Shellscrpits

Subject: Introduction to Unix
Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

Shell Programming
It includes the entire gamut of unix command command with syntax of programming
language called shell programming.
Shell programming perspective
Shell forms an interface between user and the system.
Incorporates a powerful programming language that enables the user to exploit
the full power and versatility of unix.
File that contains collection of valid unix commands along with the
construct of the programming language is called shell script or shell
programming.
you
Translate result s back to you
Shell accepts command from you

The shell
Translates to binary code
Shell reads results from kernel

Unix kernel
Relationship of shell to unix

Different shells available in unix:
Bourne shell
Bash shell
Korn shell
C shell
Session March-June 2003
Dept. of M.C.A.
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Description:Shell
Bourne
Creator
Steave Bourne of AT & T Bell.
Prompt
$
Bash
Brain Fox & chet Ramey
Korn
David Korn
C shell
Bill Joy.developed at university of
california.
FEATURES OF SHELL:1) COMMAND EXECUTION:-
$who<enter>
2) FILE NAME SUBSTITUTION:-
$ls ?<enter>
3) IO REDIRECTION
4) PIPE LINE MECHANISM
5) ENVIRONMENT CONTROL
6) INTERPRETING PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
FOR KNOWING THE CURRENT WORKING SHELL:$echo $SHELL<ENTER>
for bourne shell- /bin/sh or /bin/bsh
for korn shell- /bin/ksh
for bash shell- /bin/bash
to change the shell:$echo $SHELL<enter>
/bin/sh
$ksh<enter>
$echo $SHELL<enter>
/bin/ksh
$^d
/* this wil take you out from current working shell */
creating a shell script:
Dept. of M.C.A.
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$vi test
compilation + execution
$ sh<file name>
no object file is created .Shell script need no extention(not mendatory)
another way to execute is changemod ,give execution permission
and then execute.
$ chmod 700
$ test
sh :-execution of the shell script is done with the help of sh command as a newly
borned script you have only read and write permission turn on where as execute
permission is turn off..thus shell script can be invoked in either of the two ways:1) invoking the sh command with file name as argument .
2) making the shell script executable by changing its excess permission and then
invoking the file.
Unix system variables:These variables are a part of unix system and can not be altered .
1) PS1:- stands for system prompt 1.
$ echo $ PS1<enter>
$
$ PS1 = #<enter>
#
2) PS2:- system prompt 2 that is secondary prompt
$ echo $ PS2<enter>
>
$
3) PATH:- defines the path which the shell must search in order to execute any
command or file
$ echo PATH<enter>.
Dept. of M.C.A.
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/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/x11:/usr/games.
4) HOME:- store the default working directory of the user.
$ echo $ HOME<enter>
/*assume that your register number is your login name*/
/usr/ 1pi02mca09
5) LOGNAME:- stores the login name of the user
$ echo $ LOGNAME<enter>
ngp
$
6) MAIL:- defines the file along with the path where the name of the user is stored
/usr/MAIL/ngp
7) MAILCHECK :- defines the duration after which yhe shell checks wether the user
has recieved any mail
$ echo $ MAILCHECK<enter>
60
$
8) SHELL:- defines the name of your working shell.
9) TERM :- defines the name of the terminal on which you are working
$ echo $ TERM<enter>
ansi
$
10)TZ:- defines the name of the time zone on which you are working .
User defined variables:-
Dept. of M.C.A.
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The variables can constitute alphabets,digits and underscores .However the first
character must be either an alphabet or an underscore
Example:$ a=10<enter>
$ echo $a<enter>
10
$
tips and traps:1)All shell variables are string variables .
Example:- in A=10,where 10 is stored in A ,is not treated as a number but as a
string
of characters 1 and 0.Naturally we can not perform any arithmatic
operations.
2) Variables may contain more than one word in which case it should be enclosed in
Example:$a = Hello world <enter>
$echo $ a
Hello world
$
3) We can carry out more than 1 assignment in a single line.
Example:$name = abc age = 5<enter>
$echo $name $age<enter>
abc 5
$
4) A variable may not be given any value.They are called as NULL variables.A NULL
variable can be treated in any 1 of the follwing ways:$d =
OR
$d =
OR
$d
5) I/O operations in the shell:-
Dept. of M.C.A.
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The output operation is performed with the help of echo statement,whereas the
input is
performed with the help of read statement.
Question:Write a shell script to accept a number and display.
Answer:echo enter the numbers
read num
echo u entered $num
VARIABLES:3 basic type of variables available:1) POSITIONAL PARAMETERS:- invoked by normal shell variables.It is called as
positional parameter or postional variables depending upon the position it occupies
during the execution stage.
EXAMPLE:echo my name is $1
echo your name is $2
$sh test abc xyz
OUTPUT:my name is abc

