Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Master of Technology
(Mechanical Engineering)
SUBMITTED BY
ROHIT GUPTA
Roll No. : 1453695
SUBMITTED TO:
Asst.Prof. Himanshu Chaudhary
CONTENTS
TITLE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION3 4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW.....5 - 6
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM FORMULATION ..7
REFERENCES...8
Chapter1
2
INTRODUCTION
Reverse engineering is the opposite of forward engineering. It takes an existing
product ,and creates a CAD model, for modification or reproduction to the design aspect of
the product. It can also be defined as the process or duplicating an existing component by
capturing the components physical dimensions. Reverse engineering is usually undertaken in
order to redesign the system for better maintainability or to produce a copy of a system
without access to the design from which it was originally produced. With this knowledge,
computer vision applications have been tailor to compete in the area of reverse engineering.
Computer vision is a computer process concerned with artificial intelligence and image
processing of real world images. Typically, computer vision requires a combination of lowlevel image processing to enhance the image quality (e.g. remove noise, increase contrast)
and higher level pattern recognition and image understanding to recognize features present in
the image. Three-dimensional (3D) computer vision uses two-dimensional (2D), images to
generate a 3D model of a scene or object.
There has been a mandatory need for 3D reconstruction of scenes and objects by the
manufacturing industry, medical industry, military branches and research facilities.
Manufacturing industry utilizes reverse engineering for its fast rapid prototyping abilities and
accuracy associated with the production of new parts. This fast prototyping is done.
For each existing product the generation of 2d drawing is not possible as the shape is
continuously changing. For those components 3d cad model is generated by using 3d
scanning process. 3D scanning is a fast and accurate method of putting physical
measurements of an object onto the computer in an organized manner, resulting inwhat is
commonly called 3D scan data. Typically, the 3D scan data is represented with a scale digital
model or a 3D graphical rendering. Once the scan data is on the computer, all of the
dimensions of the physical object can be taken, such as length, width, height, volume, feature
size, feature location, surface area, etc.3D scan data is often used as a bridge between
physical objects and modern manufacturing. This is achieved by converting the data into
computer-aided design (CAD) models, using it to compare against the "as-designed" ideal of
the part.
3D Laser Scanning or 3D Laser Scanners can generally be categorized into three main
categories - laser triangulation, time of flight and phase shift. These laser scanning techniques
are typically used independently but can also be used in combination to create a more
versatile scanning system. There are also numerous other laser scanning technologies that are
hybrids and/or combinations of other 3D scanning technologies such as accordion fringe
interferometry or conoscopic holography.
Time of flight laser scanners emit a pulse of laser light that is reflected off of the
object to be scanned. The resulting reflection is detected with a sensor and the time that
elapses between emission and detection yields the distance to the object since the speed of the
laser light is precisely known.
Phase shift laser scanners work by comparing the phase shift in the reflected laser
light to a standard phase, which is also captured for comparison. This is similar to time of
flight detection except that the phase of the reflected laser light further refines the distance
detection, similar to the vernier scale on a caliper.
White Light Scanning (structured light scanning) is used to describe a wide range of
3D scanning devices. The basic technique is to project a known pattern of light (usually
white) and use sensors (typically CCD cameras) to capture images of the object with the
patterns projected on it. In order to capture 3D information, multiple patterns and/or multiple
sensors can be used. If multiple patterns are projected, the software uses referencing and the
change in shape of the known pattern to interpret 3D measurements. If multiple sensors are
used the software uses the known pattern and referencing between image angles to determine
the 3D measurements.
The main disadvantage of using commercial scanners is the cost involved with it. The
commercial scanners are about 1000 of dollars . it creates the limitation of its use in low cost
projects . This created the opportunity of developing the low cost 3d scanners which can
produce good results with out much comprising in quality in comparison to commercial 3d
scanners.
4
Chapter2
LITERATURE REVIEW
3D
laser
scanning
measurement
system
integrating
the
is
able
to
help
manufacturers
improve
their
global
competitiveness.[2]
A hand-held 3D scanning technique is proposed to reconstruct 3D
models of real objects .A sequence of range images captured from a handheld stereo camera is automatically registered to a reference coordinate
system. The automated scanning process consists of two states, coarse
and fine registration. At the beginning, scanning process starts at the fine
registration state. A fast and accurate registration refinement technique is
used to align range images in a pair-wise manner. If the refinement
technique fails, the process changes to the coarse registration state. A
5
feature
based
coarse
registration
technique
is
proposed
to
find
to
alignment,
do
shape-based
texture-based
registration.
refinement
After
technique
the
shape-based
matches
texture
surface relative position. For the 3D laser-based scanners, the most common on the market, it
would be of great industrial interest to study some scanning factors mainly affecting the
quality of the 3D surface acquisitions and provide users with guidelines in order to correctly
set them so to increase the massive usage of these systems in the product inspection activities.
In this context, by using a commercial triangulation3D laser scanner, the effects of some
scanning factors that may affect the measurement process were analysed in the present paper.
The scanner-to-object relative orientation and the ambient lighting, as well as an internal
scanner parameter, were tested.[5]
Chapter 3
PROBLEM
FORMULATION
OBJECTIVE
scanner.
To make the 3d scanning affordable.
REFERENCES
[1] C.L. Chang ,Y.H. Chen, Measurement of Fillet weld by 3d laser
scanning system
[3] S.Y. Park, J. Baek , J. Moon, Hand-held 3D scanning based on coarse and
fine registration of multiple range images,