Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AND
BORDER POLICEOLOGY
BY
SPYRIDON M. KYRIAKAKIS
INTERNATIONAL EXPERT
IN POLICE SCIENCE, SECURITY MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED
BORDER MANAGEMENT & IN
THE STRATEGIC COMMAND COURSE
PART I or
PREFATORY FORUM:
systematisation
and
the
scientific
approach,
of
policing
PART III or
FUNDAMENTAL
POLICE SCIENCE
POLICEOLOGY:
PART IV or
FUNCTIONAL POLICE
SCIENCE AND BORDER
POLICEOLOGY:
PART VI:
TABLE of CONTENTS
Description
PART I PREDATORY FORUM
List of Abbreviations
Preface
Acknowledgement
Tutorial Note
Draft terminology list
Scope And Main Effort (Aim)
Objectives
Introduction
Systematization
Syllabus
Method of Study
PART II METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
Police science as a science
INTRODUCTION
THE RISE OF THE SCIENCES
SYMPOSIAL RELATIONSHIP
Legal sciences
Criminology
Sociology
Psychology
Forensic sciences
Public administration
Political sciences and strategic studies
POLICE SCIENCE
Definition
Key concepts
Field of study
RESEARCH
Theory
Empirical phenomena
Methodology
The research process
Research procedures
Research techniques
SUMMARY
PART III Fundamental police science
Page
CHAPTER1
Historical perspective
INTRODUCTION
THE UNPOLICED SOCIETY
Moral consensus
Codification of rules of conduct
Community involvement
Lack of continuity
Military attributes
Diversity of services
Individual rights
Parochial nature
THE POLICED SOCIETY
CHAPTER 2
The police role
INTRODUCTION
THE CONCEPT OF A "ROLE"
ROLE DIVISION
ROLE CONTENT
ROLE FULFILMENT
Police force versus police service
Styles of policing
Discretion
ROLE RESTRICTIONS
Authority and power
Individual rights
THE ROLE ENVIRONMENT
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3
The Code of Police Ethics
CHAPTER 4
Principles of Organization
CHAPTER 5
The Concept of Management
CHAPTER 6
The Concept of IBM in E. U.
RISK ANALYSIS
Specific tasks of Border Control
Schooling and Training
Risk Analysis
CHAPTER 2
Section 1-4
CHAPTER 3
Section 5-9
Section of Annexes
Evaluation. The stereotype figure
Table of an axis evaluation attached by a list of variables
Epilogue of the PART V
PART VI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EPILOGUE OF THE WORK
BCP
BP
Border Police
BR
Bibliographical Report
CARDS
EU
European Union
IBM
PAMECA
PREFACE
In our word all the professions are related by one or the other way with the
life itself. But in three of them this connection is prominently distinguished,
by a first glance. These three professions are: The doctors, The police
professionals and the managers. The matter is of a deep philoshophical
analysis and it is proved by physics. (Chaos Theory). Life is a
revolutionary power resists to the lows which governs the universe.
These lows function by such way that everything is leaded to a
thermodynamical equilibrium or in a situation of positive entropia. That it
means to disorder and Chaos and to the life loss. Consequently in order the
life be preserved it must be fed with negative entropia. Negative entropia
is contrary to positive one (Chaos). That is order. For the medical science it
is illuminately obvious. The main task of policing is the maintaining of
order and the same task concerns managers, who have the role to create the
future. For their organisation or business, with other words to feed them
(organisation or business) with life.
Based on the afore mentioned philoshophical base we see that doctors and
managers are roofed under their own science. All of us having the
experience of policing, understand fully the necessity of a policing own
roof. And this is the target of the present work. To contribute the
10
11
12
Which is the primary task of a science. Moreover the present work, goes
further, because it is focused on the how as it is demanded from an
applied science as the police science (and border policeology) are.
So I personally followed the path having in mind all the scientific
methodological issues along with the principles of the European highest
education.(Bologna declaration 1999 and the notices of Prague-2001,
Berlin 2003 and Bergen of Norvege 2005, as you find in the introduction of
the present.
The present work is dedicated to all border policemen and to European
colleagues who lost their lives or suffered during their task, protecting
people from crme.
By the present I address an open invitation to readers to contact me through
PAMECA with regard to errors, omissions and limitations that need to be
attended to.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The real motif of the present effort was excavated during the
CARDS/Twinning Project Development of the Albanian Border
Management Strategy, in which I participated during 2005 in Tirana and
in Shkoder. As soon as I arrived in Tirana, It was a great pleasant surprise
for me, to meet an excellent colleague and friend from the past, with
13
14
15
TUTORIAL NOTE
The present has two purposes: First to contribute to the development of the
new science this of police science and its branch of Border Policeology
which refers to integrated Border Management, providing a scientific base.
Second to assist the hopeful police strategic cadres. This last one, means
that the present dissertation is applying to adults having maturity
personalities. Consequently the specific psychological elements of this
facet of the age have been taken under consideration and an active way of
language has been used for this presentation.
Subsequently all the principles of the updated flexible education
(combination of traditional and alternative) have been kept in order this
handbook be able to be in interaction with you, personally.
The way that it has been built, with a modular system of units, permits to
do future amendments and to sail freely according your wish in the
extent of this assignment so to avoid boredom and fatigue.
I welcome you in the world of Border Policeology as the Police Science
and its Border Policing Application has been introduced, (by the author of
the present dissertation), to be named.
First of all a discretion must be done between the academic and
administrative aspects of the Border Policeology study.
