Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 44-70
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Linear and Weakly Non-Linear Stability Analyses of Double-Diffusive ElectroConvection in a Micropolar Fluid
S. Pranesh1 and Sameena Tarannum2
1
Abstract: The linear and weakly non-linear stability analyses of double diffusive electro-convention in a micropolar fluid
layer heated and saluted from below and cooled from above is studied. The linear and non-linear analyses are, respectively
based on normal mode technique and truncated representation of Fourier series. The influence of various parameters on the
onset of convection has been analyzed in the linear case. The resulting autonomous Lorenz model obtained in non-linear
analysis is solved numerically to quantify the heat and mass transforms through Nusselt and Sherwood number. It is
observed that the increase in concentration of suspended particles and electric field and electric Rayleigh number increases
the heat and mass transfer.
Keywords: Double diffusive convection, Micropolar fluid, Electro-convection, autonomous Lorenz model and Nusselt and
Sherwood number.
I. Introduction
The instability in a fluid due to two opposing density altering components with differing molecular diffusivity, like
temperature and salt or any two solute concentrations is called double diffusive convection. The differences between single
and double diffusive system is that in double diffusive system convection can occur even when the system is hydrostatically
stable if the diffusivities of the two diffusing fields are different.
The study of double diffusive convection gained a tremendous interest in the recent years due to its numerous
fundamental and industrial applications. Oceanography is the root of double-diffusive convection in natural settings. The
existence of heat and salt concentrations at different gradients and the fact that they diffuse at different rates lead to
spectacular double-diffusive instabilities known as salt-fingers (Stern 1960). The formation of salt-fingers can also be
observed in laboratory settings. Double-diffusive convection occurs in the sun where temperature and Helium diffusions take
place at different rates.Convection in magma chambers and sea-wind formations are among other manifestations of doublediffusive convection in nature. The theory of double diffusive convection both theoretically and experimentally was
investigated by (Turner 1973;Jin and Chen et al. 1997; Malashetty et al. 2006; Pranesh and Arun 2012) and more recently by
BhadauriaamdPalle 2014).
Double diffusive convection encountered in many practical problems involves different types of dissolved
substances of chemical that are freely suspended in the fluid and they will be executing microrotation forming micropolar
fluid. The presence of these suspended particles plays a major role in mixing processes. Although double diffusive
convection in Newtonian fluid has been studied extensively, the problem considering the above facts has not received due
attention in the literature. When the particles are freely suspended there will be translational and rotational motion relative to
fluid. One way of tackling this is to follow the elegant and rigorous model proposed by Eringen called micropolar fluid
model.
The model of micropolar fluids (Eringen 1964) deals with a class of fluids, which exhibits certain microscopic
effects arising from the local structure and micro-motions of the fluid elements. These fluids can support stress moments and
body moments and are influenced by the spin inertia. Consequently new principles must be added to the basic principle of
continuous media which deals with conservation of micro inertia moments and balance of first stress moments. The theory of
micro fluids naturally gives rise to the concepts of inertial spin, body moments, micro-stress averages and stress moments
which have no counterpart in the classical fluid theories. A detailed survey of the theory of micropolar fluid and its
applications are considered in the books of (Erigen 1966; Eringen 1972; Lukasazewicz 1999; Power 1995). The theory of
thermomicropolar convection was studied by many authors (Datta and Sastry 1976; Ahmadi 1976; Rao 1980; Lebon and
Gracia 1981; Bhattacharya and Jena 1983; Siddheshwar and Pranesh 1998; Pranesh and Riya 2012) and recently by (Joseph
et al. 2013; Praneshet al. 2014).
Thus the objective of this paper is to study the effect of suspended particles and electric field on the onset of
double diffusive convection using linear theory and also its effects on heat and mass transfer using weakly non-linear
analysis. With these objectives we now move on to the formulation of the problem.
