International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

Nonlinear Convection towards an Exponentially Shrinking Sheet with

Magnetic Field
Rakesh Kumar
Department of Mathematics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India
E-Mail: rakesh.lect@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
A theoretical analysis is made to investigate the effect of nonlinear convection on the flow of viscous fluid over an
exponentially shrinking sheet. The influences of suction and heat source/sink are also considered. Mathematically suitable
variables are introduced to convert the governing system of coupled non-linear differential equations into self-similar
form. The reduced differential equations are solved to obtain a closed form solution. The physical interpretations of the
results have been discussed through the plotted graphs. It is found that the suction parameter, heat source/sink and
nonlinear convection considerably affect the flow and heat transfer over the surface of the exponentially shrinking sheet.
Keywords: Nonlinear convection, MHD, exponentially shrinking sheet, heat source/sink.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The extension of boundary layer theory to understand the flow and heat transfer dynamics of viscous fluids over
stretching and shrinking surfaces have attracted the researchers from all around the globe due to wide applications in
manufacturing processes. The popular examples of these applications are: aerodynamics, extrusion of plastic sheets,
extrusion of polymers, process of condensation of metallic plates, cooling of electronic chips or metallic sheets, wire
drawing, heat treated materials that travel between a feed and wind-up roll, paper production, glass fiber, crystal growth,
filaments spinning and food processing etc. Sakiadis [1, 2] was the first one to extend the classical boundary layer theory
to the flows with stretching boundary conditions. Later on, a closed form solution to the two dimensional flow caused by
the stretching of the elastic sheet was provided by Crane [3]. Then, Gupta and Gupta [4] extended the above works by
considering the effects of suction and blowing on the heat and mass transfer of flow over the stretching sheet. Recently,
Rajotia and Jat [5] obtained the dual solutions for the three dimensional hydromagnetic flow over an axisymmetric
shrinking sheet considering viscous dissipation and heat source/sink. Although every type of stretching has its own unique
significance in the manufacturing processes, but the exponential form of stretching has not been given its berth which it
deserves. In two dimensional flows, the topological chaos depend on the periodic motion of the obstacles to form
nontrivial braids, and the corresponding motion will produce exponentially stretching of the material lines and will be
responsible for proficient mixing. Considering this in mind, Magyari and Keller [6] proposed this new kind of exponential
stretching of the sheet in its own plane and presented the heat transfer analysis. Elbashbeshy [7] presented his numerical
solutions to analyze the flow and heat transfer dynamics due to the exponentially stretching permeable sheet. In this
sequence many research papers on the flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian viscous fluids over exponentially stretching
surfaces under various physical situations appeared in literature viz. Khan and Sanjayanand [8], Partha et al. [9], Sajid and
Hayat [10], Mukhopadhyay [11], Mukhopadhyay [12], Hayat et al. [13] and Naramgari and Sulochana [14] etc. Very
recently, Nadeem and Hussain [15] presented the heat transfer analysis of Williamson fluid over an exponentially
stretching surface.
On the other hand in recent years, the flows due to deforming boundaries have become more popular due to their
unusual properties and various applications. These new type of shrinking sheet flows are essentially a backward flow and
the physical phenomena are quite distinct from the forward stretching flow (Fang et al. [16]). These flows are still having
very less known properties and require more investigations to understand the dynamics of shrinking surfaces. A high
quality field coating solution for welded pipe can be provided by a heat shrinking sheet and is also used for wrapping
junction (Vyas and Srivastava [17]). Wang [18] in his paper on the investigation of liquid film behavior over an unsteady
stretching sheet observed this new type of flow. Then Miklavcic and Wang [19] obtained the existence and uniqueness
criteria for the similarity solutions and found that suitable suction is required to control the generated vorticity within the
boundary layer. The utility of stagnation point in maintaining the flow over shrinking sheet was proposed by Wang [20].
www.ijsret.org

