagistrate,andlater,magistrateofMuzaffarpur,Bihar.KhudiramandPrafulla
watchedtheusualmovementsofKingsfordandpreparedaplantokillhim.OntheeveningofApril
30,1908,theduowaitedinfrontofthegateoftheEuropeanClubforthecarriageofKingsfordto
come.Whenavehiclecameoutofthegate,theythrewbombsandblewupthecarriage.However,
thevehiclewasnotcarryingKingsfordandinsteadtwoBritishladiesMrsandMissKennedy(the
wife and daughter of barrister Pringle Kennedy) were killed. Prafulla committed suicide.
Khudiram was sentenced to death

HerdedCattleTill2
YearsAgo,Realises
herIASDreamNow
!!!

CHENNAI:Untiltwo
yearsago,C
Vanmathiwascontent
herdingcowsafter
returninghomefrom
collegeinher
hometown
Sathyamangalamin

Categories
history(48)
indianhistory(41)

1909May21
MintoMorleyreformsOfIndianCouncilAct1909
IndianCouncilsActof1909,commonlyknownastheMorleyMintoReforms,beganwhenJohn
Morley,theLiberalSecretaryofStateforIndia, and the Conservative GovernorGeneralofIndia,The
EarlofMinto,believedthatcrackingdownonterrorisminBengalwasnecessarybutnotsufficient
forrestoringstabilitytotheBritish RajafterLordCurzon'spartitioningofBengal.
TheActof1909wasimportantforthefollowingreasons:
IteffectivelyallowedtheelectionofIndianstothevariouslegislativecouncilsin

Indiaforthefirsttime.PreviouslysomeIndianshadbeenappointedtolegislative councils.
The majorities of the councils remained British government appointments. Moreover the
electoratewaslimitedtospecificclassesofIndiannationals
The introduction of the electoral principle laid the groundwork for a

historybits(21)
gk(12)
DOSE(10)
JARAHATKE(8)
DouKnow(7)
SHORTNOTES(7)
SocialReformersand
FreedomFighters(6)
SOMEPEOPLEWHO
CANNOTBEIGNORED(5)
Architecture(4)
Movements(3)

parliamentary system even though this was contrary to the intent of Morley. As stated by
BurkeandQuraishi

AncientDynasties(2)

Muslims had expressed serious concern that a firstpastthepostBritishtypeof

FreedomStruggle(2)

electoral system would leave them permanentlysubjecttoHindumajorityrule.TheActof

1909stipulated,asdemandedbytheMuslimleadership

GovernorGeneralofIndia(2)

Foreignhistory(2)

India(2)

 that Indian Muslims be allotted reserved seats in the Municipal and

IndusValley(2)

DistrictBoards,intheProvincialCouncilsandintheImperialLegislature

Marathas(2)

thatthenumberofreservedseatsbeinexcessoftheirrelativepopulation

Monuments(2)

(25percentoftheIndianpopulation)and,

Rebellions(2)

that only Muslims should vote for candidates for the Muslim seats ('

1932(1)

separateelectorates').

Arts(1)
Asia(1)

1911

BITS(1)

ThecoronationorDelhiDurbarheldatwhichthePartitionofBengalwascancelled.

Britishraj(1)

1912

Buddhism.BuddhistCouncils
(1)

DelhibecomesthenewcapitalofIndia.

1912Dec23
BombthrownonLordHardingeonhisstateentryinIndia.

CIVILDISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT.GandhiIrwin
Pact(1)
ChittagongUprising(1)
CholaDynasty(1)

1913Nov1

Chronology(1)

GhadarPartyformedatSanfranscisco.

Commission(1)

The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by Indians of the United States and Canada in
June, 1913 with the aim to liberate India from British rule. It was also known as the Hindi
AssociationofthePacificCoast.
ThefirstissueoftheGhadar,theirpaperwaspublishedfromUniversityofCaliforniainBerkeley
inNovember1,1913,initsHar Dayalwrote:"Todaytherebeginsinforeign lands, but in our
country'stongue,awaragainsttheBritishRaj...Whatisourname?Revolution.Whatisour
work? Revolution. Where will be the revolution? In India. The time will soon come when
riflesandbloodwilltaketheplaceofpensandink."

CommunalAward(1)

GhadarParty
Ghadar Flag.png

Conspiracy(1)
DPSP(1)
DandhiMarch(1)
Developingcountry(1)
ESSAY(1)
Extremism(1)
GeneralStudies(Mains
Special)(1)
GovtofIndiaAct1919(1)
INDIAPORTAL(1)
INTERNATIONAL(1)

Founded:1913
Dissolved:1919
Precededby:PacificCoastHindustanAssociation
Ideology : RevolutionarySocialism IndianNationalism
Officialcolours:Red,Saffron andGreen

India:FromMidnighttothe
Millennium(1)
IndianNationalCongress(1)
Indianindependence
movement(1)
Jain(1)
Karnataka(1)

1914June16

MarathiLiterature(1)

B G Tilak ReleasedfromJail.

Mosques(1)

TilakwasreleasedonJune8,1914.Afterhisrelease,BalGangadharTilaktriedtobringthetwo
factionsofCongresstogether.Buthiseffortsdidnotbearmuchfruit.In1916, Tilak decided
to build a separate organization called the 'Home Rule League'. Its goal
was swaraj. Tilak went from village to village, and explained the aim of his league to the
farmersandwontheirhearts.Hetraveledconstantlyinordertoorganizethepeople.Whilefighting
forpeoplescauseBalGangadharTilakdiedonAugust1,1920.

MuslimLeague(1)

1914Aug4

RevolutionryMovement(1)

OutBreakoftheFirstWorldWar.