Consider a horizontal layer of infinite extent occupied by a Boussinesquian, micropolar fluid of depth d as shown
in figure (1). Let T and C be the difference in temperature and species concentration of the fluid between lower and
upper plates and uniform ac electric field is applied in the vertical direction. For Mathematical tractability we confine
ourselves to two dimensional rolls so that all physical quantities are independent of y coordinate. Further, the boundaries are
assumed to be free, perfect conductors of heat, permeable, spin vanishing boundary conditions and tangential component of
electric field is continuous. Appropriate single-phase heat and solute transport equations are chosen with effective heat
capacity ratio and effective thermal diffusivity.
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11614470
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44 | Page
Z-axis
T T1 ,C C1
zd
( 0 ,0 , g )
Y-axis
Incompressible
micropolar fluid
X-axis
z 0
T T0 ,C C0
T0 T1 ,C0 C1
.q 0 ,
(1)
q
(q.)q p gk (2 ) 2 q ( P.) E ,
t
(2)
0 I
(q.) ( ' ' )(. ) ' 2 ( q 2 ) ,
t
(3)
Conservation of energy:
(q.)T
( ).T 2T ,
t
Cv
(4)
C
(q.)C s 2 C ,
t
(5)
Equation of state:
0 [1 t (T T0 ) s (C C0 )] ,
where,
q is
the velocity ,
and
is the density, g
is dielectric polarization,
is
is the
are the bulk and shear spin-viscosity coefficients, is the angular velocity, I is moment of inertia,
are bulk and shear spin-viscosity coefficients, T is the temperature, C is the concentration,
conduction coefficient,
temperature,
(6)
is coefficient of
s is coefficient of
is micropolar heat
concentration expansion, determining how fast the density decreases with concentration,
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45 | Page
E 0, E
(7)
.( 0 E P) 0, P 0 ( r 1) E
where,
(8)
r r0 e(T T0 ) .
where,
e0
(9)
r0 1 e
is electric susceptibility.
qb (0,0,0), b (0,0,0), p pb ( z ), b ( z ), E Eb ( z ),
P Pb ( z ), T Tb ( z ), r rb ( z ), C Cb ( z ),
(10)
z 2
pb
Eb
0 g Pb
0,
z
z
b o 1 (Tb To ),
(1 e ) E0
Eb
k,
(1 e ) eT z
1
Pb 0 E0 (1 e ) 1
k,
e
T
z
(1 e )
d
2Tb
where,
Eb
satisfy
0,
E0
(11)
is the root mean square value of the electric field at the lower surface.
q qb q ' , b ' , p pb p ' , b ' ,
T Tb T ' , C Cb C ' ,
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(12)
46 | Page
,
P3 ' 0 e E3 'e 0T ' E0 'e 0T ' E3 '
(13)
Substituting equation (12) into equations (1) to (9) and using the basic state solution, we get:
.q ' 0 ,
(14)
q
(q '.)q ' p ' gk (2 ) 2 q ( )
t
'
'
'
'
( Pb .) E ( P .) Eb ( P .) E
'
o I
(q .) ' ( )( ) ( 2 )
t
( q 2 )
'. d k
'.T
0Cr
T '
T
q '. T ' w
2T '
t
d
0Cr
(15)
(16)
(17)
C
C
q '. C 'w
s 2C ' ,
t
d
(18)
0 t T ' 0 s gC ' .
(19)
Substituting equation (19) in equation (15), differentiating x-component of the equation with respect to z, differentiating zcomponent of the equation with respect to x and subtracting one resulting equation from the other, we get,
q
o
(q '.)q ' p' 0 t T ' gk 0 s C ' gk (2 ) 2 q
t
'
'
'
'
( ) ( Pb .) E ( P .) Eb ( P .) E
(20)
0 I
u' w'
2 y .
t
z
x
z x
(21)
We consider only two dimensional disturbances and thus restrict ourselves to the xz-plane; we now introduce the stream
functions in the form:
u'
'
, w'
z
x
(22)
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2
T
C
t 0 g
s 0 g
(2 ) 4
t
x
x
,
2
2
y 0 J ,
0 I
y
t
(23)
' 2 y 2 2 y I 0 J ( , y ) ,
T y
T
T
2T
t
d x
0Cr d x 0Cr
(24)
J y , T J , T ,
C
C
s 2 C J , C ,
t
d x
(25)
(26)
C'
'
( )
*
*
C
,
, z
.
