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STORAGE
11.1. Choose The Phase Of The Material To Be Stored:
The phase (liquid, gas, solid) of the material to be stored is usually dictated by the form it
takes at ambient pressures and temperatures; in some cases it may make economical
sense to convert the material to another state for storage. For instance, in the case where
large quantities of gases are to be stored (greater than about 1500 std cu M), liquefaction
of the gas may become economical. Liquefaction of gases (in cryogenic storage) often
involves allowing a portion of the liquid to boil off to maintain temperature and pressure
in the tank. Thus, losses from this type of storage system can make the system
environmentally or economically less desirable.
Other phases such as absorption onto solids, dissolving into a liquid, or conversion to
solids via chemical reaction may be considered.
11.2. Choose The Volume Of Storage Required:
Large use plants may utilize pipelines with minimal or no storage to supply the process.
Railcars may be temporarily used to store chemicals, thus reducing or eliminating onsite
storage. Hazardous chemicals may be enough of a safety liability that minimal storage is
preferred or possibly on-site or in-situ production of the material can be used. Extremely
hazardous chemicals may require a secondary deinventory storage tank in the event a
problem develops in the primary storage system. However, for average materials the
following guidelines may be used to determine storage requirements.
Raw Material Storage is provided to ensure the plant never (or rarely) shuts down
because the raw materials are unavailable. Thus, the reliability of the supply system must
be examined. Baasel (ref 1) presents the following guidelines:
Amount of feedstock that should be kept onsite= (date delivered date ordered )* feed
rate
Storage Size = Max amount that COULD be present when delivery arrives + Amount
Ordered
Example:
A plant requires 20,000 lb of feedstock per day. The supplier will guarantee shipping the
order in 15 days of order receipt. The time to ship the material is anywhere between 2
and 5 days. The mode of transport is 36,000 gal jumbo rail cars. The specific gravity of
the material is 0.85.
Solution:
Examine the two possibilities (no delays and maximum delay)
Maximum Delay:
Our plant takes 3 days to process our order (over a long weekend)
The supplier ships 15 days after receipt of the order
The shipping takes 5 days to travel to site
Thus the amount of feed stock that should be on site when the order is placed should be:
(3 days + 15 days + 5 days ) * 20,000 lb/day = 460,000 lb
No delays:
A jumbo rail car (36,000 gal) could arrive in 2 days
If the railcar arrives in 2 days, when we had 460,000 lb of material onsite at the time of
order then the amount of storage we need on site is:
460,000 lb 2 days transit * 20,000 lb/day + 36,000 gal (0.85 * 62.4 lb/ft3 / 7.48 gal/ft3)
= 676,000 lb of storage (34 days)
The logistics of when a second railcar must be ordered is left to the reader.
Selection
Criteria &
Alternatives
Small
For low
quantities (0 to pressure Tank
1000 cu M)
or drums can
be used.
High Pressure
Bottles
Bullet Tanks
ASME VIII
vessels can be
designed and
fabricated by
approved
pressure vessel
shops
Generally
ASME Section
VIII vessels
are used.
Choice of
container size
depends on
consumption
rates. Section
VIII Code
allows design
pressures up to
3000 psig and
for vessels
above 10,000
psig.
Up to 35000
cu Meters
ASME
Spheres /
Spheroids
Mid to large
storage
Consider
liquefied
Suppliers
Spheroids are
typically for
30 psig or less.
Spheres
(typically
between 32 to
120 ft dia)
have typical
design
pressure up to
about 200 psig
For integrated
supply of gases
and storage (i.e.
by tube trailer)Air Liquide, Air
Products,
Praxair, etc.
Chicago Bridge
and Iron Works
www.cbiepc.com
Situation
Typical
Occurrence
Possible
Equipment
capacities
Very Large
Quantities
storage.
Caverns
Conversion to
other
compounds or
states
Consider onsite generation
Selection
Criteria &
Alternatives
Suppliers
Caverns may
be economical
in situations
where natural
geography
allows. Refer
to Gas
Processors
Suppliers
Association
Engineering
Data Book
Select on-site
generation by
economic
analysis
Select on-site
generation
when process
hazards
analysis
indicates risk
is too great.
Vapour
Pressure
ASME VIII
Vessels
Spheres
ULC
Floating
Roof API
API
Tanks
Caverns /
Undergroun
d
Size
Suppliers
ULC:
http://www.g.t.machineandfab.com/
-Underground
Storage
Typically
found in
gas
station
type applications these tanks can be provided with double
wall construction thus eliminating the need for dikes.
Cone Roof Tanks (API)
Situation Typical
Possible
Occurrence Equipment
Suppliers
are used with fluids that have very low vapour pressures
(usually less than 1.5 psia) and have air in the head
space . Tank designs are generally for working pressures
< 2.5 inches water gauge (0.09 psi) positive pressure and
0.5 oz/in2 (0.86 in H20 , 0.03 psi) vacuum, but can be
designed for pressures up to about 15 psig for smaller
tanks.
