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17 July 2008
c.f. www.physics.utah.edu/~mohit/Physics_Cartoons.html.
www.physics.utah.edu/~mohit/Physics_Cartoons.html. UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP
17 July 2008
Deceleration of an e- around a
nucleus causes it to emit
radiation or bremsstrahlung
(G.): breaking radiation
radiation
Probability of bremsstrahlung
emission Z2
Ratio of e- energy loss due to
bremsstrahlung vs. excitation
and ionization =
KE[MeV]
KE[MeV]Z/820
Thus, for an 100 keV e- and
tungsten (Z=74) 1%
17 July 2008
Compton Scattering
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Compton Scattering
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17 July 2008
Esc =
E0
E0
1+
1- cos
m ec 2
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17 July 2008
Photoelectric Effect
Interaction of incident photon with inner shell e All E transferred to e (ejected photoelectron) as kinetic energy (Ee)
less the binding energy: Ee = E0 Eb
Empty shell immediately filled with e from outer orbitals resulting in
the emission of characteristic xx-rays (E = differences in Eb of
orbitals), for example, Iodine: EK = 34 keV, EL = 5 keV, EM = 0.6 keV
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17 July 2008
Pair Production
Conversion of mass to E occurs upon the interaction of a high E
photon (> 1.02 MeV; rest mass of e- = 511 keV) in the vicinity of a
heavy nucleus
+
Creates a negatron ( ) - positron ( ) pair
+
The
annihilates with an e to create two 511 keV photons
o
separated at an of 180
c.f. http://www.ktfhttp://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/index.html
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You couldn
couldnt hit the broad side of a barn!
barn!
c.f. http://ed.fnal.gov/painless/pdfs/cross.pdf
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Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
Na
185.8 pm
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
Na
185.8 pm
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Cs
265.5 pm
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
Cs
Na
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
265.5 pm
185.8 pm
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17 July 2008
n = - x n (n = # photons)
Photon flux, or intensity (I)
(photons/cm2-sec): n/cm2-sec
I=- xI
= - ( I/I)/ x
I/I = - x
Integrating both sides:*
n(I) n(I0) = - (x(x-x0) = - x
n(I/I0) = - x
Applying the Napier e
constant of each side:
I/I0 = e- x; I = I0 e- x
-1
*For more info on the natural logarithm function ( n), see - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm
UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP
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17 July 2008
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Z eff
a1Z1m
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a2 Z 2 m ... an Z n m , m 3
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17 July 2008
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D1.
D1. In comparison to 20 keV photons, the probability of
photoelectric interaction in bone at 60 keV is
approximately:
D2.
D2. Compared with an iodine IVP exam, a barium exam
produces better contrast resolution because:
A. The mass attenuation coefficient of barium is much greater
than that of iodine.
B. The KK-edge of barium is much greater than the KK-edge of
iodine.
C. The diameter of the bowel is bigger than the diameter of the
ureter.
D. The atomic number of barium is significantly greater than the
atomic number of iodine.
E. A higher concentration of barium can be achieved than with
iodine.
- (E)x
- (E) x
Remember: I(E) = I0(E) e (E) = I0(E) e m(E)
A. 27 times as great.
B. 3 times as great.
C. The same.
D. 3 times less.
E. 27 times less.
remember:
(60)/
(60)/ (20)
Z3/E3
3
3
3
(Z/60) /(Z/20) = (20/60) = (1/3) = 1/27
PE(E)
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17 July 2008
G50.
G50. If the linear attenuation coefficient is 0.05 cm-1, the
HVL is:
= I0(E) e-
A. 0.0347 cm
B. 0.05 cm
C. 0.693 cm
D. 1.386 cm
E. 13.86 cm
0.7 x 20 cm = 14 cm
(E)
(E) x
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1. Production of bremsstrahlung.
2. Photoelectric interactions.
3. Collisions with other electrons.
4. Production of delta rays.
A. (0.693)
(0.693)x
B. x/0.693
C. 0.693/x
D. 2x
E. (0.693)
(0.693)x2
A. 1 and 2
B. 3 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2 and 3
E. All of the above.
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G64.
G64. Electrons lose energy when passing through matter
by:
HVL = 0.693/ , so
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= 0.693/HVL = 0.693/x
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17 July 2008
G56.
G56. If a technologist were to stand 2 meters away from
a patient during fluoroscopy (outside the primary beam)
the dose received by the technologist would be mainly
due to:
A. Compton electrons.
B. Photoelectrons.
C. Compton scattered photons.
D. Characteristic xx-rays generated in the patient.
E. Coherent scatter.
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Kerma
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Kerma (2)
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17 July 2008
Absorbed Dose
c.f. http://www.uic.com.au/ral.htm
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17 July 2008
Summary
Effective Dose
Not all tissues equally
radiosensitive
ICRP publication 60 (1991):
tissue weighting factors (w
(wT)
First calculate the equivalent
dose to each organ: (HT) [Sv]
Effective Dose (E) [Sv]
E = wT HT
Replaces the quantity formerly
known as effective dose
equivalent (H
(HE) using different
wT per ICRP publication 26
(1977)
c.f. Bushberg, et al. The Essential Physics
of Medical Imaging, 2nd ed., p.58.
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A. 10
B. 2
C. 1
D. 0.693
E. 20
G46.
G46. Betas
G47.
G47. Heat radiation
G48.
G48. Visible light
G49.
G49. XX-rays
G50.
G50. Ultrasound
Radiation
G46G46-G50.
G50. Match the type of radiation with its description.
G2.
G2. 1.25 MeV gammas
G3.
G3. 100 keV xx-rays
G4.
G4. 200 keV neutrons
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17 July 2008
A. Bq
B. Sv
C. C/kg
D. Gy
E. J
G3.
G3. Absorbed dose
G4.
G4. Activity
G5.
G5. Exposure
G6.
G6. Equivalent Dose
Remember: H = D wR
X-rays/gamma rays/electrons: LET
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2 keV/ m; wR = 1
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