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Contents

Page number

Introduction

Theory

Experimental Procedure

Apparatus

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

10

References

10

Page 1 of 11

1.0 Introduction:
The objective of the experiment was to determine the frequency for a system undergoing
torsional vibration. In the experiment the value of frequency should also decrease with
increase in length. In the experiment performed, the experimental and theoretical values were
found out and then compared. For the experimental value, a graph of time against number of
1
cycles was plotted. The natural frequency was then found by (gradient ) =frequency . For
the theoretical results of the experiment,

f=

1
T n was used.A comparison at the end of the

experiment of theoretical and experimental values shows that the experiment was a success
with results being precise and accurate.

2.0 Theory:
Newtons 2nd law for torsional system
T = I0 (Equation
1)
Where I0 = mass moment of inertia of the disc
Hence, I0 = -k . (Equation
2)
Where k = torsional stiffness of the shaft
Rearrange Equation 2
+ n2 = 0 . (Equation
3)
Where natural frequency the system,
n = (k / I0) .. (Equation
4)

from simple theory of Torsion,

T G
= =
J R L

Where
T = applied torque

J = Polar second moment of area

= Shear stress

R = Radius of shaft

G = Shear modulus

= Angle of twist

L = Length of shaft
As torsional stiffness k = (T / ), it can br determined through k = (GJ /
L) ... (Equation 5)
Page 2 of 11

3.0. Procedure:
1. The diameter of the rod was taken at three different locations and the average was
found out.
2. The chuck was anchored tightly to the solid circular disk
3. The chuck with disk was attached to the rod at a distance of 30 cm from the other
chuck.
4. The disk was displaced slightly suck that the rod was twisted
5. The disk was released and stopwatch was started simultaneously to note the time.
6. The time T was recorded for 10, 20, 30,40 and 50 cycles.
7. The steps 3-6 were repeated with changing the length of the rod.
8. The whole procedure was then repeated by attaching the annular circular disk on top
of the solid disk.

4.0 Apparatus:
Tool
Solid Circular
disk

Mass
4.536 kg

Tool

Mass

Annular
circular disk

1.89 kg

Tool
Chucks

Diameter
150 mm

Outer
Diameter
150 mm

Tool
Steel rod

Thickness
30 mm

Inner
Diameter
110 mm

Tool
Stop watch

Quantity
1

Thickness

Quantity

30 mm

Quantity
2

Page 3 of 11

5.0 Results and analysis:


5.1 Experimental results:
5.1.1 For solid circular disk:
Table A below tabulates all the values of time obtained for the solid circular disk:
Length (m)
No. of Cycles
10
20
30
40
50

0.3
0.35
Time taken (s)
Time taken (s)
T1
T2
Tavg
T1
T2
Tavg
2.90
2.99 2.95
4.25
4.71
4.48
6.22
6.10 6.16
7.90
7.17
7.13
9.47
9.59 9.53 10.44 10.31 10.38
11.90 11.90 11.90 13.00 13.38 13.19
15.3
15.06 15.67
7
16.68 16.53 16.61
Table A for solid circular disk.

0.4
Time taken (s)
T1
T2
Tavg
3.53
3.51
3.52
7.19
6.90
7.05
11.31
11.16
11.24
13.53
13.57
13.55
17.40

17.20

17.30

5.1.2 For combined solid annular disk:


Table B below tabulates all the values of time obtained for the combined solid-angular disk:
Length (m)
No. of Cycles
10
20
30
40
50

0.30
Time taken (s)
T1
T2
Tavg
3.94 3.94
3.94
7.47 7.60
7.54

0.35
0.40
Time taken (s)
Time taken (s)
T1
T2
Tavg
T1
T2
Tavg
4.25
4.22
4.24
4.13
4.57
4.35
8.13
8.11
8.12
9.03
8.66
8.85
12.4
11.60 11.54
11.57
1
12.27 12.39 12.78 12.81 12.80
15.2
16.2
5
15.35 15.30
8
16.14 16.21 17.43 17.32 17.38
19.5
20.4
0
19.48 19.49
6
20.34 20.40 21.56 21.72 21.64
Table B for combined solid-angular disk

Page 4 of 11

5.2 Graphical Analysis:


After the experimental values are obtained, the graph of time vs number of cycles are plotted.