SANSKRITSERIOUSLY(1)

POSTEDONREADERS
SUGGESTION(1)
PartitionofIndia(1)
PoonaPact(1)
Quiz(1)

SaltSatyagraha(1)

Outbreak of the First World War

ShashiTharoor(1)

WorldWarIbrokeoutbyaccident.NoEuropean
government
wantedageneralwar,butmostoftheEuropeanpowers
preferredtofightratherthanbackdowninthefaceof
diplomaticprovocationfromtheirrivals.

Sikhs(1)
SocietyandCulture(1)
ThirdBattleofPanipat(1)
Tilak(1)
VisitorstoIndia(1)

Thesparkwhichprovidedtheexcusetosetthearmies
marchingwastheassassinationoftheheirtothe
Austrianthroneinthesummerof1914.Austria
immediatelyaccusedSerbiaofinstigatingthemurderers
andissuedanultimatum,whereuponRussiadeclaredher
supportofSerbia.OncetheRussiansorderedgeneral
mobilization(andthey'hadto'becausetheyneededmore
timetomovetheirforcestothefrontiersthentheir
enemies)Austrian,French, and German mobilization orders
followed in quick succession, each triggered by the other.
Mobilizationplansquicklychangedintowarplans,
becausetohaltpartwaythroughthedeploymentof
militaryforceswouldsimplycreatechaosandchaos
invitedenemyattackexactlywhatmobilizationwas
supposedtoprevent!Civilianleadershipwasdisplaced
bymilitaryleadership,andrivalarmiesplungedacross
Europeanfrontiers'accordingtoplan'
GermanyandAustriastruckatFranceandRussiaand
SerbiatheGermanarmiesmarchingthroughBelgium,
Britainimmediatelycameintowaronthesideof
Belgium,bringinginJapan,asherally,andverysoon
TurkeyfollowedontheGermanandAustrianside.

WarkariMovement(1)
WikipediaSourced(1)
ancienthistory(1)
auth(1)
indianpolity(1)
khilafatmovement(1)
moplah(1)
noncooperationmovement(1)
swarajparty(1)
syllabus(1)

BlogArchive
2012(2)
2011(8)
2010(9)
December(1)
June(7)
Governor
Generalsof
BritishIndia

Germany'saimwastoencircleParisanddefeatFrance
withinthefirstfewweeksofthewar,inorderto
concentratelateragainstRussiaontheEast.Therewasa
tremendousrushoftheGermansuponParisandan
invasionofEastPrussiabytheRussians.Bothattacks
wereheldandturned.

Ayearfrom
History1937

Thenthepowerofthedefensivedevelopedtherewasa
rapidelaborationoftrenchwarfareuntiltheopposing
armieslayentrenchedinlonglinesacrossEurope,unable
tomakeanyadvanceswithoutenormouslosses.It
becameapparentthattheprogressofmoderntechnical
sciencehadchangedthenatureofwarfare,achangethat
themostcarefullyadvancedwarplansdidnotanticipate.
Noonehadexpectedfouryearsofstalemateandthe
brutalbutcheringofindustrialwar.

Chronologyof
India's
Freedom
Struggle

BasicQuiz(Indian
Freedom
Struggle)
THE
RASHTRAKUT
AS

PAHUL
AncientIndian
Dynastiesand
theirfounders
January(1)
2009(92)

BlogArchive
2012(2)

1914Sep29

2011(8)

KomagatushipreachesBudgeBudge

2010(9)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gop
al_krishan_gokhale.jpg/200pxGopal_krishan_gokhale.jpg

December(1)
June(7)
Governor
Generalsof
BritishIndia
Ayearfrom
History1937
BasicQuiz(Indian
Freedom
Struggle)

Placeofbirth: Kothluk, Ratnagiri Dist., Maharastra, India

Placeofdeath: Bombay, India
Movement: Indian Independence movement
Major organizations: Indian National Congress, Deccan Education Society

Rivalry between Gokhale and Tilak : T Tilak was an advocate of civil

THE
RASHTRAKUT
AS
Chronologyof
India's
Freedom
Struggle
PAHUL

agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire, whereas

Gokhale was a moderate reformist. As a result, the Congress Party split into
two wings and was largely robbed of its effectiveness for a decade. The two
sides would later patch up in 1916 after Gokhale died. Tilak was an advocate
of civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire,
whereas Gokhale was a As a result, the Congress Party split into two wings
and was largely robbed of its effectiveness for a decade. The two sides
would later patch up in 1916 after Gokhale died.ilak was an advocate of
civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire,
whereas Gokhale was a moderate As a result, the Congress Party split into
two wings and was largely robbed of its effectiveness for a decade. The two
sides would later patch up in 1916 after Gokhale died.al Gangadhar Tilak
Rivalry Tilak
On May 23, 1914, 376 British Subjects (12 Hindus, 24 Muslims and 340 Sikhs) of Indian origin arrived in
Vancouver harbor aboard the Komagata Maru, seeking to enter Canada. 352 of the passengers were
denied entry and forced to depart on July 23, 1914.
In 1914 the Komagata Maru was an outright challenge to these exclusionist laws. The
Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamliner chartered by an affluent businessman, Gurdit
Singh,tobringIndianimmigrantstoCanada.

1915Jan
GandhiarrivesinDelhi.
In 1915 Gandhi returned from south Africa after having won a partial victory against General
Smuts Regime there & set up an ashram at Ahmadabad on the banks of the Sabarmati to teach
Indianstheideals&methodsofSatyagraha.