660

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

Later on the dual solutions in the unsteady stagnation point flow were obtained by Bhattacharyya [21] and he found that
dual solutions exist for certain range of velocity ratio parameters. He also analyzed that beyond that range the boundary
layer separates from the surface and the solutions based on the boundary layer approximations are not possible.
Bhattacharyya et al. [22] also investigated the boundary layer flow of Maxwell fluid over a porous shrinking sheet.
Recently, the instability of viscous flows over shrinking surface was discussed by Miklavcic [23]. Further, the flow over
exponentially shrinking sheet is known for increased rate of heat and mass transfer than the flow over linearly shrinking
surface. Considering this in mind, Bhattacharyya [24] studied the boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an
exponentially shrinking sheet. In this sequence, the research papers of Bhattacharyya and Vajarvelu [25] and Rohni et al.
[26] appeared in literature. These papers were focused on the stagnation point flows over exponentially shrinking surfaces
with and without suction. Very recently Kumar [27] analyzed the boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an
exponentially shrinking sheet with exponential magnetic field. The analytical solution for the effects of arbitrary suction
and porous media over an exponentially shrinking sheet was presented by Kumar [28].
Moreover, the presence of heat source/sink in the fluid is considered to be very important when there are sharp
fluctuations in the temperature between the solid surface and the ambient region. The heat source/sink in general is
temperature dependent and space dependent and will considerably influence the heat transfer properties of the fluid. Also,
the large temperature difference between the surface and the ambient fluid compels the researchers to consider the
nonlinear density temperature (NDT) variations in the buoyancy force term due to its significant effect on the flow and
heat transfer characteristics. Vajravelu and Sastri [29] studied the flow between two parallel plates by considering the
quadratic density temperature (QDT) variation and showed that the flow and heat transfer rates are substantially affected
by it. Bhargava and Agarwal [30] investigated the fully developed free convection flow in circular pipe with nonlinear
density temperature variations. The nonlinear convection effects on the flow past a flat porous plate has been examined by
Vajravelu et al. [31].
Motivated by this, the objective of the present analysis is to investigate the influence of non-linear convection on
the flow over an exponentially shrinking sheet. The buoyancy forces which appear due to the heating/cooling of the
stretching/shrinking surface are included in this paper as they significantly affect the flow and thermal properties of the
physical process. The suction is also considered to be the predominant parameter to control the boundary layer separation
and strongly required in aerodynamics to have minimum drag and maximum lift. Therefore, the effects of suction and heat
source/sink have also been targeted to achieve here.

II.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

We consider the steady two dimensional mixed convection boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting, viscous and
incompressible fluid past a permeable exponentially shrinking sheet. The x -axis is taken along the sheet and y -axis is
taken normal to it. The flow is considered to be confined to the region y 0 as shown in Figure 1. The two equal and
opposite forces are assumed to be applied along the x -axis towards the origin O of the coordinate system, and these
forces are assumed to shrink the sheet while keeping the origin fixed. It is also assumed that a strong magnetic field of the
following form B = 0, B y , 0 exists normal to the plane of the sheet, where B y = B0 exp( x / 2 L ) and B0 is a constant

magnetic field. The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small to neglect the induced magnetic field.

Figure 1: Schematic presentation of the problem

www.ijsret.org

661

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

Further the variable nature of heat source/sink parameter is assumed as Q = Q0 exp ( x / L ) , where Q0 is the constant
heat source for Q0 0 and heat sink for Q0 0 . The general form of the nonlinear density variations with the
temperature can be can be written as (Streeter [32])

2
2

T

T
+
(
)
2 (T Tw ) + ... If we consider the terms upto second order then, the above
w

T w
T w

(T =
) (Tw ) +

relation can be written as / =

0 (T Tw ) 1 (T Tw ) , where 0 , 1 , are constants. This relation will be called
2

as nonlinear density temperature (NDT) variations.