your name is xyz
NOTE:- Shell can take a maximum a maximum of a positional parameter.
2)SPECIAL PARAMETER:- There are 2 types of special parameters:a) $# :- returns the number of arguments.
echo the total number of arguments specified is $#
EXAMPLE:sh test learning unix<enter>
OUTPUT:the total number of arguments specified is 2
$
b) $* :- Returns all the arguments
Dept. of M.C.A.
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EXAMPLE:echo argument are $*

$sh test learning unix
HOW ABOUT THIS :$cat > name_test
echo enter the name
read name
echo enter the telephone number
read number
echo $name $number >> mylist
<ctrl>+d
$sh name_test
OUTPUT:enter the name
charul
enter the telephone number
234256
$
now type we write :$cat my_list<enter>
charul
234256
Dept. of M.C.A.
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS & EXPRESSION:Arithmetic operators supported are:+
: addition
: subtraction
: multiplication
: division
In order to perform arithmetic operations we need to make use of expr command

a=5
b = 10
c = èxpr $a + $b`
echo $c
For multiplication :$expr 5 \* 2
10
DECISION CONTROL STATEMENTS:If-fi structure:Syntax:if [<condition>]
then
statements
else
statements
fi
There are 3 test can be performed:1)Test on numerical values :- Carried on with the help of what is called a relational
operator.
Relational operator
-eq
-ne
-gt
-ge
-lt
-le
Meaning
Equal to
Not equal to
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Less than
Less than or equal to
QUESTION :Write a shell script to accept a number and check whether it is greater than 10 or not
Dept. of M.C.A.
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echo enter the number

read num
if [$num gt 10]
then
echo number is greater than 10
else
echo number is less than 10
fi
QUESTION :Write a script to display total number of users currently working.
users = `who|wc-l`
if [$users eq 1]
then
echo u r the only person working on
else
echo $users are working
fi
2)Test on character strings :The operators used are equal = and !=
QUESTION :Write a shell script to check whether your current working directory is same as home
directory.
x = `pwd`
if [ $x = HOME]
then
echo u r working in home directory
else
echo u r not working in home directory
fi
3)Test on file types:-
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It is concerned with the existence of the file and its property.The following
operators are used.
Operators
-s
-f
-d
-w
-r
-x
QUESTION :-
Meaning
Check that file exists & not empty
Check that file is an ordinary file
Check whether file is directory
Check that file is writeable
Check that file is readable
Check that file is executable
Write a shell script to accept a file name and check whether it is executable or not,if
not make it executable
echo enter the filename
read fname
if [-x $fname]
then
echo file $fname is executable
else
chmod 700 $fname
fi
SAMPLE OUTPUT :$sh test
enter the filename
prg1
$ls l prg1
-rwx
SHELL SCRIPT EXAMPLES :

1. Write
a shell script which will accept a filename and starting and ending line
numbers and displays these lines from given file.
Dept. of M.C.A.
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2. Two numbers are entered from keyboard. Write a script to find the value of one
number raised to power of another.
3. Write
a shell script which deletes all lines containing the word unix in the files
supplied as arguments.
4. Write a shell script which displays a list of all the files in the current directory to
which you have read, write and execute permissions.
5. A shell script receives even number of filenames as arguments. Suppose four files
are supplied as an arguments, then the first file should get copied into second, third
file into fourth and so on. If odd number of filenames are supplied then no copying
should take place and an error message should be displayed.
6. Write a shell script which will receive any number of filenames as arguments. The
shell script should check whether every argument supplied is a file or a directory. If
it a directory it should be appropriately reported. If it is a filename then name of
the file as well as the number of lines present in it should be reported.
7. Write
a shell script which gets executed the moment the user logs in. It should
display the message, Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening,