1915Feb19
Death of Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Gokhalecontinuedtobepoliticallyactivethroughthelastyearsofhislife.Thisincludedextensive
travelling abroad: in addition to his 1908 trip to England, he also visited South Africa in 1912,
wherehisprotgGandhiwasworkingtoimproveconditionsfortheIndianminoritylivingthere.
Meanwhile, he continued to be involved in the Servants of India Society, the Congress, and the
Legislative Council while constantly advocating the advancement of Indian education. All these
stressestooktheirtoll,however,andGokhalediedinFeb191915atfortynineyearsofage.

1916April28
Tilak found the Home Rule League with its HQ at Poona.
The Indian political scene was overshadowed those days by two important persons Bal
GangadharTilakandAnnieBesant.TheyhadsetupHomeRuleLeagues,TilaksinMaharashtra
and Besants in other parts of the country. Both the leagues had the same president, Dadabhai
Naoroji.
Some of the leaders of the Congress like Surendranath Banerji thought that the growth of the
HomeRuleMovementwouldeatintotheprospectsoftheCongress.ButtheMovementcaughton
andAnnieBesantwasinvitedtopresideovertheCongresssessioninCalcutta in 1916.

1917 April
Gandhi Launches the Champaran Campaign in Bihar to focus attention on the
grievancesofindigoplanters.
In Champaran, a district in state of Bihar, tens of thousands of landless serfs, indentured
laborersandpoorfarmerswereforcedto grow indigoandothercashcropsinsteadofthefood
cropsnecessaryfortheirsurvival.Thesegoodswereboughtfromthemataverylowprice
Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the cleanup of villages, building of
schoolsandhospitalsandencouragingthevillageleadershiptoundopurdah,untouchabilityandthe
suppressionofwomen.HewasjoinedbymanyyoungnationalistsfromalloverIndia,includingDr.
Sri Krishna Sinha, Ramarshi Deo Trivedi "Rishi Ji", Brajkishore Prasad, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr.
AnugrahNarayanSinhaandJawaharlal Nehru.

AncientIndian
Dynastiesand
theirfounders
January(1)
2009(92)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/en/thumb/2/20/1917anugrah.jpg/2
20px-1917anugrah.jpg

(Dr. Rajendra Prasad(Sittingleft)&

Dr.AnugrahNarayanSinha(sittingright)
during1917Champaran
Satyagrahamovement)
Buthis main assault came as he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was
orderedtoleavetheprovince.Hundredsofthousandsofpeopleprotestedandralliedoutsidethejail,
police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court unwillingly did. Gandhi led
organized protests and strike against the landlords, who with the guidance of the British
government, signed an agreement granting more compensation and control over farming for the
poorfarmersoftheregion,andcancellationofrevenuehikesandcollectionuntilthefamineended.
It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as Bapu (Father) and
Mahatma(GreatSoul).

1917Aug20
The Secretary of State for India, Montagu, declares that the goal of British Govt in
IndiaistheintroductionofResponsibleGovt.
Inlate1917,MontaguwenttoIndiatomeetupwithLordChelmsford,theViceroyofIndia,tomeet
with leaders of Indian community such as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Muhammed Ali
Jinnah to discuss the introduction of limited selfgovernment to India and protecting the rights of
minoritycommunitiessuchasMuslimsandSikhs.
Thechangesattheprovinciallevelweresignificant,astheprovinciallegislativecouncilscontained
a considerable majority of elected members. In a system called "dyarchy," the nationbuilding
departments of government agriculture, education, public works, and the like were placed
underministerswhowereindividuallyresponsibletothelegislature.Thedepartmentsthatmadeup
the "steel frame" of British rule finance, revenue, and home affairs were retained by
executive councilors who were nominated by the Governor. They were often, but not always,
Britishandwhowereresponsibletothegovernor.

1918
BeginningofTradeUnionMovementinIndia.

1918 April
RowlattCommitteeSubmitsitsReport.RowlattBillintroducesinFeb1919.
The Rowlatt Act was a law passed by the British in colonial India in March 1919, indefinitely
extending"emergency measures" (of the Defence of India Regulations Act) enacted
during the FirstWorldWarinordertocontrolpublicunrestandrootoutconspiracy.Passedonthe
recommendations of the Rowlatt commission, named for its chairman, British judge Sir
Sidney Rowlatt, thisacteffectivelyauthorizedthegovernmenttoimprison,withouttrial,any
personsuspectedofterrorism livingintheRaj.TheRowlattActsgaveBritishimperialauthorities
powertodealwithrevolutionaryactivities.
MahatmaGandhi,amongotherIndianleaders,wasextremelycriticaloftheActandarguedthatnot
everyone should be punished in response to isolated political crimes. The Act led to indignation
fromIndianleadersandthepublic,whichcausedthegovernmenttoimplementrepressivemeasures.
Gandhiandothersfoundthatconstitutionaloppositiontothemeasurewasfruitless,soonApril6,a
"hartal"wasorganizedwhereIndianswouldsuspendallbusinessandfastasasignoftheirhatred
forthelegislation.ThiseventisknownastheRowlatt Satyagraha.

1919April6
AllIndiaHartaloverRowlattBill.
OnApril6,a"hartal"wasorganizedwhereIndianswouldsuspendallbusinessandfastasasignof
theirhatredforthelegislation.ThiseventisknownastheRowlatt Satyagraha.
However,thesuccessofthehartalinDelhi,on30March,wasovershadowedbytensionsrunning
high, which resulted in rioting in the Punjab and other provinces. Deciding that Indians were not
readytomakeastandinconsistencewiththeprincipleofAhimsa(nonviolence),anintegralpart
ofSatyagraha,Gandhisuspendedtheresistance.
The Rowlatt Act came into effect in March 1919. In the Punjab the protest movement was very
strong, and on April 10, two outstanding leaders of the congress Dr. Satya Pal and Dr.
Saifuddin Kitchlew, werearrestedandtakentoanunknownplace.
AprotestwasheldinAmritsar,whichledtotheMassacreof1919.