The governing equations of continuity, motion and energy under the assumption of boundary layer approximation for
present problem are
Equation of continuity:

u u
+
=0
x y

(1)

Equation of momentum:

By
u
u
2u
2
u
+ v = 2 + g 0 (T T ) + g 1 (T T )
u
x
y
y

(2)

Equation of energy:

T
T
k 2T
Q
+v =
+
(T T )
2
x
y C p y
Cp

(3)

The boundary conditions are given by

u=
Uw ( x), v =
vw , T =
Tw ( x ) =
T + T0 exp ( 2 x / L ) at y =
0
(4)

u 0,=
T 0
as y
The shrinking sheet velocity U w is given by U w ( x ) = U 0 exp ( x / L ) , where U 0 > 0 is shrinking constant. Here g ,

Q , , , , k , C p L , T0 , Tw and T are gravitational acceleration, heat source/sink parameter, the electrical

conductivity, kinematic viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, specific heat at constant pressure, characteristic length of
the sheet, mean temperature, temperature of the sheet and ambient temperature of the fluid respectively.
Let us introduce the following similarity variables

= 2 LU 0 f ( ) exp ( x / 2 L ) , T =T + (Tw T ) ( ) ,
where is the similarity variable defined by

=y

(5)

U0
exp ( x / 2 L )
2 L

(6)

and is the stream function which is defined in the classical form as u =

and v =
. Thus we have the
x
y

following expressions as

U0
exp ( x / 2 L ) f ( ) + f ' ( )

u = U 0 exp ( x / L ) f ' ( ) and v =

2L

(7)

where prime denotes differentiation with respect to . This suggests that, we can assume

vw ( x ) =

U0
2L

exp ( x / 2 L ) S ,

(8)

where S > 0 is the dimensionless suction parameter.

www.ijsret.org

662

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

Using equation (5) to (7) in equations (2) and (3), we obtain the following ordinary differential equations
(9)
f + ff 2 f 2 2 Mf + 2 + 2 =
0

+ Pr ( f 4 f + 2 ) =
0

(10)

The boundary conditions transform to

f ( ) = S , f ( ) = 1, ( ) = 1 at = 0

f ( ) 0, ( ) 0
as 0

(11)

The physical parameters of interest in the present problem, the skin friction coefficient C f and the Nusselt number Nu ,
are defined by

Cf =
Nu =

u

2 y
Uw
y =0
L
Tw T

(12)

y y = 0

(13)

Substituting (5) to (7) into above two equations, we get the following expressions of skin friction and Nusselt number:

2 Re exp ( x / 2 L ) C f = f '' ( 0 )

(14)

2 / Re exp( x / 2 L )Nu = ' (0 )

(15)

Here M =

Re =

C p
Q0 L
B02 L
(Hartmann number), Pr =
(Prandtl number), =
(heat source sink parameter),
C pU 0
U 0
k

U0L

and =

(Reynolds number), Gr =

g 0T0 L3

(Grashoff number),

= 10( )

(Nonlinear convection parameter)

Gr
(mixed convection parameter) are the dimensionless parameters introduced in the above equations.
Re 2

The differential equations (9) and (10) under the boundary conditions (11) are solved using the series expansion method
as suggested by Singh and Dikshit [33].

III.

METHOD OF SOLUTION

Let us define
= S , f ( ) = S F ( ) and ( ) = ( )
The equations (9) to (11) becomes

(16)

F + FF 2 F 2 2 MF + 2 2 G + G 2 =
0
G + Pr ( FG 4 F G + 2 G ) =
0

(17)
(18)

The transformed boundary conditions are

=, G ( ) = 1 at = 0
2

S
F ( ) 0, G ( ) 0
as 0

(19)

F = F0 + F1 + 2 F2 + 3 F3 + ...

(20)

F ( ) = 1, F ( ) =

where prime denotes the differentiation with respect to .

For large suction, S assumes large positive values so that is small. Therefore, F and G can be expanded in terms of
small perturbation quantity as

www.ijsret.org

663

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

G = G0 + G1 + 2 G2 + 3 G3 + ...