16
self-discipline
17
checks at authorized
Surveillance of borders
18
by
the
competent
Operational
authorized
to
transact
or
to
participate
in
Police
Police
management
Directorate,
19
Regional
Police
Directorates/Border
Police
Subsections
and
Basic
Border
Stations). This
function
4,
(Decision
Communication,
Coordinating,
making,
Motivation,
Delegation
and
Effective
transaction
Gathering
and
analyzing
managing
20
intelligence
(strategical
and
operational)
according
the
and
international
cooperation purposes
-
Anticipating
any
logistic need
-
Managing
effectively
deed
(natural,
technological disaster.
(B. R. No 12, 10)
Managing of (external ) Borders
Border
Police
21
Security
(B. R. No 21)
It has to do with the prevents of
crime. Crime is the result of two
categories of factors which are
reacted among them. These are the
group of predisposing factors and
the group of the precipitating
factors
Surveillance
(B. R. No 21)
All activities and operations carried
out by (Albanian) Border Police
Personnel
at
external
band,
22
23
ensure public safety with due regard for the rights of individuals
24
Crime hypothesis
This concept caused confusion even among officers because it is
susceptible to two different interpretations. Most police cadres linked the
concept to the investigation hypothesis, which relates to criminal
investigation,
but
it
can
also
prevention/causation hypothesis.
be
associated
with
the
crime
(B. R. No 28)
Investigation hypothesis
The formulation of an investigation hypothesis emanates from active
policing in terms of which violations are cleared up by means of criminal
investigation.
In accordance with the hypothesis the crime investigator approaches the
perpetration situation objectively, applying his knowledge, experience and
the scientific aids at his disposal to prove his bona fide assumption that a
crime has in fact been committed. The perpetration situation is evaluated in
25
Policing
In terms of the traditional perspective policing hinges decisively on the
maintenance of civil order, with the emphasis on prevention. Where
preventive methods fail, however, a violation must be resolved by reactive
means entailing the enforcement and administration of law.
The law is not merely a means of keeping human behaviour in check,
however, but also serves as a force both for order and for the protection of
individual constitutional claims against possible violations. Accordingly the
emphasis on prevention is described by law as a force for order.
The above principles are telescoped that policing is the personalization of
order and a guarantee that the constitutional claims of each individual,
regardless of his social standing or group affiliations, will be protected
within the dispensation that society institutionalizes, or purposes to
26
(B. R. No2)
Social order
Social order is the most fundamental concept underlying police science
since it represents the overall goal to be achieved by the policing function.
Bear in mind that a definition of social order can never be simplistic.
Because of divergent expectations and needs, consensus has not been
reached on the implications of social order.
In this complex situation the law serves as a regulating force which
controls human behaviour and safeguards individual rights against potential
violations. Crime prevention is the fundamental objective of the policing
function. If preventative (proactive) methods fail, a violation is resolved by
repressive (reactive) means entailing enforcement and the administration of
the law.
These two facets, namely protection (prevention/maintenance of law and
order/implementation of the law)and coercive control (law enforcement),
are related but nonidentical policing aims. Protection and coercive control
are two extremes, but both involve the achievement of the ideal of social
order.
(B. R. No 2)
27
Styles of policing
Policing entails the maintenance of social order with prevention (service
style) as the chief object. When preventive (proactive) methods fail, the
violated situation has to be restored by means of reactive methods, and this
entails the execution and enforcement of law (war style).
The general nature of service largely determines whether the emphasis is
on the police power (coercive/law enforcement) or police service
(execution of law). This dynamic service function gives rise to styles of
policing who are, in fact, methods of pursuing aims and rendering service:
in other words, outward-directed policy.
Two recognizable policing styles are Hopkins controversial war style and
Wilsons watchman, legalistic and service styles. The service style is a
synthesis of the watchman and legalistic styles, which indicates that service
is seldom a rigid, closed style but is significantly affected by the
aforementioned factors.
28
Security includes two aspects that are basic to the policing function;
partnership and proactive policing. The eliminations of predisposing factors
refer to such thins as voluntarily observance of the law by the public and
special emphasis on the necessity of looking after ones own and other
peoples interests. Security also means to eliminate the opportunities for
crime by convincing the prospective offender that he would
presence of obstacles
succeed.
Security does not relate exclusively to defense against crime: it also implies
protection against eventualities such as natural disasters. That is why we
prefer to refer to risks.
29
the offender, the victim and other objects. This means that, while a crime is
being committed, there is a reciprocal transfer of traces are referred to as
latent since they are frequently hidden and have to be traced by the criminal
using his knowledge and experience, a positive approach and all possible
means at his disposal.
These objective traces may take a wide variety of forms and may be
organic or inorganic. They may be perceived and classified through the
senses, macroscopically (with the naked eye) or microscopically (by
chemical analysis and so on), and in conjunction with one another, they
make individualization possible.
30
31
ORDER / DISORDER
Although the term order is in itself an elusive concept, it amounts to social
order where every person must live up to certain expectations and accept
certain obligations. To ensure order, we may also demand certain rights
from other people.
If the abovementioned state of being implies order, then certainly the term
disorder implies order , then certainly the term disorder implies a collapse
of order , a state of disorganization and the disrupted society.
32
The open fully the gate of the home of the new science, this of the Police
Science and of its Branch the Border Policeology. More over to build a
bridge between theory and practice of policing taking in mind all the
relevant policies and practices of Europe we can say that...
The aim of the book and of the relevant module is to familiarize
participants with the BU polices and practices on Border Management as
well as with the concept of the Integrated Border management in order to
improve the knowledge, skills, educations and professionalism and be
consider as scientists senior officers and not only practitioners.
More over the future demands a new model of police officer. The staff
cadre of the first line This is a new style, and we make the present effort
aimed to this direction as you see in Chapter 2 of the Part III (Police
Role/styles of Policing).
OBJECTIVES
33
1.