1919April13
JallianwalaBaghTragedy.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jallianw
alaBaghmemorial1227.JPG/450pxJallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG

OnApril13,1919,thousandsofpeoplegatheredintheJallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Golden

TempleinAmritsar,onBaisakhi,
An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 4:30pm, Brigadier-General Reginald
Dyer marchedagroupofsixtyfiveGurkhaandtwentyfiveBaluchisoldiersintotheBagh,fifty
of whom were armed with rifles. Dyer had also brought two armored cars armed with machine
guns,howeverthevehicleswerestationedoutsidethemaingate as they were unable to enter the
Baghthroughthenarrowentrance.
The Jallianwala Bagh was bounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow
entrances, most of which were kept permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wider,
butwasguardedbythetroopsbackedbythearmoredvehicles.GeneralDyerorderedtroopstoopen
firewithoutwarningoranyordertodisperse,andtodirectfiretowardsthedensestsectionsofthe
crowd. He continued the firing, approximately 1,650 rounds in all, until ammunition was almost
exhausted.
Apartfromthemanydeathsdirectlyfromthefiring,anumberofdeathswerecausedbystampedes
atthenarrowgatesasalsopeoplewhosoughtshelterfromthefiringbyjumpingintothesolitary
wellinsidethecompound.Aplaqueinthemonumentatthesite,setupafterindependence,saysthat
120bodieswerepluckedoutofthewell.
Dyerwascalledtoappearbeforethe Hunter Commission,acommissionofinquiryinto
themassacrethatwasorderedtoconvenebySecretary of State for India Edwin
Montagu,inlate1919.Dyeradmittedbeforethecommissionthathecametoknowaboutthe
meetingattheJallianwalaBaghat12:40hoursthatdaybuttooknostepstopreventit.Hestated
that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd
assembledthere.

1919Dec5
The House of Commons Passed the Montagu Chelmsford Reform or the Govt of
IndiaAct,1919.Thenewreformsunderthisactcameinperationin1921.
TheGovernmentofIndiaAct1919(9&10Geo.Vc.101)wasanActoftheParliamentofthe

UnitedKingdom.ItwaspassedtoexpandparticipationofthenativesinthegovernmentofIndia.
The Act embodied the reforms recommended in the report of the Secretary of State for India, Sir
Edwin Montagu, and the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford. The Act covered ten years, from1919to1929.
ThisretractionofBritishimperialismwasaresultofIndia'senthusiasticparticipationinWorldWar
I.
TheActprovidedadualformofgovernment(a"dyarchy") for the major provinces. In each such
province,controlofsomeareasofgovernment,the"transferredlist",weregiventoaGovernmentof
ministers answerable to the Provincial Council. The 'transferred list' included Agriculture, Health
andEducation.TheProvincialCouncilswereenlarged.
Atthesametime,allotherareasofgovernment(the'reservedlist')remainedunderthecontrolofthe
Viceroy.The'reservedlist'includedDefence(themilitary),ForeignAffairs,andCommunications.
The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged and reformed. It became a bicameral
legislature for all India. The lower house was the Legislative Assembly of 144 members, of
which104wereelectedand40werenominatedandtenureofThreeyears.Theupperhouse
wastheCouncilofStatesconsistingof34electedand26nominatedmembersandtenure of
five years. This structure allowed Britain to use the Princely States (who were directly
representedintheCouncilofStates)tooffsetthegrowingpowerofthenativepoliticalparties.
TheIndianNationalCongress wasunhappyatthesereformsandtermedthemas'disappointing.'A
special session was held in Mumbai under Hasan Imam and the reforms were condemned.
However,leaderssuchasSurendranath Banerji wereinclinedtoacceptthereforms,
sotheylefttheCongressandformedthe Indian Liberal Federation,whichplayed
aminorroleinsubsequentaffairs.

1920
FirstMeetingoftheAllIndiaTradeUnionCongress.(NarainMalharJoshi)

1920Dec
TheINCadoptstheNonCooperationResolution(StartedinAug311920)
ThefirstNoncooperationmovement
ThefirstSatyagrahamovementurgedtheuseofKhadiandIndianmaterialasalternativestothose
shipped from Britain. It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts;
resign from government employment; refuse to pay taxes; and forsake British titles and honours.
Although this came too late to influence the framing of the new Government of India Act of 1919, the
movement enjoyed widespread popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder
presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. In 1920, the Congress was reorganized and given a new
constitution, whose goal was Swaraj(independence).Membershipinthepartywasopenedtoanyone
preparedtopayatokenfee,andahierarchyofcommitteeswasestablishedandmaderesponsible
for discipline and control over a hitherto amorphous and diffuse movement. The party was
transformedfromaneliteorganizationtooneofmassnationalappealandparticipation.
Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years of prison, but was released after serving two. On his
release from prison, he set up the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmadabad, on the banks of river
Sabarmati,establishedthenewspaperYoungIndia,andinauguratedaseriesofreformsaimedatthe
sociallydisadvantagedwithinHindusocietytheruralpoor,andtheuntouchables.
ThiserasawtheemergenceofnewgenerationofIndiansfromwithintheCongressParty,including
C.Rajagopalachari,JawaharlalNehru,VallabhbhaiPatel,Subhash Chandra Bose and others who
wouldlateroncometoformtheprominentvoicesoftheIndianindependencemovement,whether
keepingwithGandhianValues,ordivergingfromit.
The Indian political spectrum was further broadened in the mid1920s by the emergence of both
moderate and militant parties, such as the Swaraj Party, Hindu Mahasabha, Communist Party of
India and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Regional political organizations also continued to
represent the interests of non-Brahmins in Madras, Mahars in Maharashtra, and Sikhs in Punjab.
However,peoplelikeMahakaviSubramanyaBharathi,VanchinathanandNeelakandaBrahmachari
played a major role from Tamil Nadu in both freedom struggle and fighting for equality for all
castesandcommunities.