depending upon the time at which the user logs in.
8. Write a shell script which
will receive login name during execution, obtain
information about it from /etc/passwd and display this information on screen in

easily understandable format.
9. While executing a shell script either login name or UID is supplied at command
prompt. Write a shell script to find out at how many terminals has this user logged
in.
10. Write a shell script which reports names and sizes of all files in a directory
( directory name would be supplied as an argument ) whose size exceeds 1000
bytes. The filenames should be printed in descending order of their sizes. The total
number of such files should also be displayed.
11. A friend of yours has promised to log in at a particular time. However he has not
kept the promise. You want to contact him as soon as he logs in. Write a shell script
which checks after every one minute whether your friend has logged in or not. The
logname should be supplied at command prompt.
12. Write a shell script to send mail to groups of users by extracting their IDs from
/etc/group file.
Dept. of M.C.A.
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13. A file called wordfile consists of several words. Write
a shell script which will
receive a list of filenames, the first of which would be wordfile. The shell script
should report all occurrences of each word in wordfile in the rest of the files
supplied as arguments.
14. The word unix is present in only some of the files supplied as arguments to this
shell script. Your shell script should search each of these files in turn and stop at
the first file that it encounters containing the word unix. The filename should be
displayed on the screen.
15. Write a shell script which will receive any number of filenames as arguments. The
shell script should check whether such files already exists. If they do, then they
should be reported. If any of these files do not exist then check if a sub directory
called mydir exists in the current directory. If it doesnt exist then it should be
created and in it the files supplied as an arguments should be created. If mydir
already exists then it should be reported along with the number of files that are
currently present in mydir.
16. Write a shell script to determine how long a user has been working on the system.
17. Write a shell script which accepts any number of arguments and prints them in
reverse order. Ex : If file name is test then $ sh test A B C should produce C B A.
18. Write a shell script that accepts a path name and creates all the components in that
path name as directories. For example if the file name is test then : $ sh test
a/b/c/d should create directories a, a/b, a/b/c, a/b/c/d.
19. Write a shell script to implement terminal locking ( similar to lock command ), it
should prompt for a password. After accepting the password entered by the user, it
must prompt again for the matching password as confirmation and if the match
occurs, it must lock the keyboard, until a matching password is entered again. Your
script should take care of disregarding break, control-d etc. No time limit need be
implemented for the lock duration.
20. Write a shell script that finds and displays all the links to a file specified as the first
argument to the script. The second argument which is optional can be used to
specify the directory in which the search to begin. If this second argument is not
present the search is to begin in the current directory. In either case the starting
directory as well as all its sub directories at all levels must be searched.
21. Write a shell script to display the calendar for current month with current date
replaced by * or ** depending on whether the date is single digit or two digits.
Dept. of M.C.A.
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Shell scripts:1. write a shell script to accept a number and check wether it is greater than 10 or
not.
ANS:
echo Enter the number
read num
if [$ num -gt 10]
then
echo number is greater than 10
else
echo numbe is less than 10
fi
2. write a shell script to find the number of users currently working.
ANS:
User=`who|wc-l`
If [$ user eq 1]
then
echo u are the only user
else
echo $user user are working
3. write a shell script to accept a filename and check wether it is executable or not
if not make executable.
ANS:
echo enter the filename
read fname
if [-x $fname]
then
echo file $fname is executable
else
chmod 700 $fname
fi
4. write a script using while loop to print from 1 to 10.
Dept. of M.C.A.
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ANS:
While[$num-le 10]
do
echo $num
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
5. write a shell script to check wether ur current working directory is same as
home directory.
ANS:
pwd1=`pwd`
if [`$pwd1=$HOME`]
then
echo you r working in ur home directory
else
echo you are not in ur home directory
6. create a unix command menu using case.
ANS:
echo unix command menu
echo 1: list of files
echo 2: long list of files
echo 3: current working directory
echo 4: list of users
echo enter your choice
read choice
case $choice in
1) ls;;
2) ls-l;;
3) pwd;;
4) who;;
7. write a shell script which will accept any number of filename as argumants. The
script should check wether every argument supplied is either a file of directory.
Dept. of M.C.A.
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If it is a directory, it should be reported otherwise it will display the total