The US EPA organization requires that a vapour recovery
system be provided when storing more than 40,000 us gal
of a fluid that has a vapour pressure in excess of 1.5 psia
when stored in a cone roof tank. For fluids with vapour
pressures between 1.5 and 11.1 psia a floating roof tank
can be used without a vapour recovery system.
Designs are according to API 650 or 620. See table
below for a selection of different sizes.
Situation Typical
Possible
Occurrence Equipment
Suppliers
Situation Typical
Possible
Occurrence Equipment
Suppliers
http://www.superiortank.com/
10
Situation Typical
Possible
Occurrence Equipment
Suppliers
11
Situation Typical
Possible
Occurrence Equipment
Suppliers
12
Situation Typical
Possible
Occurrence Equipment
In plant
day
storage.
Waste
Storage
Suppliers
3.1.1. Alternatives
Consider cooling the liquid to reduce vapour pressure and
utilize a less expensive tank tank.
See above selection, but typically a horizontal or vertical
drum (Bullet tank) is used.
Generally
smaller tanks,
where costs are
less sensitive to
the tank design
Lined Ponds
Used for the disposal and evaporation of fluids
13
cu M
90
160
250
333
481
818
1620
5867
7987
9615
16012
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BULK SHIPPING
The ideal transportation method for materials and chemicals is dependant upon:
- the volume of material to be used on a weekly or monthly basis
- the pressure required (for gases)
- the state of the material to be used (i.e. if liquid nitrogen is required for freezing,
then vapour delivery is of little use)
- Proximity to existing pipelines, proximity to rail, water or roads and suppliers of
the material.
The common bulk shipping methods for Gases, Liquids and Solids are:
11.8. Cylinder
o Usually transported by truck, cylinders provide a convenient method of
moving small volumes of gases (up to 10 m3 per cylinder).
o Where slightly larger volumes of gases are required, liquefied gas
transported in dewars (insulated vessels) is utilized (nitrogen liquid has 4x
the density of nitrogen gas at 2450 psig, hydrogen a factor of 5x ).
11.9 Container
o Although not a mode of shipment, containers may be shipped by road,
rail or water.
o There are a series of standardized sizes for containers, but all containers
are 8 ft wide. The most widely used containers are the general purpose
(dry cargo) containers having a nominal length and height of 20' x 8.5', 40'
x 8.5', and 40' x 9.5'.
o The capacity of a 20' dry cargo container is 24,000 kg (52,900 lbs.), and a
40' is 30,480 kg (67,200 lbs.). The containers themselves weigh 2400 kg
and 3900 kg respectively.
o Containers are available for carrying bulk gases, liquids, bulk solids, and
refrigerated products.
11.10. Truck
o Generally, a transit distance within 1,000 kilometers using road freight is
competitive compared to rail and air freight.
o Maximum weight allowable on Canadian roads is a complex calculation
based upon tire widths, axel distances, number of tires, and time of year.
However the weight is generally in the 18,000 to 34,000 kg range.
o Bulk Gases delivered by tank truck (usually hydrogen or helium) are
utilized when consumption rates are 25,000 to 150,000 std ft3 / month.
o Liquefied gases may be transported where higher volumes of gas must be
handled (usage rates 30,000 to several million std ft3 / month).
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11.11. Rail
o Rail Cars are typically 40 to 89 ft long and each car is limited to a weight
of 120 metric tons (typical range 60 to 120 metric tons). When handling
containers, a typical 50 car train can haul 3 million kg.
o Hopper cars have typical volume capacities of 4750 to 5150 cu ft.
o General information about rail transportation can be found at the CN
website at http://www.cn.ca/en_index.shtml.
o The guidelines for transportation of dangerous goods can be found at the
transport Canada web site http://www.tc.gc.ca/tdg/menu.htm.
o Rail Cars can be insulated (for liquefied gases) and they may have
pressure ratings for pressurized gases.
11.12. Ship
o Suitable where easy access to water is available
o Suitable for large volumes and especially heavy cargo
o Economical for large distances
o Ships commonly utilize containers (approximately 100 million, 20 ft long
containers, are handled by the worlds ports every year)
Containers are available for carrying bulk gases, liquids, and bulk
solids
o Ships are generally limited to 900 ft in length and 105 ft in width (to fit the
panama canal).
o Essentially there are no weight restrictions. Size restrictions apply to
shipments using containers (see section below) however, recently built
double walled tankers (Conoco) have a capacity of 727,100 barrels (about
98 million kg).
11.13. Pipeline
o Commonly used method of delivering fluids and gases (i.e. tap water or
natural gas to houses).
o Provides the lowest cost per lb transportation charge for large capacities
o Where an existing pipeline infrastructure is nearby, economic and inherent
safety (minimal site inventory) advantages exist.
o Pipelines exist for water, natural gas, oil, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen (the
later three in the gulf coast area).
o For instance, natural gas pipelines send gas to central Canada at a rate of
2,362 million std. cu ft of gas per day.
o Steam distribution from central heating centers is less common today due
to the use of natural gas instead, but can be economical in certain
situations.
o Liquid pipelines are designed with velocities up to 10 ft/sec and maximum
pressures to 1000 psig. Gas pipelines have higher velocities.
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