192022
TheNoncooperationMovementsuspendedonFeb1112,aftertheviolentincidents

atChauriChauraonFeb51922.
However, Gandhi called off the movement following the Chauri Chaura incident, which saw the
deathoftwentytwopolicemenatthehandsofanangrymob.

1922Aug
MoplahrebellionontheMalabarCoast.
Duringthe19thandearly20thcenturies,Mappilaswereknownforactivearmedattacksagainstthe
British,includingthe1921MoplahrebellionwheremanyMappilaslosttheirlives,andmanywere
takenasprisonersmostlytoPortBlair.InthesameMoplah rebellion, Mappilas murdered, raped,
and forcibly converted thousands of Hindus. Mohommed Haji was proclaimed the Caliph of the
MoplahKhalifat(Caliphate)andflagsofIslamicCaliphatewereflown.ErnadandValluvanad were
declared Khalifat kingdoms.

1923Jan1
SwarajistPartyformedbyMotilalNehruandothers.

1924
TheCommunistPartyofIndiastartsitsactivitiesfirstatKanpur.

1925Aug
KakoriTrainConspiracy
On August 9, 1925, the Number 8 Down Train travelling from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow was
approachingthetownofKakori(nowinUttarPradesh),whenoneoftherevolutionariespulledthe
chain to stop the train and overpowered the guard. It is believed that they looted moneybags
belongingtotheBritishGovernmentTreasuryfromtheguard'svanandescapedtoLucknowwhile
not a single Indian was looted. Following the incident, the police started an intense manhunt and
arrested several of the revolutionaries involved. Bismil was arrested on September 26, 1925 and
Ashfaqullahwasarrestedtenmonthslater.

1927Nov8
The British PM announces the appointment of the Simon Commission to suggest
future constitutional reforms in India. Simon Commission arrives in Bombay on
Feb31928andallIndiaHartal.LalaLajpatRaiassaultedbypoliceatLahore.
TheIndianStatutoryCommissionwasagroupofsevenBritishMembersofParliament that had
been dispatched to India in 1927 to study constitutional reform in that colony. It was commonly
referredtoastheSimonCommissionafteritschairman,SirJohnSimon.Oneofitsmemberswas
Clement Attlee, who subsequently became the British Prime Minister who would oversee the
grantingofindependencetoIndiaandPakistanin1947.
Almostimmediately with its arrival in Bombay on February 3, 1928, the Simon Commission was
confrontedbythrongsofprotestors.Theentirecountryobservedahartal(strike),andmanypeople
turnedouttogreettheCommissionwithblackflags.SimilarprotestsoccurredineverymajorIndian
citythatthesevenBritishMPsvisited.However,oneprotestagainsttheSimonCommissionwould
gaininfamyabovealltheothers.
On October 30, 1928, the Simon Commission arrived in Lahore where, as with the rest of the
country, its arrival was met with massive amounts of protestors. The Lahore protest was led by
Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, who had moved a resolution against the Commission in the
LegislativeAssemblyofPunjabinFebruary1928.InordertomakewayfortheCommission,the
local police force began beating protestors with their lathis (sticks). The police were particularly
brutaltowardsLalaLajpatRai,wholaterthatdaydeclared,"Theblowswhichfellonmetodayare
thelastnailsinthecoffinofBritishimperialism."OnNovember17,LajpatRaidiedofhisinjuries
onhishead.

1928
NehruReportRecommendsprinciplesforthenewconstitutionofIndia.AllParties
ConferenceconsiderstheNehruReportAug28
FollowingtherejectionoftherecommendationsoftheSimon Commission by Indians, an allparty
conferencewasheldatBombay inMay1928.Thiswasmeanttoinstillasenseofresistanceamong
people. The conference appointed a drafting committee under Motilal Nehru to draw up a
constitution for India. The Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress asked the British
government to accord dominion status to India by December 1929, or a countrywide civil

disobedience movement would be launched. By 1929, however, in the midst of rising political
discontent and increasingly violent regional movements, the call for complete independence from
Britain began to find increasing grounds within the Congress leadership. Under the presidency of
Jawaharlal Nehru at its historic Lahore session in December 1929, The Indian National Congress
adopted a resolution calling for complete independence from the British. It authorised the Working
Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement throughout the country. It was decided that 26
January 1930 should be observed all over India as the Purna Swaraj (total independence) Day. Many
IndianpoliticalpartiesandIndianrevolutionariesofawidespectrumunitedtoobservethedaywith
honourandpride.

1928Nov.17
DeathofLalaLajpatRai.
OnNovember17,1928,hesuccumbedtotheinjuriesandleftforhisholyabodebynotleavingthe
freedomstruggleinbetweenbutpassingoverthebatontheyoungergeneration.Thevengeanceof
hisdeathwastakenbyBhagatSinghandhisassociates.

1929
SardaActPassedprohibitingmarriageofgirlsbelow14andboysbelow
18ofagewitheffectfrom1930.
ChildMarriageRestraintAct1929popularlyknownastheSardaActafteritssponsorRaiSahib
HarbilasSardatotheBritishIndiaLegislatureinIndiawaspassedon28September1929fixedthe
age of marriage for girls at 14 years. It was a result of social reform movement in India. The
legislationwaspassedbytheBritishIndianGovernment.