C
eE0 Td 1 e
d3
(27)
Using equation (27) into equations (23)-(26) we get the dimensionless equations in the form (after neglecting the asterisks):
1 2
T
C
R
Rs
(1 N1 ) 4 N1 2 y
Pr t
t
x
,
2
1
T
2
J , L
L
LJ T ,
Pr
xy
t
z
(28)
N 2 y
N
N 3 2 y N1 2 2 N1 y 2 J , y
Pr t
Pr
(29)
y
T
2T N 5
N 5 J y , T J , T ,
t
x
x
(30)
2C J , C ,
t
x
(31)
T
z
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(32)
Pr, R, Rs , N1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 5 , L and
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are as follows:
48 | Page
Pr
(Prandtl number),
ogTd 3
R
( )
gCd
Rs o s
( )
(Rayleigh number),
N1
N2
N3
N5
(Coupling parameter),
(Inertia parameter),
d2
( )d 2
o Cv d 2
e 2 E02 T 2 d 2
L 0
(1 e )( )
(Ratio of diffusivity).
Equations (28)-(32) are solved for free-free, isothermal, permeable, zero electric potential and no-spin boundaries and hence
we have,
2
z 2
T C y
0 atz = 0, 1.
z
(33)
T
C
1
2 2
Pr t (1 N1 ) ( R L) t Rs x
,
2
N1 2 y L
xy
(34)
N2
2
2
Pr T 2 N1 N 3 y N1
(35)
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49 | Page
N
5
t
x
x
x
2
T
z
(36)
(37)
(38)
We assume the solution of equation (34) to (38) to be periodic waves (Chandrasekhar 1961) of the form:
0 sin( x) sin( z )
y 0 sin( x) sin( z )
C C 0 cos( x) sin( z ) ,
1
0 cos( x) cos( z )
T T0 cos( x ) sin( z )
(39)
2
2
k Pr (1 N1 )k
N1k 2
where
N1k 2
( R L)
R s
k2
0
N 2 N 3 k 2 2 N1
Pr
N 5
0
0
k 2
0
0 0
0 0
0
T0 0 (40)
0
C 0 0
0
0
0
2
(1 )
0
k 2 2 2 1 .
0 , 0 , T0 , C0
and
k 2 k 2 k 4 X1 X 2 N12 k 2 Rs k 2 2 2 k 2 X1
L 2 2 k 2 X 1 N1 N 5 k 2 2 k 2
R
2 2 k 2 k 2 X 1 N1 N 5 k 2
(41)
where,
X1
N 2
N 3 k 2 2 N1 ,
Pr
X2
1
(1 N1 )k 2 .
Pr
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k 8 N 3 (1 N1 )k 4 N1 (2 N1 )k 2 R s k 4 2 2 N 3 k 2 2 N1
L 2 2 k 2 N 3 k 2 2 N1 N1 N 5 k 2 2 k 2
2 2 k 4 N 3 k 2 2 N 1 N 1 N 5 k 2
,
N 3 N1 N 5 k 2 2 N1
(42)
If Rs = 0, L = 0 and setting
k6
a2
(43)
which is the expression for the Rayleigh number discussed by (Datta and Sastry 1976; Bhattacharya and Jena 1983;
Siddheshwar and Pranesh 1998) in the absence of magnetic field.
Setting
N1 0
k6
a2
N 3 and N 5
and keeping
(44)
k 6 Rs a 2
a 2
(45)
which is the expression for the Rayleigh number discussed by (Turner 1973).
component of the form sin 2 z will be generated. Thus, truncated system which describes the finite-amplitude
convection is given by (Veronis 1959):
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
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( x, z, t )
M (t ) cos( x) cos( z ) ,
(50)
where, the time dependent amplitudes A, B, E, F, G, H and M are to be determined from the dynamics of the system. The
functions and y do not contain an x- independent term because the spontaneous generation of large scale flow has been
discounted.