(21)
Substituting (20) and (21) into (17),(18) and (19), we obtain the following sets of ordinary differential equations along
with the corresponding boundary conditions :
Zeroth Order O(1) :

F0 + F0 F0 2 F0 2 = 0
G0 + Pr ( F0G0 4 F0G0 ) =
0

(22)
(23)

F0 (0) = 1, F0 (0 ) = 0, F0 ( ) = 0

G0 (0 ) = 1, G0 ( ) = 0

(24)

F1+ F0 F1+ F1 F0 4 F0F1 2MF0 =

0

(25)

First-Order O() :

G1 + Pr ( F1G0 + F0G1 4 F0G1 4 F1G0 + 2 G0 ) =

0

F1 (0) = 0, F1(0) = 1, F1( ) = 0

G1 (0) = 0, G1 ( ) = 0

(26)
(27)

Second-Order O2 :

F2+ F2 F0+ F0 F2+ F1 F1 4 F0F2 2 F12 2 MF1 + 2G0 + 2 G02 =
0
G2 + Pr ( F0G2 + F1G1 + F2G0 4 F0G2 4 F1G1 4 F2G0 + 2 G1 ) =
0

F2 (0 ) = 0, F2 (0 ) = 0, F2 ( ) = 0

G2 (0 ) = 0, G2 ( ) = 0

(28)
(29)
(30)

Third-Order O3 :

F3 + F0 F3 + F1 F2+ F2 F1+ F3 F0 4 F1F2 4 F0F3

2 MF2 + 2G1 + 4 G0G1 =
0

(31)

G3 + Pr ( F0G3 + F1G2 + F2G1 + F3G0 4 F0G3 4 F1G2 4 F2G1 4 F3G0 + 2 G2 ) =

0

F3 (0) = 0, F3 (0) = 1, F3 ( ) = 0

G3 (0) = 0, G3 ( ) = 0

(32)
(33)

The obtained solutions of the above equations under the corresponding boundary conditions are:

0 ( ) = 1

(34)
(35)
1
2 ( ) = 8 + 7 exp( ) + 4 exp( ) 4 exp(2 ) + 5 exp(Pr ) + 6 exp(2Pr )
(36)
1
3 ( ) = 38 + 37 exp( ) 29 exp(2 ) 24exp(3 ) + 32 exp(Pr ) + 33 exp(2Pr )
34 exp{(1 + Pr) } 35 exp{(2 + Pr) } + 36 exp{(1 + 2Pr) } + 28 exp( )
2
+24 exp(2 ) 24 2 exp( ) 30 exp(Pr ) 31 exp(2Pr )
(37)
1 ( ) = 1 exp ( )

0 ( ) = exp(Pr )
1 ( ) = 1 exp(Pr ) 2 exp(Pr ) 1 exp((1 + Pr) )
www.ijsret.org

(38)
(39)

664

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

2 ( ) = 18 exp(Pr ) 25 exp(2Pr ) 66 exp(3Pr ) A16 exp{(1 + Pr) }

2
A17 exp{(2 + Pr) } + A14 exp(Pr ) + 12 exp(Pr ) A15 exp{(1 + Pr) }
2
(40)

The velocity and temperature profiles can be calculated from the following expressions

f ( ) = F1+ F2 2 F3,

(41)

( ) = G0 + G1 + 2 G2 .

(42)
In order to obtain more accurate results for velocity and temperature profiles, we have evaluated the expression up to the
third order.

IV.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to obtain a clear insight of the mathematical modeling of the physical problems, the numerical values of the
velocity profiles, temperature profiles, skin friction and rate of heat transfer are computed for various values of the
associated parameters. The pertinent parameters are assigned arbitrary values.

Figure 2: Velocity profiles with M = 1 , S = 4 ,

= 0.2 , = 0.2 and = 2 .