1929Mar9
All Parties Muslim Conference formulates the Forteen points under the
leadership Of Jinnah.
The FourteenPointsofJinnah was proposed by MuhammadAli Jinnah as a constitutional reform
plantosafeguardthepoliticalrightsofMuslimsinaselfgoverningIndia.Thereportwasgivenina
meetingofthecounciloftheAllIndiaMuslimLeague on March 28, 1929.

TheFourteenPoints
1.

Theformofthefutureconstitutionshouldbefederalwiththeresiduarypowersvested in the
provinces.

2.

Auniformmeasureofautonomyshallbegrantedtoallprovinces.

3.

All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite
principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without
reducingthemajorityinanyprovincetoaminorityorevenequality.

4.

IntheCentralLegislature,Muslimrepresentationshallnotbelessthanonethird.

5.

Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorate as at

present, provided it shall be open to any community at any time to abandon its separate
electorateinfavorofajointelectorate.

6.

Anyterritorialdistributionthatmightatanytimebenecessaryshallnotinanywayaffectthe
MuslimmajorityinthePunjab,BengalandtheNorthWestFrontierProvince.

7.

Full religious liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association and
education,shallbeguaranteedtoallcommunities.

8.

No bill or any resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other
electedbodyifthreefourthofthemembersofanycommunityinthatparticularbodyoppose
suchabillresolutionorpartthereofonthegroundthatitwouldbeinjurioustotheinterestsof
thatcommunityorinthealternative,suchothermethodisdevisedasmaybefoundfeasible
andpracticabletodealwithsuchcases.

9.

SindhshouldbeseparatedfromtheBombayPresidency.

10.

ReformsshouldbeintroducedintheNorthWestFrontierProvince(NWFP)andBaluchistan
onthesamefootingasintheotherprovinces.

11.

ProvisionshouldbemadeintheconstitutiongivingMuslimsanadequateshare,alongwiththe
other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local selfgoverning bodies having due
regardtotherequirementsofefficiency.

12.

The constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and for
the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion, personal laws and Muslim
charitable institution and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the state and by local
self-governing bodies.

13.

Nocabinet,eithercentralorprovincial,shouldbeformedwithouttherebeingaproportionof
atleastonethirdMuslimministers.

14.

No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature except with the
concurrenceoftheState'scontributionoftheIndian Federation.

1929April8
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt drops bombs on Central Legislative Assembly.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was formed under the leadership of Chandrasekhar
Azad.Bhagat SinghandBatukeshwar DuttthrewabombinsidetheCentralLegislativeAssembly on
8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill.
Following the trial (Central Assembly Bomb Case), Bhagat Singh,SukhdevandRajguruwerehangedin
1931.Allama MashriqifoundedKhaksar TehreekinordertodirectparticularlytheMuslimstowards
theindependencemovement.

1929Oct31
Lord Irwin's Announcement that goal of British policy in India was thegrant
ofDominionstatus.
GandhiIrwinPactreferstoapoliticalagreementsignedbyMahatma GandhiandthethenViceroy
of India,Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. Before this, the viceroy Lord Irwin announced in October
1929,a vague offer of 'dominion status' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table
Conference to discuss a future constitution. It was signed after meetings between Gandhi and the
Viceroy that spanned over a three week time period. Many Indian citizens were originally
unsatisfied with the conditions of this truce. The agreement spelled out certain specific action
points,tobeinitiatedbythecolonialGovernmentofIndiaaswellastheIndianNationalCongress.
Important action points of the Pact included:
Discontinuation of the civil disobedience movement by the Indian National

Congress
ParticipationbytheIndianNationalCongressintheRoundTableConference
WithdrawalofallordinancesissuedbytheBritish Governmentimposingcurbs

ontheactivitiesoftheIndianNationalCongress
Withdrawalofallprosecutionsrelatingtoseveraltypesofoffensesexceptthose

involvingviolence
Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the civil disobedience movement
Theremovalofthetaxonsalt,whichallowedtheIndianstoproduce,trade,and

sellsaltlegallyandfortheirownprivateuse.

1929Dec31
the Lahore session of INC adopts the goal of complete independece-poorna Swaraj for India.
TheflagofIndiahadbeenhoistedbyCongressPresidentJawaharlalNehruonDecember
31, 1929, on the banks of the Ravi River in Lahore. The Congress asked the people of India to
observeJanuary26asIndependenceDay.TheflagofIndiawashoistedpubliclyacrossIndiaby
Congressvolunteers,nationalistsandthepublic.
ThePurnaSwarajdeclarationorDeclarationoftheIndependenceofIndiawaspromulgatedby
theIndianNationalCongressonJanuary26,1930,resolvingtheCongressandIndian
nationaliststofightforPurnaSwaraj,orcompleteselfruleindependentoftheBritishEmpire.
(LiterallyinSanskrit,purna,"complete,"swa,"self,"raj,"rule,"thus"completeselfrule")

1930Feb14
The working committee of the INC meets at Sabarmati and passes the civil
Disobedienceresolution.
In April 1930 there were violent policecrowdclashesinCalcutta. Approximately 100,000 people
wereimprisonedinthecourseoftheCivil disobedience movement (193031),whileinPeshawar

unarmeddemonstratorswerefireduponintheQissaKhwanibazaarmassacre.Thelatterevent
catapulted the then newly formed Khudai Khidmatgar movement (founder Khan Abdul

GhaffarKhan,theFrontierGandhi) onto the National scene. While Gandhi was in jail, the
firstRoundTableConference was held in London in November 1930, without representation from
the Indian National Congress. The ban upon the Congress was removed because of economic hardships
caused by the Satyagraha. Gandhi, along with other members of the Congress Working Committee, was
released from prison in January 1931.