Substituting equations (46) - (50) in to equations (28) - (32) and equating the coefficient of like terms we obtain the
following non-linear autonomous system (Sixth order Lorenz model) of differential equations:
R Pr
( R L) Pr
A
E s
G Pr(1 N1 )k 2 A N1 Pr B
2
2
k
k
,
3
6 3
L Pr
4 L Pr
E
EF
4
4
k
k
(51)
N 3 Pr k 2
N1 Pr k 2
2 N Pr
B
B
A 1 B,
N2
N2
N2
(52)
E A k 2 E N5 B 2AF N5 2BF,
(53)
1
1
F 4 2 F N 5 2BE 2AE,
2
2
(54)
G A k 2G 2AH,
(55)
1
H 4 2 H 2AG.
2
(56)
( A, B, E, F , G, H ) ( A, B, E, F ,G, H ) ,
(57)
2 N 3 Pr k
Pr(1 N1 )k
A B E F G H
N2
A B E F G H
2 N Pr
1 1 k 2 4 2
N2
(58)
which is always negative and therefore the system is bounded and dissipative. As a result, the trajectories are attracted to a
set of measure zero in the phase space; in particular they may be attracted to a fixed point, a limit cycle or perhaps, a strange
attractor.
VII.
Heat and mass transport in a double diffusive system depends on the imposed temperature and concentration
differences on the diffusion coefficient. In this chapter we mainly focus on the influence of double diffusion on heat and
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Nu
2 k
2 1 z T z dx
0
z 0
Nu
2 k
2 1 z z dx
0
z 0
(59)
Nu 1 2 F (t ) .
(60)
Sh
Sh
2 k
2 1 z C z dx
0
z 0
k
k
2 1 z z dx
0
z 0
(61)
Sh 1 2 H (t ) .
(62)
The amplitudes F t and H t are determined from the dynamics of the Lorenz system (51)-(56) which can be obtained
by solving the system numerically.
VIII.
Before embarking on the discussion of the results, we make some comments on the parameters that arise in the
problem, which are N1, N2, N3, N5, Pr, Rs, , L and these influence the convective heat and mass transports.
The
first four refer the micropolar fluid parameters arise due to the micropolarfluid, next three arise due to the fluid and last one
due to electric field. The range of values of micropolar fluid parameters are 0 N1 1, 0 N2 r, 0 N3 m and 0 N5
n, where the quantities r, m and n are finite positive real numbers. The range of values of N 1, N2, N3 and N5 specified above
is guided by the Clausius-Duhem inequality. A discussion on these is presented in (Siddheshwar and Pranesh 1998). The
values of Pr for fluid with suspended particles are considered to be greater than those for a liquid without suspended particles
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1 L 50 , 0.1, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 25
2 L 100 , 0.1, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 25
3 L 200 , 0.1, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 25
4 L 100 , 0.3, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 25
5 L 100 , 0.5, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 25
12 3
2000
4
5
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
N1
Figure 2: Plot of critical Rayleigh number R versus coupling parameter N1 for different values of electric Rayleigh number
L and ratio of diffusivity
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1 L 50 , 0.1, N1 0.1, N 5 1, R s 25
2 L 100 , 0.1, N1 0.1, N 5 1, R s 25
3 L 200 , 0.1, N1 0.1, N 5 1, R s 25
4 L 100 , 0.3, N1 0.1, N 5 1, R s 25
1200
1100
1000
1
2
R
900
800
4
5
700
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
N3
Figure 3: Plot of critical Rayleigh number R versus couple stress parameter N3 for different values of electric Rayleigh
number L and ratio of diffusivity
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1 L 50 , 0.1, N1 0.1, N 3 2, R s 25
2 L 100 , 0.1, N1 0.1, N 3 2, R s 25
3 L 200 , 0.1, N1 0.1, N 3 2, R s 25
4 L 100 , 0.3, N1 0.1, N 3 2, R s 25
1100
1000
900
R
4
5
800
700
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
N5
Figure 4: Plot of critical Rayleigh number R versus micropolar heat conduction parameter N 5 for different values of electric
Rayleigh number L and ratio of diffusivity
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1 L 100 , 0.1, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 25
2 L 100 , 0.1, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 50
3 L 100 , 0.1, N 3 2, N 5 1, R s 100
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
N1
Figure 5: Plot of critical Rayleigh number R versus coupling parameter N1 for different values of solutal Rayleigh number
Rs.