Time VS Number of cycles

Time (s)

18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00

f(x) = 0.34x + 0.31


f(x) = 0.3x + 1.26
f(x) = 0.31x + 0.01

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Cycles - N
0.3 m

Linear (0.3 m)

0.35 m

Linear (0.35 m)

0.4 m

Linear (0.4 m)

Graph A for solid circular disk.

Page 5 of 11

55

Time VS Number of cycles


20.00

f(x) = 0.43x + 0.07


f(x) = 0.4x + 0.15
f(x) = 0.39x - 0.09

15.00
Time (s)

10.00
5.00
0.00

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Cycles - N
0.3 m

Linear (0.3 m)

0.35 m

Linear (0.35 m)

0.4 m

Linear (0.4 m)

Graph B for combined solid-angular disk

In the experiment performed, the number of cycle is the independent variable whereas the
time for the each cycle is the dependent variable. In the experiment, the rod used throughout
the experiment was the constant variable. In the graphs plotted above, the number of cycle for
the each torsional system was plotted on the horizontal axis while the time on the vertical
axis. After the coordinates are plotted, a line of best fit foreach length interval is drawn. The
1
gradient for each best fit line was noted. ( gradient ) =torsional frequency .

The experimental values for the torsional frequency are tabulated as below:
Torsional frequency (s-1
or Hz)
Length
(m)
0.30
0.35
0.40

Gradien
t (s)
0.3058
0.3031
0.3407

( gradient )
3.27
3.30
2.94

Solid circular disk.

The experimental values for the torsional frequency are tabulated as below:
Torsional frequency (s-1
or Hz)
Length
(m)

Gradien
t (s)

( gradient )

Page 6 of 11

55

0.30
0.35
0.40

0.3887
0.4042
0.4311

2.57
2.47
2.32

Combined solid-angular disk

5.3 Theoretical values:


The following two tables has all the theoretical values tabulated.
Length of the
rod-L(m)

Tosional Stiffness,
GJ
k=
(N.m)
L

Natural frequency,
n=

k
I0

(rad/s)

T n=

2
Wn

( rad s1
)

The
torsional
frequency
1
f=
Tn
(Hz)

0.30

8010 9(2.51 1011 )


=6.69
0.3

0.27

3.65

5.74
=21.21
0.01276

0.29

3.39

5.02
=19.83
0.01276

0.31

3.16

6.69
= 22.8
0.01276
9

0.35
0.40

8010 (2.51 10
0.35

11

=5.74

11

8010 (2.51 10
0.4

= 5.

02
Table A for solid circular disk.

Length of the
rod-L (m)

GJ
Tosional stiffness, k = L
(N.m)

Natural frequency,
k
n=
I o (rad/s)

T n=

2
Wn

( rad s1
)

The
torsional
frequency
1
f=
Tn
(Hz)

0.30

0.35

(80 10 )(2.51 10
0.3

11

= 6.

69
11
(80 10 )(2.51 10 )
= 5.
0.35
9

6.69
= 17.84
0.021

0.35

2.85

5.737
=
0.021

0.38

2.63

16.52

73
Page 7 of 11

0.40

(80 10 9)(2.51 1011 )


=5.02
0.4

5.02
= 15.46
0.021

0.41

2.43

Table A for combined solid annular disk

5.4 Sample calculations:


The following sample calculations shows how the values in the table above were obtained.

5.4.1 For Solid circular disk:


Mass = 4.536 kg
Radius = 0.075 m
Radius rod= 0.002 m
Thickness = 0.03 m
r 4 0.0024
=
=2.51 1011 m4
2
2

Polar moment of inertia = J =


Mass moment of inertia =

I 0 =0.5 mr 2

0.5 4.536 0.0752


0.01276 kg m

For rod length of 0.3 m:


9

GJ
Tosional stiffness, k = L

k
Natural frequency = n= I
o
T n=

(80 10 )(2.51 10
0.3

11

= 6.69 N.m

6.69
=22.89 Hz
0.01276

2
2
=
=0.27 rad s1
Wn 22.89

1
1
The torsional frequency = f = T n = 0.27 =3.64 Hz

5.4.2 For combined Solid-annular disk:


Page 8 of 11

Mass solid circular disk = 4.536 kg


Mass annular disk = 1.89 kg
Mass total = 4.536 + 1.89 = 6.43 kg
Outer radius = 0.075 m
Inner radius = 0.055 m
Radius rod= 0.002 m
Thickness = 0.03 m

r 4 0.0024
=
=2.51 1011 m4
2
2

Polar moment of inertia = J =


Mass moment of inertia =

I 0 =0.01276+0.5 m(r 2outer +r 2inner )