Be able to train officers and basic level staff in all the above
34
7.
INTRODUCTION
The present study concerns an effort to show the new horizons in police
matters which are changing rapidly trough out the world.
New terms like police science, security management, integrated border
management. Have been introduced in policing along with understanding
that nothing exists in a vacuum. Till now everything was considered in its
home without seeing that all these apartments, were joined in their
backside. This interaction open the till now horizon and helps to solve
problems and to develop our knowledge and skills. So it is necessary the so
called multiattack (term which is in use in flexible education). This
means that all the providings have to reflect to three domains the cognitive,
affective and psychomotor domain (according the system of Benjamin
BLOOM). In order the reported aim and objectives be achieved the present
work has try to cover everything concerns the demands for a contemporary
strategic police cadre (and border police officer) ready to react to the future
challenges of policing. The whole work has been divided in five parts, as
you have already seen in the pages of effective window of contents. The
35
Part II mainly and the Part III partly are reported to Police Science because
it is the base for Border Policeology. Many titles and subtitles are used in
order to facilitate the studious readers. For scientific purposes in some
chapters an additional specific bibliography is used reported by the end of
these chapters. The significant points are underline other putting them in
frames or using bold letters and the so called difficult points are explained.
The whole work (educationally) is in fully accordance with the new steps
of the European Pedagogy as they are included in Bologna Charta (1999)
and in the announcements and Resolution of Prague (2001), Berlin (2003)
AND Bergen of Norway (2005) and taking in mind the No.
1,3,4,6,8,9,10,12,13,18,24,27,31 Bibliographical sources which concern the
integrated Border Management.
36
SYSTEMATIZATION
SYLLABUS
Police science is about the task of maintaining order in society, which is
delegated to the police, and with the powers and limitations, the methods
and techniques and the relationship issues in the external and internal
occupational environment that affect the carrying out of this task. Naturally
the subject includes many topics which have to be subdivided for
systematic study. Policing as a process always involves all the various
topics. Although we present police science in a compartmentalized way, all
37
the subsections are continuous and overlapping in the total police task- the
maintenance of order. The syllabus is therefore designed to guide you
progressively towards understanding the full implications of the subject.
38
METHOD OF STUDY
Study is an intellectual activity requiring effort. It is an undertaken largely
by the studious reader, and interaction between him and lecturer is
inevitable. The authors task is to guide the studious readers within the
framework of a particular field of study, and they are expected to study
purposefully. This means to look carefully and constantly for new facts;
and analyze them critically, assimilating them. This is the only route to
independent though and a personal view of the truth contained in the reality
around us.
39
PART II METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
POLICE SCIENCE AS A SCIENCE AND BORDER POLICEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
THE RISE OF THE SCIENCES
SYMPOSIAL RELATIONSHIP
Legal sciences
Criminology
Sociology
Psychology
Forensic sciences
Public administration
Political sciences and strategic studies
POLICE SCIENCE
Definition
Key concepts
Field of study
RESEARCH
Theory
Empirical phenomena
40
Methodology
The research process
Research procedures
Research techniques
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this chapter is to clarify the general meaning of the concept of
science-the abstract theory of various sciences or systems of knowledge,
and their interdependence.
When scientific study is described as theoretical-philosophical, this does
not mean that the particular sphere of knowledge of the various sciences
exists in a vacuum, independently of social reality. In earlier times there
was a desire for knowledge for the shake of knowledge, irrespective of
any applicability to the social context, but this has been replaced by a
demand that knowledge should be socially relevant. This does not mean
that science is functionally oriented; in other words, it is not concerned
with how practitioners should behave in practice, but concentrates rather on
the whys, that is on a thorough examination of problems, so that they can
be understood and explained. Scientific theorizing arising mainly from
social reality, so that the knowledge acquired can be applied in practice.
41
42
ORIGIN OF KNOWLEDGE
The four main approaches to the origin of knowledge:
Empiricism. The view that all knowledge comes from sense
perception or sensory observation
Rationalism. The view that knowledge comes from both empirical
observation and the intellect, but that only the intellect can produce
true knowledge.
Criticism. Immanuel Kants view that both sensory observation and
intellect contribute to knowledge. Without the contribution of the
senses (sense perception) intellect is empty, whereas the senses are
blind unless intellect gives form to their perceptions. The senses and
the intellect together form a whole and the one cannot function
without the other.
Skepticism. This is the view that no real knowledge or truth is
possible. The following reason are given:
- Human ignorance
- Weakness of our research
- Doubtfulness of research results and findings
- The many errors that are made, and so forth
43
SYMPOSIAL RELATIONSHIP
The fact that one science springs from another does not mean that the new
science is dependent only on the knowledge of the mother science.
In fact, derivation is only of academic interest, in the sense that that the
derived science obtains the status of an academic discipline through the
mother science. Before its breakaway, in the development of its own
specialized field, the expansion of knowledge is symposial rather than
unilateral. In other words, the new system of knowledge is related not only
to the mother science (unilateral) but also to various other sciences
(symbosial derives from the symposium of the great philosopher Plato.
(Alltogether around a dinner table where the participants contribute to a
serious discussion in a base of equality of rights)
Legal sciences
Policing, as the executive authority of the state, is indissolubly bound to the
complex set of legal rules controlling human behaviour. Order, which the
police have to maintain, could not exist without these. Furthermore, order
cannot be achieved through the mere existence of a set of legal rules if their
content is not enforced. Thus maintenance of order, the fundamental task of
the police and the special field of police science, requires, firstly, the
existence of special rules and customs, and, secondly, their execution, that
is the enforcement of the legal rules to ensure order.