Figure 3: Velocity profiles with M = 1 , S = 4 ,

Pr = 3 , = 0.2 and = 2 .

The Figures 2 to 7 are plotted to discuss the influence of Prandtl number, mixed convection parameter, NDT parameter
and magnetic field on the velocity profiles. It is inferred from these Figures that the velocity increases and boundary layer
thickness decreases with the increase of Prandtl number, mixed convection parameter and NDT parameter. However, the
Figure 5 depicts the opposite behaviour of the velocity profiles with respect to the increasing strength of the magnetic
field. This is due to the resisting effect of the stronger magnetic field.
The Figure 6 shows that both the velocity and boundary layer thickness are reduced with the increasing negative values of
the mixed convection parameter.

www.ijsret.org

665

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

Figure 4: Velocity profiles with M = 1 , S = 4 ,

= 0.2 , Pr = 3 and = 2 .

Figure 5: Velocity profiles with Pr = 3 , S = 4 ,

= 0.2 , = 0.2 and = 2 .

Figure 6: Velocity profiles with M = 1 , S = 4 ,

Pr = 3 , = 0.2 and = 2 .

Figure 7: Temperature profiles with M = 1 , S = 4 ,

= 0.2 , = 0.2 and = 2 .

Figure 8: Temperature profiles with M = 1 ,

S = 4 , Pr = 3 , = 0.2 and = 2 .

Figure 9: Temperature profiles with M = 1 , S = 4 ,

= 0.2 , Pr = 3 and = 2 .

The influence of Prandtl number, mixed convection parameter, NDT parameter and heat sink parameter have been
illustrated through the Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10. It is clear from Figure 7 that both the temperature and thermal boundary
layer thickness decreases significantly with the increasing Prandtl number. In general, the thermal boundary layer
thickness becomes thinner with the increase in Prandtl number. This is due to the physical fact that the increasing Prandtl
number decreases the thermal conductivity of the fluid, hence causes a reduction in the thermal boundary layer thickness.
www.ijsret.org

666

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

The same phenomenon occurs in Figures 8 and 9 with respect to mixed convection parameter and NDT parameter, but the
impact is smaller as compared to the decrease with Prandtl number.
The heat sink is having an opposite effect on the temperature profiles which is dictated by the Figure 10. It is evident from
this Figure that both the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are enhanced for 13 (app.). The
temperature increases and boundary layer becomes thinner for > 13 approximately.

Figure 10: Temperature profiles with M = 1 ,

S = 4 , = 0.2 , = 0.2 and Pr = 3 .

Figure 11: Skin-friction with M = 1 , = 2 ,

= 0.2 and Pr = 3 .

Figure 12: Skin-friction with M = 1 , = 2 ,

= 0.2 and Pr = 3 .

Figure 13: Rate of heat transfer with M = 1 ,

= 2 , = 0.2 and Pr = 3 .

Figure 14: Rate of heat transfer with M = 1 ,

= 2 , = 0.2 and Pr = 3 .

Figure 15: Rate of heat transfer with M = 1 ,

= 0.2 , = 0.2 and Pr = 3 .

www.ijsret.org

667

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

668

Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

The Figures 11 to 15 presents the impact of mixed convection parameter, NDT parameter and heat source on the skin
friction and Nusselt number. Both the skin friction and Nusselt number increases significantly with the mixed convection
parameter and NDT parameter. However, the Nusselt number observes the reverse phenomenon with the increasing heat
source, that is, it decreases

V.

CONCLUSIONS

The similarity solutions are obtained for the flow of viscous incompressible fluid over an exponentially shrinking sheet.
From this study we conclude that mixed convection parameter and NDT parameter have dominant effect on the skin
friction and Nusselt number; heat source significantly reduces the rate of heat transfer; and velocity increased with mixed
convection and NDT, but the temperature is reduced with NDT and mixed convection parameter.

