Section 8.

2 • Operations with Matrices 145

Name______________________________________________
Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices

Objective: In this lesson you learned how to add and subtract matrices,
multiply matrices by scalars, and multiply two matrices.

Important Vocabulary Define each term or concept.

Scalars Real numbers used in operations with matrices.

Scalar multiple If A = [aij] is an m × n matrix and c is a scalar, the scalar multiple of

A by c is the m × n matrix given by cA = [caij].
Zero matrix A matrix consisting entirely of zeros.

Matrix multiplication If A = [aij] is an m × n matrix and B = [bij] is an n × p matrix,

the product AB is an m × p matrix AB = [cij] where cij = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ai3b3j + . . . +
ainbnj.
Identity matrix of order n The n × n matrix that consists of 1’s on its main diagonal
and 0’s elsewhere.

I. Equality of Matrices (Page 587) What you should learn

How to decide whether
Name three ways that a matrix may be represented. two matrices are equal
1) by an uppercase letter, such as A, B, or C

2) by a representative element enclosed in brackets, such as [aij]

3) by a rectangular array of numbers.

Two matrices are equal if they have the same order and
their corresponding entries are equal.

II. Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

(Pages 588−591) What you should learn
How to add and subtract
To add two matrices of the same order, . . . add their matrices and multiply
matrices by scalars
corresponding entries.

To multiply a matrix A by a scalar c, . . . multiply each

entry in A by c.

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146 Chapter 8 • Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 2 5⎤ ⎡− 1 4⎤
Example 1: Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ .
⎣− 3 1⎦ ⎣ 2 − 5⎥⎦
Find (a) A + B and (b) − 2B
(a) (b)
⎡ 1 9⎤ ⎡ 2 −8⎤
⎣ − 1 − 4⎦ ⎣ − 4 10 ⎦

Let A, B, and C be m × n matrices and let c and d be scalars.

Give an example of each of the following properties of matrix
addition and scalar multiplication:

1) Commutative Property of Matrix Addition: A+B=B+A

2) Associative Property of Matrix Addition: A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
3) Associative Property of Scalar Multiplication: (cd)A = c(dA)
4) Scalar Identity Property: 1A = A
5) Distributive Property (two forms): c(A + B) = cA + cB
(c + d)A = cA + dA

If A is an m × n matrix and O is the m × n zero matrix consisting

entirely of zeros, then A + O = A .

The additive identity for the set of all m × n matrices is the m × n

matrix O (the zero matrix) .

III. Matrix Multiplication (Pages 592−594) What you should learn

How to multiply two
When multiplying an m × n matrix A by an n × p matrix B, to matrices
obtain the entry in the ith row and jth column of AB, . . .
multiply the entries in the ith row of A by the corresponding
entries in the jth column of B and then add the results.

Example 2: If A is a 3 × 5 matrix and B is a 6 × 3 matrix, find

the order, if possible, of the product (a) AB, and
(b) BA.

(a) not possible (b) 6 × 5

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 Section 8.2 • Operations with Matrices 147
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Example 3: Find the product AB, if
⎡ 0⎤
⎡2 − 1 7⎤
A=⎢ and B = ⎢ − 2⎥
⎣0 6 − 3⎥⎦ ⎢ 3⎥
⎣ ⎦

AB = ⎡ 23 ⎤
⎣ − 21⎦

List four properties of Matrix Multiplication:

Let A, B, and C be matrices and let c be a scalar.

1. A(BC) = (AB)C
2. A(B + C) = AB + AC
3. (A + B)C = AC + BC
4. c(AB) = (cA)B = A(cB)

If A is an n × n matrix, the identity matrix I of order n has the

property that AI = A and IA = A .

IV. Applications of Matrix Operations (Pages 595−596) What you should learn
How to use matrix
Matrix multiplication can be used to represent a system of linear operations to model and
equations. The system solve real-life problems

⎧a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + a13 x3 = b1

⎪
⎨a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + a 23 x3 = b2
⎪a x + a x + a x = b
⎩ 31 1 32 2 33 3 3

can be written as the matrix equation AX = B ,

where A is the coefficient matrix of the system and X and B are
column matrices.

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148 Chapter 8 • Matrices and Determinants

Example 4: Consider the following system of linear equations.

⎧ 2 x1 − x 2 + 3 x3 = −11
⎪
⎨ x1 − 3 x3 = −1
⎪− x + 4 x + 2 x = 2
⎩ 1 2 3
Write this system as a matrix equation AX = B, and
then use Gauss-Jordan elimination on the
augmented matrix [A : B] to solve for the matrix X.

⎡ − 4⎤
X= ⎢ 0⎮
⎣ − 1⎦

Additional notes

Homework Assignment

Page(s)

Exercises

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