The various legal sciences and especially concerned with the juridical
principles, and with the elements and powers underlying various legal
regulations, whereas police science is concerned with the nature and extend
of police authority and power created by the legal rules, and with their
fundamental significance in the maintenance of order.
The power and authority of the police are certainly not unlimited. Their
authority, that is, the right to act in certain circumstances, is determined by
the rules that forbid certain acts or omissions on pain of punishment.
Interference in human conduct, and actions against people, are justified
only if their conduct is in conflict with regulations, which determine
authority, are found in the provisions of common law and statutory law.
SYMPOSIAL RELATIONSHIP
The fact that one science springs from another does not mean that the new
science is dependent only on the knowledge of the mother science.
In fact, derivation is only of academic interest, in the sense that the derived
science obtains the status of an academic discipline through the mother
science. Before its breakaway, in the development of its own specialised
field, the expansion of knowledge is symposial rather than unilateral. In
other words, the new system of knowledge is related not only to the mother
science (unilateral) but also to various other sciences (symposial).
The specialised field of police science is the policing of social order. Police
science is concerned with a special and radical social function which
embraces all aspects of human interaction. Its relationships with various
other sciences are also very important, and the most important of these are
discussed below.
Legal sciences.
Policing, as the executive authority of the state, is indissolubly bound to the
complex set of legal rules controlling human behaviour. Order, which the
police have to maintain, could not exist without these. Furthermore, order
cannot be achieved through the mere existence of a set of legal rules if their
content is not enforced. Thus maintenance of order, the fundamental task of
the police and the special field of police science, requires, firstly, the
existence of special rules and customs, and, secondly, their execution, that
is the enforcement of the legal rules to ensure order.
The various legal sciences are especially concerned with the juridical
principles, and with the elements and powers underlying various legal
regulations, whereas police science is concerned with the nature and extent
of police authority and power created by the legal rules, and with their
fundamental significance in the maintenance of order.
The power and authority of the police are certainly not unlimited. Their
authority, that is, the right to act in certain circumstances, is determined by
the rules that forbid certain acts or omissions on pain of punishment.
Interference in human conduct, and actions against people, are justified
only if their conduct is in conflict with regulation and customs. These
regulations, which determine authority, are found in the provisions of
common law and statutory law.
Common law refers to the habits and customs that have crystallised over
the centuries for guiding and regulating interactions and relationships in the
interests of social order. This set of legal norms, which are also known as
primary or universal rules of living is transmitted from one generation to
the next. In contrast, statutory law is a permanent system of rules made by
a legislative body, and written down in a formal document. These are
The total set of legal rules is designed to maintain order in society in such a
way that the constitutional rights of each individual will be upheld.
Whereas the aim of substantive law is to protect the rights of individuals
against the actions of others, the aim of procedural law is to protect
individual rights in the process of the enforcement of penal law.
This underlying philosophy of protection and ordering makes the law less
impersonal than is sometimes assumed. It is a language that speaks to
everyone through the letter and the spirit of the law. The law is a form of
communication between the legislature and the common man. This form of
communication is not merely a matter of words (i.e. the letter), but it
conveys a particular message or significance (the spirit of the law). It is of
the utmost importance that the communicator (legislator) and the recipient
(the public and especially the police who are charged with its
implementation) should clearly understand the message of a law. For the
legal executive it is of prime importance to understand laws and to interpret
them so that the legislator's intention can be clearly identified. Briefly, the
general rules applicable are:
(1)
having their usual grammatical meaning, unless the words have acquired a
special meaning in legal terminology or the purport of the words or the
content of the act make it clear that they have acquired a special meaning.
(2)
or common context.
(3)
Some words may possibly have a limited meaning when they are
interpreted literally. When this is so, the words are given their broader
meaning, so that effect can be given to the legislator's intention. The same
rule applies when certain words do not appear in a given section, but where
it is reasonable to expect that words need to be added, as they are used
elsewhere in the act.
(5)
The spirit of the law is not apparent from single words, but the
(6)
The legislator does not envisage the over-stringent, the unjust or the
unreasonable.
The legislator has something effective in mind, and does not make
rights, the interests of the public at large (society) take precedence over
those of the individual if the law is ambiguous.
Police science is concerned neither with the content nor with the
interpretation of legal rules. The preceding discussion however makes it
clear that the police, as the executive authority of the state, constitute an
essential part of the judicial system, the existence of which is justified in
the law. The concern of police science is the method of implementing' the
content and philosophical background of the law.
Criminology
In contrast to the legal sciences, which are concerned with the principles
and theories underlying laws, criminology deals with crime as a
phenomenon related to law. The juridical description of crime is too narrow
for criminology, and this subject therefore also embraces other antisocial
behaviour which, though not punishable by law, is prejudicial to the
stability of society. The phenomenon of crime in this broad sense is the
main system of knowledge, and arising from it are studies of the criminal,
the victim, and the criminal judicature as subsystems of knowledge.
Criminology is very closely related to sociology, at the point at which it
broke away as an independent science from criminal sociology, although its
development is directly related to penal law and the penological approach
to the punishment of offenders. The classical or traditional penal law was
preponderantly juridical- dogmatic, and punishment was meted out without
any consideration for the individual in the situation. Studies of the causes,
consequences and combating (prevention) of crime has gradually
crystallised into criminology.
This suggests that the objective of the criminological study is to give due
consideration to all the related factors in the phenomenon of crime, and so,
through greater understanding, to combat crime effectively or prevent it
(B. R. No 2, 14, 21- BONGER).
penology and police science. These two fields of specialisation, which are
practical, have become independent subjects.