1930March12
Gandhi Launches the Civil Disobedience movement with his epic Dandi March (March 12 to
April 5),FirstphaseoftheCDMovementMarch121930toMarch51931.
Gandhi emerged from his long seclusion by undertaking his most famous campaign, a march of
about 400 kilometers from his commune in Ahmadabad to Dandi, on the coast of Gujarat
between12Marchand6April1930.Themarchisusuallyknownasthe DandiMarch or the

SaltSatyagraha.AtDandi,inprotestagainstBritishtaxesonsalt,heandthousandsoffollowers
brokethelawbymakingtheirownsaltfromseawater.

1930Nov30
FirstroundtableconferencebeginsinLondontoconsiderthereportofSimon.
TheRoundTableConferencewasopenedofficiallybyKingGeorgeV onNovember12,1930
andchairedbythe British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald. The three British political
partieswererepresentedbysixteendelegates.TherewerefiftysevenpoliticalleadersfromBritish
Indiaandsixteendelegatesfromtheprincelystates.However,theIndian National Congress, along
withIndianbusinessleaders, kept away from the conference. Many of them were in jail for their
participationincivildisobedience.

Participants
MuslimLeague:MuhammadAli,MuhammadShafi,theAgaKhan,Muhammad

AliJinnah,MuhammadZafrullaKhan,A.K.FazlulHuq
HinduMahasabha:B.S.Moonje andM.R.Jayakar
Liberals:TejBahadurSapru,C.Y.ChintamaniandSrinivasaSastri
Sikh:SardarUjjalSingh
DepressedClasses:B.R.Ambedkar
Princely states: Akbar Hydari (Dewan of Hyderabad), Mirza Ismail (Diwan of

Mysore), Kailas Narain Haksar of Gwalior, Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala, Maharaja
Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda, Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja
GangaSinghofBikaner,NawabHamidullahKhan of Bhopal, K.S. Ranjitsinhji of Nawanagar,
Maharaja Jai Singh Prabhakar of Alwar and the rulers of Indore, Rewa, Dholpur, Koriya, Sangli
andSarila.
The idea of an AllIndia Federation was moved to the centre of discussion. All the groups
attending the conference supported this concept. The responsibility of the Executive to
Legislature was discussed, and B. R. Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for the
Untouchables.

1931March5
GandhiIrwinPactsigned,CivilDisobedienceMovementSuspended.
GandhiIrwinPactreferstoapoliticalagreementsignedbyMahatmaGandhiand
thethenViceroyofIndia,LordIrwinon5thMarch1931.Beforethis,theviceroyLord
Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague offer of 'dominion status' for India in an unspecified
futureandaRoundTableConferencetodiscussafutureconstitution.Itwassignedaftermeetings
betweenGandhiandtheViceroythatspannedoverathreeweektimeperiod.ManyIndiancitizens
were originally unsatisfied with the conditions of this truce. The agreement spelled out certain
specific action points, to be initiated by the colonial Government of India as well as the Indian
National Congress.ImportantactionpointsofthePactincluded:

Discontinuation of the civil disobedience movement by the Indian National

Congress
ParticipationbytheIndianNationalCongressintheRoundTableConference

 WithdrawalofallordinancesissuedbytheBritishGovernmentimposingcurbs

ontheactivitiesoftheIndianNationalCongress
Withdrawalofallprosecutionsrelatingtoseveraltypesofoffensesexceptthose

involvingviolence
Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the civil disobedience movement
Theremovalofthetaxonsalt,whichallowedtheIndianstoproduce,trade,and

sellsaltlegallyandfortheirownprivateuse.

1931March23
Bhagat Sing, Sukh Dev and Rajguru Executed.
On 23 March 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged in Lahore with his fellow comrades Rajguru and
Sukhdev.Hissupporters,whohadbeenprotestingagainstthehanging,immediatelydeclaredhimas
a Shaheed or martyr. According to the Superintendent of Police at the time, V.N. Smith, the
hangingwasadvanced:
Normallyexecutiontookplaceat8am,butitwasdecidedtoactatoncebeforethepubliccould
becomeawareofwhathadhappened...Atabout7pmshoutsof Inquilab Zindabad were

heard from inside the jail. This was correctly, interpreted as a signal that the final curtain was about to
drop.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/e/ed/Bhagat_Singh%27s_ex
ecution_Lahore_Tribune_Front_page.jpg/2
50pxBhagat_Singh%27s_execution_Lahore_Tri
bune_Front_page.jpg

1931Sep7
Second Round Table Conference.
The second session opened on September 7 1931. There were three major differences between the first
and second Round Table Conferences. By the second:
CongressRepresentationTheGandhi-Irwin PactopenedthewayforCongress

participationinthisconference.Mahatma GandhiwasinvitedfromIndiaandattendedasthe
soleofficialCongressrepresentativeaccompaniedbySarojini NaiduandalsoMadan Mohan
Malaviya, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Muhammad Iqbal, S K Dutta and Sir Syed Ali Imam.
Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India that the Untouchables
wereHindusandshouldnotbetreatedasaminorityandthatthereshouldbenoseparate
electoratesorspecialsafeguardsforMuslimsorotherminorities.Theseclaimswererejected
bytheotherIndianparticipants.Accordingtothispact,GandhiwasaskedtocallofftheCivil
Disobedience Movement (CDM) and if he did so the prisoners of the British government
wouldbefreedexceptingthecriminalprisoners,i.e.thosewhohadkilledBritishofficials.He
returnedtoIndia,disappointedwiththeresultsandemptyhanded.
NationalGovernmenttwoweeksearliertheLabour governmentinLondon

had fallen. Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the
ConservativeParty.

Financial Crisis During the conference, Britain went off the Gold Standard
furtherdistractingtheNationalGovernment.