number of line contained in that file.
ANS:
for i in $*
do
if[-d $i]
then
echo directory $i
else
echo file $i contains`cat $i|wc-l` line
fi
done
8. write a shell script to search the phone number given the name from the file
phone.lst containing fields name, address and phone number.
ANS:
echo enter the name
read name
phone = grep ^$name phone.lst | cut-d : f3
echo $phone
9. write a shell script to count the number of vowels in a string.
ANS:
echo enter the string
read str
i=1
count=0
len = èxpr length $str`
while [$i le $len]
do
char = ècho $str | cut c$i`
case $char in
a|e|i|o|u) count = èxpr $count + 1`;;
esac
i=èxpr $i +1`
done
echo $count
Dept. of M.C.A.
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10. write a schell script to find out wether the user whose login name passed as
parameter is currently logged in or not. If the user has logged in send the file
Hello available in your pwd to his terminal.
ANS:
Clear
If who|grep $1
then
terminal = `who | grep $1 | tr-s : | cut-d : -f2
cat hello > /dev/$terminal
11. write a shell script to reverse a string
ANS:
Clear
len = èxpr length $str`
count=1
while [$len ge $count]
do
char = ècho $1 | cut c $len
rev = $rev$char
len = èxpr len-1`
done
echo the reversr string is $rev
12. write a shell script that accepts two filename as arguments. Check if the
permissions of these are identical and if they are identical, output permission
otherwise o/p each filename with its permission.
ANS:
file1p = `ls-l $1| tr s : | cut c2-4`
file2p = `ls-l $2| tr s : | cut c2-4`
if [$file1p = $file2p]
then
echo common permissions $file1p
else
echo file $1 has $file1p permission
echo file $2 has $file2p permission
Dept. of M.C.A.
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13. write a shell script which reports name and size of the files in the directory
[dirctory name specified as argument] whose size exceeds 1000 bytes.
Filenames should be printed in descending order of their sizes. Total number of
files should be reported.
ANS:
Clear
if [$# -ne 1]
then
echo Improper term
exit
fi
if [! d$1]
then
echo $1 is not a directory
exit
fi
cd $1 rm temp
for i in *
do
size = `ls-l $i | tr-s : | cut d : f5`
if [$ size gt 1000]
then
fname = `ls-l $i | tr-s : | cut d : f10`
echo $fname : $size >>temp
fi
done
sort-t : +1nr temp
echo total number of files is `cat emp | wc-l`
exit
14. write a shell script called WHERE AM i when invoked, it should point out the
users name. The host name of the current machine, full path, name of the
Dept. of M.C.A.
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current working directory, current date and lists the contents of current
directory.
ANS:
echo the username is `who am i`
echo the host name is ùname`
echo the current workin directory `PATH`
echo the current data is `date`
echo the files in the directory is `ls`
Dept. of M.C.A.
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Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

Shell accepts command from you

Shell reads results from kernel

Relationship of shell to unix

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

Brain Fox & chet Ramey

Bill Joy.developed at university of

FEATURES OF SHELL:1) COMMAND EXECUTION:-

2) FILE NAME SUBSTITUTION:-

/* this wil take you out from current working shell */

creating a shell script:

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

User defined variables:-

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

of characters 1 and 0.Naturally we can not perform any arithmatic

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

OUTPUT:my name is abc

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

EXAMPLE:echo argument are $*

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS & EXPRESSION:Arithmetic operators supported are:+

In order to perform arithmetic operations we need to make use of expr command

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

echo enter the number

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

SHELL SCRIPT EXAMPLES :

numbers and displays these lines from given file.

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

display the message, Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening,

will receive login name during execution, obtain

information about it from /etc/passwd and display this information on screen in

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

13. A file called wordfile consists of several words. Write

a shell script which will

Session March-June 2003

Subject: Introduction to Unix

Topic: Shell (8 HRS)

Session March-June 2003