VI.
1 =

APPENDIX

4 2
,
1+

2 = 2, 3 = 1 2 ,
1

4 = 1 + 2,

5 =

2
3 2

, 6 =

4 3 2 2

1
2

, 7 = + 4

5 26 , 8 = 4 4 + ( 1)5 + (2 1)6 , 9 = 3 8 21 , 10 = 1 (3 2 ) 3

2,
4
10 +(+2)15
,
1+

44 + 7 (4 ), 11 = 1 ( 3) +

12 = 2 ( 2), 13 = (2 + 4 )(4 Pr),

3

17
14 = 9 + 12 , 15 = 13 , 16 =
17 = 4+2
, 18 = 5 + 6 + 16 + 17 , 19 = 14

1+
2
6
18 , 20 = 16 (1 + ) 15 , 21 = 12 14 , 22 = 2(4 7 ) + 2(4 7 ) + 7 + 8 , 23 = 1 +
2(4 7 ) + ,
24 = 5 ( + 2) 21 , 25 = 6 ( + ) 1 , 26 = 5 ( 2 4 + 1)

2
29 = 23 4 , 30 = 3 2 2 , 31 =
21 , 27 = 6 (4 2 8 + 1), 28 = 22 24 2 ,

2
2 3 2

35 =

32 =

27
(2+)3 (2+)2

24
3 2

32
2

,
30
41
36 =
(1+2)3 (1+2Pr)2

(1 + )34 + (2 + )35 (1 + 2)36 ,

(2 1)33 34 (1 + )35 + 236 ,

4
25
31
33 =
2

,
2 3 2
31
1
4
37 = + + 28 + 229 30
2
8
1

38 = 24 28 329 +
12

34 =

26
(1+)3 (1+Pr)2

31 32 233 +

30 + 31 + ( 1)32 +

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]

Sakiadis, B. C., (1961). Boundary layer behavior on continuous solid surface: I. Boundary layer equations for two
dimensional and axisymmetric flow. AIChE Journal, 7, 26-28.
Sakiadis, B. C., (1961). Boundary layer behavior on continuous solid surface: II. Boundary layer equations for
two dimensional and axisymmetric flow. AIChE Journal, 7, 221-225.
Crane, L. J., (1970). Flow past a stretching plate. Zeitschrift four Angewandte Mathematik und physik, 21, 645647.
Gupta P. S.; Gupta, A. S., (1977). Heat and mass transfer on a stretching sheet with suction and blowing. The
Can. J. Chem. Engg., 55, 744-746.
Rajotia, D; Jat, R. N., (2014). Dual solutions of three dimensional MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer
due to an axisymmetric shrinking sheet with viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption. Ind. J. Phys., 52,
812-820.
Magyari E.; Keller, B., (1999). Heat and mass transfer in the boundary layers on an exponentially stretching
continuous surface. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., 32, 577-585.
Elbashbeshy, E. M. A., (2001). Heat transfer over an exponentially stretching continuous surface with suction.
Arch. Mech., 53, 643-651.
Khan, S.K. Sanjayanand, E., (2005). Viscoelastic boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an exponential
stretching sheet. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 48, 1534-1542.
Partha, M. K.; Murthy, P. V. S. N.; Rajasekhar, G. P., (2005). Effect of viscous dissipation on the mixed
convection heat transfer from an exponentially stretching surface. Heat and Mass Transfer, 41, 360366.
Sajid, M.; Hayat, T., (2008). Influence of thermal radiation on the boundary layer flow due to an exponentially
stretching sheet. Int. Comm. Heat Mass Trans., 35, 347-356.

www.ijsret.org

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]