Sociology
Sociology is concerned with the study of man in his social or group
contexts. Thus it deals with the interaction between people and the
relationships stemming from this interaction. Among the points stressed are
the nature, structure, origin, form, activities, life, organisation, change and
development, of sociology. In this respect occupational sociology or the
sociology of occupations is in the forefront. The sociologist expresses
occupations in terms of the social relationships which are formed. The
occupations are viewed as a collection of roles which individuals interpret
and which are defined by the nature of the work performed by these
individuals. In those instances where the police are studied from this point
of view, the subject of police science acquires interesting and new
dimensions (Caplan 1954 B. R. No 2).
at observance of the law. Essentially they make for order in that voluntary
observance of the law makes further processes of control superfluous.
Because the mere existence of laws cannot control behaviour, society,
through the government, provides for their implementation.
Policing
Policing is defined as that exercise of power in the formal structure of
social control by which internal order is maintained in accordance with the
principles of legal competence and individual constitutional rights.
This definition includes far more than merely the enforcement of the law,
which is traditionally regarded as the only function of the police. Enforcing
the law, which in fact means collection of evidence that a law has been
contravened, and the arrest of the offender, emphasises the reactional (i.e.
action after the deed) nature of policing. The term "maintenance of order"
embraces far more.
"Maintenance" implies that a specific state of affairs should be preserved in
the first place by preventing its disruption. This proactive or preventive
character of policing derives from the historic evolution of the concept of
policing. The status quo or existing state of affairs is protected by
preventive methods until an unbalanced state of affairs needs to be restored
to the status quo or improved by repressive methods.
RESEARCH
We have already defined a science as an orderly system of knowledge
about a specific field, in which certain methods are employed to broaden
that knowledge. These methods constitute the methodology or rules
applicable to scientific work. In this sense research is a fertile breeding
ground for methodology.
Research can therefore be defined as "...the manner in which we attempt to
solve problems in a systematic effort to push back the frontiers of human
ignorance or to confirm the validity of solutions others have presumably
solved" (Leedy- B. R. No 2, 14, 21).
There are three main elements in research: theory, methodology and data
(empirical or observable phenomena). These elements are continually and
consciously manipulated by the researcher, and this interaction may be
described as research designed to expand and deepen the systematised
knowledge that is science.
Thus science is an open system of knowledge in which there is always a
possibility of dramatic new insight into a specific problem or phenomenon.
Theories are not absolute and can be modified at any time if this is proved
necessary by empirically observed facts (reality).
In your study of police science you will encounter various theories of
policing in general. Ideally these theories should be studied by comparing
them with real situations and evaluating their relevance and validity.
Testing a theory should stimulate further research, since theories do not
always fully describe or explain the phenomena in question. It is therefore
necessary to relate theory to practice to achieve congruence between theory
and practice in a specific science. We will now discuss theory in general, as
well as its methodological implications.
Theory
Although the diversity of sciences makes it difficult to describe theory as a
general concept, Hughes's definition (1981- B. R. No 2, 19), albeit broad, is
adequate for the purposes of police science. He defines theory as specific,
interrelated concepts within a theoretical structure which claim to explain
certain aspects of empirical reality.
Theories differ in the number and size of their concepts, in the complexity
of the relationships between these concepts, and in their focus the
empirical problems which they address themselves to (Goldstein 1969- B.
R. No 19). It thus appears that theories explain specific phenomena (which
constitute their empirical focus).
Theories are also useful in that they organise and condense knowledge.
Skidmore (1979- B. R. No 2, 19) puts it thus:
In general, the strength of theory is its ability to bring a great deal of
organized thought and information to bear on a specific problem, and
value and also use fewer concepts than general theories. Examples include
Sutherland's differential association theory and Reckless's control theory.
(3)
Not all theories are equally amenable to empirical verification. We will not
discuss this, however. A theory is sometimes regarded as "proven" once it
has been tested in empirical reality. Scientists prefer, however, to regard a
theory as relatively "true" rather than absolute (Goldstein 1969- B. R. No
19). According to Goldstein (1969- B. R. No 19) theoretical concepts are
subject to the following standards:
(1)
Careful analysis of theories used in police science shows that they are
closely related to the internal occupational environment (role environment).
The above is merely a summary of the pertinence of theory to science. A
second element to be considered is empirical phenomena (reality).
Empirical phenomena
The police scientist is interested in the internal and external occupational or
role environment of the policeman. The external occupational environment
consists of the physical and the psychological environments. The
mechanisms of spatial and social mobility greatly influence human
activities in general and policing in particular. They also determine
relations between the police and the public. If one considers the complexity
of the policeman's internal occupational (or organisational) environment as
well as the ever changing external environment, one can appreciate the
problematic and dynamic nature of his task. All factors pertaining to the
internal
and
external
occupational
environments
are
empirically
at the various levels are not always empirically verified. Yet empirical
verification is often presented as a foolproof test of the (relative) truth of a
theory. Goldstein (1969- B. R. No 19) comments pertinently:
The recognition that a theory itself is not properly "true" or "false" but that
it is only a guide to making certain observations, can help the practitioner
to use theory as a guide and to recognize that connections between
observations that are implied by the theory may not always be found in
practice.
We have now discussed theory and empirical reality. Methodology, which
may be regarded as the link between the two, is the subject of the next
section.
Methodology
Methodology has been described as the "science of methods" (Van der Walt
et al. 1977- B. R. No 2, 21). We have already pointed out that methodology
is the set of rules used to test scientific theories. When verifying theories
one should be aware of the need to verify the scientific methods and
techniques used by the researcher who postulated a particular theory.
Mouton et al. (1985- B. R. No 2) point out that methodology is the logic
underlying the use of scientific methods in the study of reality. As such it is
the essence of research.
It appears from the literature that researchers disagree about the relative
value of certain research techniques. It is generally assumed that some
techniques do not provide sufficient control in the research situation.