0.075
( 2+0.0552 )
0.5 1.89
0.01276+
0.021 kg m

For rod length of 0.3 m:


GJ
Tosional stiffness, k = L

k
Natural frequency = n= I
o

T n=

(80 10 9)(2.51 1011 )


= 6.69 N.m
0.3
=

6.69
=17.88 Hz
0.021

2
2
=
=0.35rad s1
Wn 17.88

1
1
The torsional frequency = f = T n = 0.35 =2.85 Hz

Page 9 of 11

5.5 Comparison of theoretical and experimental


values:
The following two tables, shows the experimental and theoretical values being compared to
each other by finding their percentage errors. The percentage errors found out by the
comparison lies within the acceptable limits. The reasons for the errors to be present in our
experiment are discussed in the next section.
Length (m)

Experimental
Value

0.30
0.35
0.40

3.27
3.30
2.94

Length (m)

Experimental
Value

0.30
0.35
0.40

2.57
2.47
2.32

Theoretica
l Value

|theoroticalexpermental
|100
theorotical

percentage error=

3.65
3.39
3.16
Solid circular disk.

Theoretica
l Value

10.4 %
2.65 %
6.96 %

|theoroticalexpermental
|100
theorotical

percentage error=

2.85
2.63
2.43
Combined solid annular disk

9.82 %
6.08 %
4.52 %

6.0 Discussion:
After the experiment was carried out and the results were tabulated, a comparison of
experimental and theoretical results were done. The errors found out were under acceptable
limits. The highest percentage error in the experiment was 10.4 % and it occurred with solid
circular disk at length of 0.30 m. The lowest percentage error occurred at 0.35 m of solid
circular disk. The error was 2.65 %. The experiment performed shows that the results had
percentage errors that were within acceptable limits. The results obtained in the experiment
shows that they are both precise and accurate. .The experiment was prone to both systematic
and random errors to some extent. The reasons for deflected readings could have been
because of the human reflex and parallax errors. The disk when made to rotate, rotated very
fast and it was very difficult to note the number the cycles since it was rotating fast and at
very small angular displacement. It was also quite difficult to set the reference point on the
Page 10 of 11

disk to make sure that one cycle has been completed. Our line of sight was also not
perpendicular to the rotating disk and its reference point which might have caused deflections
in readings. Another cause for difference in the experimental and theoretical values is the
presence of air resistance while experimenting. The air resistance may have hindered the
motion of the disk thus decreasing the velocity and therefore the time taken for the required
oscillations.

6.1 Improvements:
To improve
the
overall
accuracy
and
precision
of
followingsuggestion/precautions can be applied while experimenting:

the

experiment,

Using slow motion cameras to determine the number of cycles taken by the disk
Keeping our line of sight perpendicular to the disk to minimize parallax error.
Performing the experiment in a vacuum or a place where the air resistance is minimal.

7.0 Conclusion:
The experiment carried out fulfilled its purpose well. The experiment yielded accurate and
precise results. The readings were subjected to very little random errors. The experimental
value of frequency was obtained by plotting the graph and taking the inverse of the gradient.
1
f=
The theoretical value was achieved by using the equation:
T n . From the experiment it
can be seen clearly that the there is a decrease in frequency with increase in length. Hence,
the objectives set out at the start of the experiment were achieved with errors under
acceptable limits.

8.0 References:

Anonymous. (2014). Natural Frequency. Available:


http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-4/Natural-Frequency.

PP Benham, RJ Crawford & CG Armstrong (1987). Mechanics of Engineering


Materails . 2nd ed. London: Pearson Education. Page 102-118.
R.C. Hibbeler (200). Engineering Mechanics-DYNAMICS. 11th ed. Singapore:
Pearson Education. Page 619-628.

Richard Fitzpatrick. (2006). The torsion pendulum. Available:


http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/301/lectures/node139.html
Rob Thompson. (2012). Twisting moments (torques) and torsional
stiffness. Available: ww.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/beam_bending/twisting.php.

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