Mukhopadhyay, S., (2013). MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an exponentially stretching sheet
embedded in a thermally stratified medium. Alex. Engg. J., 52, 259-265.
Mukhopadhyay, S., (2013). Slip effects on MHD boundary layer flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with
suction/blowing and thermal radiation. Ain Shams Engg. J., 4, 485-491.
Hayat, T.; Imtiaz, M.; Alsaedi, A.; Mansoor, R., (2014). MHD flow of nanofluids over an exponentially
stretching sheet in a porous medium with convective boundary conditions. Chin. Phys. B., 23, 054701.
Naramgari, S.; Sulochana, C., (2015). Dual solutions of radiative MHD nanofluid flow over an exponentially
stretching sheet with heat generation/absorption. Appl. Nanosci., DOI 10.1007/s13204-015-0420-z.
Nadeem, S.; Hussain, S. T., (2014). Heat transfer analysis of Williamson fluid over exponentially stretching sheet.
Appl. Math. Mech., 35, 489-502.
Fang, T.; Zhang, J.; Yao, S., (2009). Viscous flow over an unsteady shrinking sheet with mass transfer. Chin.
Phys. Lett., 26, Paper ID 014703.
Vyas, P.; Srivastava, N., (2012). Radiative boundary layer flow in porous medium due to exponentially shrinking
permeable sheet. Int. Schol. Res. Net. ISRN Thermo., 2012, DOI 10.5402/2012/214362.
Wang, C. Y., (1990). Liquid film on an unsteady stretching sheet. Quart. Appl. Math., 48, 601-610.
Miklavcic, M.; Wang, C. Y., (2006). Viscous flow due to a shrinking sheet. Quart. Appl. Math., 64, 283-290.
Wang, C. Y., (2008). Stagnation flow towards a shrinking sheet. Int. J. Non-Linear Mech., 43, 377-382.
Bhattacharyya, K., (2011). Dual solutions in unsteady stagnation point flow over a shrinking sheet. Chin. Phys.
Lett., 28, Paper ID 084702.
Bhattacharyya, K.; Hayat, T.; Alsaedi, A., (2014). Dual solutions in boundary layer flow of Maxwell fluid over a
porous shrinking sheet. Chin. Phys. B., 23, Paper ID 124701.
Miklavcic, M., (2014). Instability of viscous flows over a shrinking sheet, Quart. J. Appl. Math., LXXII, 363-371.
Bhattacharyya, K., (2011). Boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an exponentially shrinking sheet, Chin.
Phys. Lett., 28(7), 074701.
Bhattacharyya, K.; Vajravelu, K., (2012). Stagnation point flow and heat transfer over an exponentially shrinking
sheet. Comm. Nonlin. Sci. Numer. Simul., 17, 2728-34.
Rohni, A. M.; Ahmed, S.; Pop, I., (2014). Flow and heat transfer at a stagnation-point over an exponentially
shrinking sheet with suction. Int. J. of Thermal Sci., 75, 164-170.
Kumar, R., (2015). Boundary layer flow and heat transfer due to an exponentially shrinking sheet with variable
magnetic field. Int. J. Sci. Res. Engg. Tech., 4, 617-625.
Kumar, R., (2015). On the heat transfer and flow of viscous fluid due to exponentially shrinking sheet with
suction and arbitrary porous media. Glob. J. Res. Anal., 4, 184-187.
Vajravelu, K.; Sastri, K. S., (1977). Fully developed laminar free convection flow between two parallel vertical
walls-I. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 20, 655-660.
Bhargava, R.; Agarwal, R. S., (1979). Fully developed free convection flow in a circular pipe. Ind. J. Pure &
Appl. Math., 10, 357-365.
Vajravelu, K.; Cannon, J. R.; Leto, J.; Semmoum, R.; Nathan, N.; Draper, M.; Hammock, D., (2003). Nonlinear
convection at a porous flat plate with application to heat transfer from a dike. J. Math. Anal. Appl., 277, 609-623.
Streeter, V. L., (1961). Hand book of fluid dynamics. McGraw Hill, New York, 6, 32.
Singh, A. K.; Dikshit, C. K., Hydromagnetic flow past a continuously moving semi-infinite plate for large
suction. Astrophysics and Space Science, 148, 249-256, 1988.

www.ijsret.org

669