Questionnaires and interviews, for example, are regarded as unreliable
measures, resulting in risky assumptions especially as regards validity.
Binder and Geis (1983:123) write:
Fieldwork in the manner of anthropologists and ethologists is generally
called naturalistic observation. At the other end of the continuum, where
we have the true experiment, the researcher enjoys full control of the
investigative context. Between these two extreme points on the spectrum
there are many situations where the researcher can exercise some, much, or
a good deal of control over the subject matter, though, of cause, less than
the full control made possible by laboratory conditions. Important advances
of knowledge occur at all points along the continuum, from naturalistic
observations through partial control to full control.
Consequently, empirical studies, particularly those in which certain
techniques are used, are sometimes disputed. This complicates the testing
of theories because of the difficulty of relating theoretical implications
(interpretation of concepts) to empirical phenomena (concepts). Subsequent
testing of the empirical presuppositions of a given theory by means of
or
ontological
premises,
which
have
far-reaching
about the police subculture can be developed. In your third year you will be
introduced to such a theory relating to subcultures, when you study
Niederhoffer's theory of cynicism. Remember, however, that empirical
verification or falsification' is not the only stimulant for theory growth. As
opposed to the positivist emphasis on empirical investigation, intellectual
exploration which integrates and modifies theories (without necessarily
subjecting them to empirical verification or falsification) is also important.
The usual phases in the research process will now be explained. Remember
that the sequence may differ according to the researcher's paradigm and
orientation.
Research usually involves the following steps:
(1)definition of the problem
(2)formulation of hypothesis
(3)orientation
(4)collection of data
(5)classification and analysis
(6)interpretation of data
(1)----------presentation of findings and conclusion in a research repot
(2)________________application of the results (usually not part of the
researcher's activities).
Bear in mind that these steps do not have to be carried out in this order.
They often overlap. However, this arrangement of steps makes the research
process easier and ensures that nothing important is left out. Since we are
interested mainly in the way in which research is carried out, we will
emphasise the practical questions.
Description of the phenomenon
In selecting the phenomenon to be researched, the following must be
considered:
(1) Is the issue worth researching?
(2)Can the research be concluded meaningfully and is sufficient
information available?
(3)Is it feasible in the sense that sufficient time and funds are available?
(4)Is the researcher sufficiently interested to spend the necessary energy,
time and money on the project?
Once the advantages, disadvantages and problems have been properly
considered, one can proceed with the research. The following steps must be
tackled carefully.
(a) Definition
The issue to be researched must be defined precisely and comprehensively.
There should be no doubt about the key concepts in the formulation of the
issue. This directs the researcher, but at the same time limits the contents of
research.
(b) Spatial or qualitative delimitation
The geographic area where the research is to be conducted and the category
of people or objects studied must be clearly described.
(c) Quantitative delimitation
Here the researcher must decide whether he will study the universum (i.e.
all, e.g. all policemen) or a group (i.e. only part of the universum). If he
decides on the latter, he must draw a sample by using certain techniques, so
that the sample can be regarded as statistically representative of the
universum.
(d) Planning and research programme
Planning and the compilation of a particular programme are essential to
ensure that only relevant data will be collected, that the study will be
conducted within the given period, that ideas will be organised
systematically and that the researcher will be fully conversant with the
problem. The research programme must make provision for
(1)definition of the issue and terminology
(2)delimitation of research
(3)orientation and literature study
(4)the selection technique that will be used
et cetera. The kinds of data will also determine whether or not field workers
will be used.
Classification and analysis
The collected data must be edited, classified and tabulated. Nowadays there
are various computer programs which facilitate the researcher's task in this
respect considerably, providing that the research has been planned in such a
way from the beginning that it can be computerised. It is usually necessary
to take a certain computer program into account when compiling a
questionnaire.
Interpretation
The processed data are now related meaningfully to the set hypothesis.
Research report
The impact of a research project often depends on the general quality of the
report. Important factors here are linguistic accuracy, systematisation,
technical presentation and substantiated statements. Bear in mind that the
research report is actually a summary of the research and should largely
follow the steps in the research.
RESEARCH PROCEDURES
For our purpose the survey procedure is most important. It is often equated
with the case study method, that is, the research method where an intensive
and thorough study is made of a certain "case" (whether an individual, a
about the reliability of eventual findings. The survey does, however, have
definite advantages, since certain attitudes can be quantified numerically
and can at least indicate general trends. This procedure is examined in more
detail in Course III in the light of previously completed research.
Research techniques
Research techniques are the methods of collecting data. Here we shall
concentrate mainly on questionnaires and interviews. The schedule is very
similar to the questionnaire except that it is a set of questions which directs
the researcher or field worker in his interview and which he has to
complete himself. In any case the term "questionnaire" is used virtually
throughout for any list consisting of a number of formal questions.
The questionnaire
A questionnaire is a form consisting of a number of clearly formulated
questions requiring answers. The term includes structured questionnaires
containing definite, concrete and preplanned questions, and unstructured
questionnaires which are sometimes referred to as interview guides. These
are compiled in such a way as to gain information about attitudes, opinions
and relationships which might escape attention in mechanical interviewing.
Unstructured questionnaires are used for intensive studies where only a few
study cases are examined. The questions in unstructured questionnaires are
either closed, that is, are placed in certain definite categories, or open, that
is, they give subjects the opportunity to express themselves freely and
openly. Closed questions have the advantage that the previously
categorised questions are easier to incorporate on punch cards for
processing by a computer. The main requirements for questionnaires are
briefly the following:
(a) Formulation
The content and language of questions are clear and unambiguous; the
categories set are sufficient to obtain the information for testing the
hypothesis as objectively as possible; questions are framed in such a way
that the results are quantifiable; and the general presentation of the
questionnaire is neat and tasteful.
