Clause and Sentence

Clause
Description
a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence
or part of a sentence.
There are two types of clause, they are independent clause and dependent
clause.
Independent Clauses could stand by themselves as discrete sentences,
except that when they do stand by themselves, separated from other clauses,
they're normally referred to simply as sentences, not clauses.
Dependent Clauses cannot stand by themselves and make good sense. They
must be combined with an independent clause so that they become part of a sentence that
can stand by itself. Unlike independent clauses, which simply are what they are,
dependent clauses are said to perform various functions within a sentence.

In the sentence Geologists often go to jungle because they have to find some
minerals , Geologists often go to jungle is the main clause (Independet Clause)
and have to find some minerals is a subordinate clause (Dependent Clause).

Exercise : What type of clause is this ?

1. Everest is high
2. And it was hot
3. I hate it
4. Because they hate me

Sentences
Simple Sentences:
Amil ate.
This is a complete sentence. It has a complete subject and a complete verb
(also called the predicate). In this sentence the subject and verb are only one word
each, but you can have a much longer simple sentence.
This is not only a simple sentence, but it is also an independent clause.
Compound Sentences:
Amil ate, but Akan slept.
This is a compound sentence. It has two independent clauses, joined
together by the word but. But is one of the seven words known as coordinating
conjunctions. They are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. When using a
coordinating conjunction, you should put a comma before the conjunction. In very
short sentences, it is sometimes okay to omit the comma.
It is also possible to join several independent clauses in a list as a
compound sentence, just as you can join several nouns or verbs in a list.
Amil ate, Akan slept, and I wrote.
However, you should be careful not to link too many independent clauses
with multiple conjunctions, because that makes a run-on sentence. Another
particularly common run-on problem is the comma splice:
*Amil ate, I wrote.
To fix this, use the semicolon (;) instead of the comma. A semicolon is like
a coordinating conjunction that does not have a word to give it value; the reader
must assume the link between the independent clauses (which, remember, are
complete sentences) on either side. This is the primary use of the semicolon. Use
it well, and you will impress others with your writing.

You can also fix a comma splice with a coordinating conjunction after the
comma, or by making the sentence a complex sentence.
Complex Sentences:
While Chris ate, Sam slept.
Sam slept while Chris ate.
These are complex sentences. Note what happens when we put
subordinating words like while, because, although, if, and when in front of an
independent clause:
*While Chris ate.
It forms an incomplete thought, or a fragment. If you were to say this
(other than as an answer to a question), your audience would wonder when you
were going to finish your statement. A clause like this is called a dependent
clause, or a subordinate clause. It cannot stand alone, and requires an independent
clause to complete the thought. Dependent clauses may come before or after their
independent clauses, as in the examples. Note that generally a comma separates
the two if the dependent clause comes first, but there is no comma if the
dependent clause follows the independent clause.
Challenge: Write three complex sentences using your independent clauses.
Compound-Complex Sentences
While Chris ate, Sam slept, and I wrote.
This is a compound-complex sentence. It has at least one dependent clause
and two independent clauses, joined with a coordinating conjunction. It can have
several dependent clauses, but too many independent clauses will make it a runon. The clauses may come in any order.

Rhetoric and Sentence Structure

Knowing about sentence structure will not only help you to improve your
grammar, but it can also help you improve the rhetorical power of your writing.
Note the difference between these two sentences:
Although Sam is smart, she needs to practice her writing.
Although she needs to practice her writing, Sam is smart.
The first sentence puts the emphasis on Sam's need to practice writing by
placing it in the independent clause and last in the sentence. The second sentence
similarly puts emphasis on the fact that she is smart, and downplays her need to
practice writing.

Exercise : what type of sentence is this :

1. Dino sit
2. Meria ate and I slept
3. Meria ate burger
4. While Meria ate, I came home

Refrence:
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 8th edition
http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/sentences.htm