During the Conference, Gandhi could not reach agreement with the Muslims on Muslim
representation and safeguards. At the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to
produceaCommunal Awardforminorityrepresentation,withtheprovisionthatanyfreeagreement

betweenthepartiescouldbesubstitutedforhisaward.
Gandhitookparticularexceptiontothetreatmentofuntouchablesasaminorityseparatefromthe
restoftheHinducommunity.HeclashedwiththeUntouchableleader,B.R.Ambedkar,overthis
issue:thetwoeventuallyresolvedthesituationwiththePoonaPactof1932.

1931Dec28
1930Mar12GandhiLaunchestheCivilDisobediencemovementwithhisepicDandi
March (March 12 to April 5), First phase of the C D Movement March 12 1930 to
March51931.

1932Jan4
GandhijiArrestedandimprisonedwithoutTrial.
InBombay,atManiBhuvan,Gandhiwasarrestedatthreeinmorning.

1932Aug16
British Prime minister Pamsay Macdonald announces his infamous "Communal
Awards".
Mr.MacDonaldannouncedthe'CommunalAward'onAugust16,1932.Accordingto
theAward,therightofseparateelectoratewasnotonlygiventotheMuslimsofIndiabutalsotoall
theminoritycommunitiesinthecountry.TheAwardalsodeclareduntouchablesasaminorityand
thus the Hindu depressed classes were given a number of special seats, to be filled from special
depressedclasselectoratesintheareawheretheirvoterswereconcentrated.UndertheCommunal
Award, the principle of weightage was also maintained with some modifications in the Muslim
minorityprovinces. Principle of weightage was also applied for Europeans in BengalandAssam,
Sikhs in the Punjab and North West Frontier Province, and Hindus in Sindh and North West
FrontierProvince.

1932Sep20
GandhijiinjailbeginstheepicfastuntodeathagainsttehCommunalAwardsandthe
fatonsep26afterthePoonaPact.

1932Nov17
TheIIIrdRTCbeginsinLondon.
ThethirdandlastsessionassembledonNovember171932.Onlyfortysixdelegatesattendedsince
mostofthemainpoliticalfiguresofIndiawerenotpresent.TheLabourPartyfromBritainandthe
IndianNationalCongressrefusedtoattend.

In this conference, Chaudhary Rahmat Ali, a college student, coined the name
"Pakistan" (which means "land of pureness") as the name for the Muslim part of
partitionedIndia.Hetookthe"P"fromPunjab,the"A"fromtheAfghan,the"KI"
fromKashmir,the"S"fromSindhandthe"TAN"fromBalochistan.

1933May9
Gandhiji released from prison as he begins the fast for self purification .INC suspends C D
Movement but Authorizes Satyagraha by individuals.

1934
Gandhiji withdraws from active politics and Devote himself to Constructive
programmes.

1935Aug4
TheGOvtIndiaActPassed.

1937
ElectionsheldinIndiaundertheActof1935(Feb1937).TheINCcontestelectionand
formsministriesin7provinces.

1938Feb1920
HaripurasessionofINCSubhasChandraBoseelectedCongressPresident.

1939March1012
TripurasessionofINC.

1939 April
SubhashChandraBoseresignedasthepresidentofINC.
1939Sep3
SecondWorldWar.
1939Oct27
theINCministriesinProvince.
1939Nov5
ThecongressministriesinprovinceresigninprotestagainstthewarpolicyofBritishGovt.
1939Dec22
TheMuslimLeagueobservestheresignationofthecongressministerastheDeliveranceDay.
1940March
LahoresessionoftheMuslimLeaguepassesthePakistanResolution.
1940Aug10
ViceroyLinlithgowannoucestheAugustOffer.
1940Aug1822
The congress working committe rejects the August Offer.
1941Jauary17
Subhas Chandra bose escapes from India Arrives in Berlin (March 28).
1942 March 11
ChurchillannoncestheCrippsMission
1942Aug78
The INC meets in Bombay Adopts Quit India resolution.8
1942Aug9
Gandhiji and other Congress leaders arrested.
1942Aug11
QuitIndiaMovementbeginsthegreatAugustUprising.
1942 Sep 1
SubhasChandraBoseestablishtheIndianNationalarmy(AzadHindFauz)
1943oct21
SubhashChandraboseproclaimstheformationofProvisionalGovernmentoffreeIndia.
1943Dec
KarachisessionoftheMuslimLeagueadoptsthesloganDivideandQuit.
1944June25
WavellcallsSimlaConferenceinabidtoformtheExecutiveCouncilofIndianPoliticalleaders.
1946Feb18
MutinyoftheIndianNavalRatingsinBombay.
1946 March 15
British P M Attlee announces Cabinet Mission to propose new solution to the Indian Deadlock
CabinetMissionArrivesinNewDelhi(March14)issueproposal(May16)

1946July6
JawaharlalNehrutakesoverasCongressPresident.

1946Aug6
WavellinvitesNehrutoformanInterimGovernmenttakesoffice.(Sep2).

1946Dec9
FirstsessionofConstituentAssemblystarts.MuslimLeagueboycottsit.

1947Feb20
BritishPMAtleeDeclaredthattheBritishGovtwouldleaveIndianotlaterthanJune1948.

1947March24
LordMountbattenthelastBritishViceroyandGovernorGeneral of India sworn in (March 24 1947 to
June211948).

1947June3
MountbattenPlanforthepartitionofIndiaandtheannouncement(June4)thatthetransferofpower
willtakeplaceonAug15.

1947 Aug 15
IndiawinsFreedom.

Posted by swapnil patil at 10:24 AM

Labels: Chronology, Freedom Struggle, indian history

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