(b)Preliminary test
An important requirement in drawing up a questionnaire is that there
should be a preliminary test before general distribution, whether personal
by means of field workers, or by post. This is essential for the final
polishing of questions or items and for eliminating inherent weaknesses
and ambiguities.
(c) Distribution
Questionnaires are distributed to the study group (i.e. people selected by
the sampling technique) within a limited period. Personal delivery and
and personal knowledge of his study object. The answers are not the only
relevant matters; gestures, attitudes and reactions are significant and can be
indications of an entirely new train of thought.
SUMMARY
Police science involves all facets of a particular social function, and
therefore it can be regarded as a practical or applied science which
emphasises the social relevance of this science.
This does not mean that it is not also theoretically and operationally
(methodologically) relevant. The systematised knowledge, which is
extended by recognised research methods, processes and techniques, is
built up on a theoretical and philosophical basis by means of which and
because of which functional issues are studied. Police science is not
concerned with the actual application of knowledge in practice; but it
provides knowledge in which other related knowledge like this of Border
Police ( e.g. Integrated Border Management) could be based and which
permits to practitioners of the profession by means of which functional
operations can be placed in theoretical-philosophical perspective. (B. R. No
2, 14, 21)
PART III
CHAPTER 1
Fundamental police science
Historical Perspective
INTRODUCTION
Policing is a relatively young profession in human history, although it is
related to social control, which is a very ancient function in the world
(Strecher, 1971: 10).
This close link with social control, the changing perspectives with regard to
social control, and the role of the police, have always been the principal
factors in determining the answer to the controversial question of what the
police force's function really is. Traditionalists believe that the police are
concerned solely with the criminal element: that it is their job simply to
protect life and property and to keep the peace, and that this is done by
investigating crimes, making arrests and giving assistance during trials.
Other policemen believe that this traditional approach is inadequate, that
aggressive patrolling and thorough investigation of crimes are certainly a
part of the policeman's task but by no means the whole of it. These people
in our cars, set standards for what we eat and drink, register births, deaths
and marriages, supply water, remove garbage and sewage, deliver mail and
aid and restrain us in various other ways. Since the beginning of the
nineteenth century these functions, formerly identified with the concept of
policing, have been assigned to other departments and the police functions
have been limited to the maintenance of order and the application of laws.
This historic shift in functions means that policing has become an
increasingly specialised activity associated with the general structure and
internal order of a state (Stead 1977: 2). History teaches us that policing
has taken many forms and has performed a variety of functions. The
important point is that whatever form it has taken and whatever functions it
has performed or is performing have been the natural outflow of the social
structure and control processes. If we merely trace the origins of policing to
its earliest forms and to the first human laws, and simply study its
development, we deny the fact that, historically, policing is a service by the
community and for the community, through which social order and control
are achieved.
It is generally accepted that Sir Robert Peel is the father of organised
policing (Lee 1971: 247), although Kelly (Killinger & Cromwell 1975: 3)
assigns this position to the Roman emperor Augustus Caesar who, as early
as 27 B.C., made a distinction between the military and police functions.
Unlike the praetorian guard and the cohorts, who were a part of the ' regular
army, and were charged with the personal safety of Caesar, the vigiles
(night watchmen) were given the exclusive charge of fighting fires and
preserving order in the cities. These "little bucket men" (Stead 1977: 15)
disappeared after the fall of the Roman Empire and had little impact on the
development of policing. Peel's contribution, on the other hand, had
worldwide repercussions to such an extent that a number of police
forces still operate on the pattern and principles laid down by him.
For our purpose we need to make a distinction between two phases
unpoliced and policed societies. Unpoliced society came to an end at the
beginning of the nineteenth century, when a police force was established on
a firm legal and organisational basis by Peel and others. These two phases
will not be described chronologically, but by highlighting salient features.
The chronological course of events is described in your prescribed text
book and in the other works quoted in this chapter. It is up to you to study
these. What you need to bear in mind is that we are concerned not so much
with any particular police unit at any particular time no matter how
interesting the situation might have been but with the true role of the
police in society.
Moral consensus
Customs and codes of conduct, whether formal or informal, were in the
nature of a personal agreement on the part of each group member to accept
restrictions on his conduct in exchange for personal freedom. The greatest
threats to survival were external from competing families and tribes, and
wild animals. There was competition for scarce commodities such as food,
clothing and shelter; and external threats were aggravated and sometimes
became overwhelming when internal control collapsed (Strecher 1971: 8).
Each individual therefore kept to the internal control measures and to
external customs, since a misdemeanour would bring reprisals against the
group. Each person's conduct was therefore subject to constant moral
judgment to keep it within the accepted limits.
This moral consensus on right and wrong was not totally destroyed when
formal laws came to be made. These laws formulated by a few trained
persons rather than by a strong group leader or by the community as a
whole in fact created a double system of conduct control: There was a
new rationalised system, stating relationships clearly in terms of legal
obligations and expectations, and the old moral evaluations that were the
moral codes that had long been accepted and followed. Inevitably some
people rejected the new laws on grounds of individual moral convictions,
so that the claims of others were threatened, and this meant that there was
Community involvement
Throughout the centuries, members of society were closely involved in the
policing process at both preventive and repressive levels.
Apart from the extremely high value given to obedience to customs and
codes of conduct, each individual used to be obliged to superintend certain
groups on a voluntary basis and to perform guard duties. The system of
collective responsibility, in terms of which each individual is responsible
for the conduct of his neighbour and the group for each individual (Devlin
1966: 2) has been in force since the earliest times, but it was not until the
Anglo-Saxon period (600 to 1066) that it became firmly established. In
return for good conduct, King Alfred guaranteed a condition of peace and
security (the "King's peace") (Lee 1971: 3). This system had its
shortcomings: it became less effective as the population increased and
criminals could be concealed to avoid restitution against the group. But the
principle has remained, even to our own times.
