Cargo operation

What is the purpose of Classification Society?

They set and monitor their technical rules for the construction (as required
by SOLAS), maintenance and ongoing operation of ships. They oversee the
condition ships hull and machinery.
Name four classification societies.
Lloyd Register (LR), Bureau Veritas (BV), Germanischer Lloyd (GL), American
Bureau of Shipping (ABS), China Classification Society (CCS), Nippon Kaiji
Kyokai (NK), Italian register of ship (IRS)
What is the purpose of P&I Clubs?
P&I clubs provide insurance cover of ship owners and cargo cover for cargo
owners, a P&I Club provides cover for open-ended risks that traditional
insurers are reluctant to insure. Typical P&I cover includes: a carriers thirdparty risks for damage cause to cargo during carriage; war risks and risks of
environmental damage such as oil spills and pollution.
With the aid of a diagram, illustrate how cargo bays on container ships are
numbered.
A sketch showing the side aspect of a container ship with bays numbered
odd numbers from the bow going aft for TEU and even numbers between the
odd numbers for FEU.
With the aid of a diagram, illustrate how container cells are numbered on
container ships.
Cells are numbered even to port and odd to starboard starting from the
centreline. Cells which straddle the centreline are designated 00.
With the aid of a diagram, illustrate how container cells are numbered on
container ships below and above deck.
Tiers are given even numbers starting from the bottom going up. Above deck
the even numbers recommence but are pre-fixed with the number 8.
What is meant by TEU and FEU?
TEU is Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit. FEU is Forty Foot Equivalent Unit
List four hazards associated with Ro-Ro cargo operations.
- Moving vehicles could get run over or crushed
- Build up of carbon monoxide, atmospheric hazard
- Slippery deck due to oil leakage from vehicles
- Falling from open flats or ramps
- Trip hazards from lashing material, air hoses, lashing equipment lying
about on deck

List four duties that you would be involved with during cargo operations on
Ro-Ro ships.
- Monitoring of mooring lines
- Monitoring of gangway
- Operating ventilation fans
- Rigging safety barriers
- Opening/closing ramps
- Opening/closing hatch lids
- Opening/closing car flats
- Lashing cargo
- Stow lashings and dunnage
What is dunnage? List four reasons why dunnage is used.
Dunnage is any material that is used in cargo operations to
- Protect the cargo from moisture and sweat
- Protect the ship from cargo damage
- Stop the cargo from moving
- Reduce point loading of cargo on the deck
- Allows ventilation around the cargo
- Makes it easier to sling/unsling the cargo
- Chock off and secure cargo by filling in broken stowage
List three methods (materials) that can be used for dunnage.
Wood, plastics, rubber mats, paper, air bags, polystyrene bags
What is meant by broken stowage?
Broken stowage is area within the cargo hold where no cargo will fit
(unusable space), caused by solid non-standard sized/shaped items.
List four types of cargoes carried by Bulk Carriers.
Coal, iron, bauxite, sand, gypsum, nickel and other ores. Food such as sugar,
salt, wheat and other grain products.
Describe the processor the preparation of a cargo hold a Bulk Carrier after
discharging a cargo of salt and then loading of wheat.
To prevent tainting, the previous cargo will need to be washed out thoroughly
with fresh water, the hold bilges opened up, cleaned and dried. The bilge
suction and high level alarms are checked and hessian wrapped around the
bilge plate to act as a filter before it is placed back in position. When the hold
is completely dry, the new cargo is ready to be received.
How is the quantity of cargo that has been loaded on-board usually
determined?
By conducting draught survey

How is draught survey conducted?

It requires the accurate reading of the draught marks forward, aft and
amidships on both sides of the ships. Sounding of ballast tanks also have to
be taken and factored in.
Other than monitoring lines and gangways, list four duties involved in cargo
operations on Bulk Carriers.
- Opening/closing hatch lids
- Cleaning hatch coamings
- Inspecting holds for grab damage
- Hold wash down and cleaning bilges
- Checking hatch seals
- Checking draught marks
- Taking sounding of ballast tanks
- Assisting with ballast operation
- Monitoring stevedores using ships cranes
List three advantages of self-discharging ships
Less manpower required, cheaper on labour, all weather operation, very
charge discharge rate.
Handling hazardous cargo requires compliance to the IMDG Code. What does
IMDG stand for?
International Maritime Dangerous Goods
What are product tankers and give two examples of the products that they
might carry.
Product tankers are tankers that carry the oil products that have been refined
at various levels from oil refineries. They include products such as unleaded
petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, lubricating oil, avgas, mogas, solvents.
In the case of oil tankers, what does COW mean?
Crude Oil Washing
What is the purpose of crude oil washing?
Crude oil contains a waxy sediment which causes residue to stick to the
sides and bottom of the oil tankers cargo hold. COW removes these
sediments and assists the stripping of the entire cargo from the hold.