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2200
2000
1800
3
1600
R
1400
2
1200
1000
800
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
N3
Figure 6: Plot of critical Rayleigh number R versus couple stress parameter N3 for different values of solutal Rayleigh
number Rs.
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2000
3
1800
1600
R
1400
2
1200
1
1000
800
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
N5
Figure 7: Plot of critical Rayleigh number R versus micropolar heat conduction parameter N 5 for different values of solutal
Rayleigh number Rs.
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Nu
2
N1 0.1
N1 0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
t
Figure 8: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of coupling parameter N 1.
Nu
2
N2 0.1
1
N 2 0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
t
Figure 9: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of inertia parameter N 2.
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Nu
2
N3 0.5
N3 2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 10: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of couple stress parameter N 3.
Nu
N5 1
N5 2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 11: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of micropolar heat conduction parameter N5.
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Nu
2
R s 25
R s 100
1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
t
Figure 12: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of solutal Rayleigh number R s.
Nu
2
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
t
Figure 13: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of ratio of diffusivity
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1.0
.
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Nu
2
L 100
1
L 200
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
t
Figure 14: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of electric Rayleigh number L.
Nu
2
Pr 10
1
Pr 20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
t
Figure 15: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of Prandtl number Pr.
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Nu
2
10R
15R
1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
t
Figure 16: Plot of Nusselt number Nu versus time t for different values of critical Rayleigh number R.
Sh 3
N1 0.1
N1 0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Figure 17: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of coupling parameter N 1.
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Sh 3
N 2 0.1
N 2 0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Figure 18: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of inertia parameter N 2.
Sh
3
N3 0.5
N3 2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
t
Figure 19: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of couple stress parameter N 3.
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5
L 100, 0.1, N1 0.1, N 2 0.1, N3 2, R s 25, Pr 10
Sh
3
N5 1
N5 2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
t
Figure 20: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of micropolar heat conduction parameter N5.
5
L 100, 0.1, N1 0.1, N 2 0.1, N3 2, N5 1, Pr 10
Sh
3
R s 25
R s 100
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Figure 21: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of solutal Rayleigh number R s.
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Sh
3
0.1
2
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
t
Figure 22: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of ratio of diffusivity.
5
0.1, N1 0.1, N 2 0.1, N3 2, N5 1, R s 25, Pr 10
Sh
3
L 100
L 200
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Figure 23: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of electric Rayleigh number L.
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5
L 100, 0.1, N1 0.1, N 2 0.1, N3 2, N5 1, R s 25
Sh
Pr 10
Pr 20
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Figure 24: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of Prandtl number Pr.
Sh
3
10R
15R
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Figure 25: Plot of Sherwood number Sh versus time t for different values of critical Rayleigh number R.
In this section, we first discuss the linear theory followed by a discussion of non-linear theory.
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IX. Conclusions
The effect of coupling parameter N1, micropolar heat conduction parameter N5, electric Rayleigh number L and
solutal Rayleigh number Rs is to reduce the amount of heat transfer and increase the mass transfer, whereas the opposite
effect is observed in the case of inertia parameter N2 and the couple stress parameter N3. Thus it is possible to control the
onset of double diffusive convection and also regulate the heat and masss transfer with the help of micropolar fluid and
electric field.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge management of Christ University for their support in completing the work.
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