We find an echo of the Anglo-Saxon approach that each ablebodied
citizen is a police officer in Peel's assertion that the public is the police
and the police the public (Radelet 1977: 4). This conviction was at the base
of the idea of the integral unity of police and public and of the assumption
that police services had to be carried out voluntarily and without
compensation.
same principles applied at the Cape between 1652 and 1689 in other
words, at first duty was unpaid, and later salaries were paid out of taxes.
Another instance of community involvement is the "hue and cry" system
(alarm system). The rattle guards (the rattle was the precursor of the police
whistle) had to raise the alarm by means of their rattles, not only to frighten
away suspected offenders but also to activate the populace. Anyone who
failed to respond instantly was guilty of an offence; in fact, all powers of
arrest initially belonged to the citizenry. When powers of arrest were
delegated to police officers, it was done on the basis that "the Sheriffs,
Bailifes, Constables and other of the King's Officers may arrest and
imprison offenders in all cases where a private person may" (Radelet 1977:
5).
Direct public involvement has gradually disappeared, al though our
criminal procedure act has retained the obligations with regard to assistance
and arrest. Sullivan (1971: 4) considers that the relatively low crime rate in
England is due to the deeply rooted custom of protecting one's own
interests in the first place.
Lack of continuity
It is clear from the number of police units under separate names that police
services during the era of unpoliced society were performed in a very
Town
Police
(1901)
in
Pretoria,
Johannesburg
and
Republiek
Politie
(1895),
South
African
Military attributes
As we have seen, the greatest enemies of mankind were external.
Protection was therefore achieved mainly by legions and military forces.
Their police duties were generally of a secondary nature and were
performed only in times of peace. This combination of military and police
duties is probably the reason for the relatively awkward development of
policing. The generally cumbersome organisational structures of police
institutions, rank designations (especially in South Africa), the repressive
way, in which duties were carried out, and cruel and unapproachable
attitudes may be ascribed above all to the military influence.
Diversity of services
Services were rendered that made a real contribution to the internal
regulation of a prosperous and contented community. Apart from the
predominant emphasis on the prevention and suppression of crime, it also
included the following services: personal body guard duties, guarding
20) and the capricious behaviour of the new rulers (Van Heerden 1976: 23).
The emphasis then shifted to the prosecution of offenders, and harsh
punishments were introduced.
Individual rights
Freedom, security and privacy are precious individual rights. Claims to
these were related to the custom whereby individuals safeguarded their
own interests and to the later guarantee (particularly the "frank pledge"
Clift 1956: 1) that the rights to these claims could be upheld in exchange
for the surrender of certain powers to the State. The protection of these
rights was in fact the principal factor in the resistance to organised policing.
Maladministration by rulers and the haphazard ways in which police
services were performed, and evidence was given and punishment
administered, threatened these rights as far as offenders were concerned,
and also in respect of the citizenry. As a result, in 1215, a number of
rebellious barons, forced King John of England to draw up clear
specifications for the arrest, trial and punishment of offenders. These
specifications were contained in the Magna Carta, and this was later (1689)
refined in the Bill of Rights (Hewitt 1965: 70). The principles contained in
these two documents are reflected in our own criminal procedure.
Parochial nature
Please note that policing in all its forms, in England as well as in South
Africa, was performed on a parochial or regional basis. This approach was
in line with the concept of upholding democratic rights and the idea that
each community could best police itself.
The literature contains many examples of this. Study these and integrate
them with this passage.
We summarise by saying that policing in unpoliced society was
individually centred and unorganised; services were unspecified, but they
were mainly preventive and geared to the maintenance of order.
order (Berkley 1969: 5). Nevertheless changes were made. The change
from an unpoliced to a policed society was marked by particular events and
conditions.
(1)
(3)
All this disorder had made the public uneasy and there was a
general fear that the social order was on the point of collapsing (Lee 1971:
217).
(6)
personal conviction that urgent reform of the haphazard police system was
essential, did not make an impression on the authorities or on the
supporters of the "democratic maintenance of individual rights" until the
Peterloo bloodbath in 1819. This incident was a clash between soldiers and
a group demonstrating against the cruel and inhuman suppression of labour
unrest and crime by the army. The initial results were even more rigorous
legislation and greater infringements upon liberty in an effort to control the
lower classes. Gradually, however, Peel's representations came to be heard,
and people who had preferred to endure the harrowing conditions rather
than experiment with an organised group that might threaten individual
rights, began to be convinced.
However, Peel faced two problems: one was a matter of principle and the
other a pragmatic problem. The question of principle had to do with the
protection of individual rights. The Utilitarians reasoned that the greatest
good of the greatest number could not be achieved by a system that
curtailed individual freedom. They feared that a centralised police system
would have the same results as in France and Prussia, where state police
ignored the liberties of citizens. The pragmatic problem had to do with
salaries. The wealthy classes in particular were antagonistic, fearing that
they might have to foot the bill (Stead 1977: 85).
Peel made several counter-arguments.
(1)
Laws provide for the maintenance of order, but they also stipulate
establish its own police force, that is, there should be parochial or
decentralised rather than centralised control.
(4)
(5)
primary task.
(6)
Heerden 1976:26; Sullivan 1971:11; Eldefonso et al. 1968: 43). (For that
reason the European line is that Border Policing is a police and not a
military function.)
These representations finally led to the establishment of the first organised,
centrally controlled police force, in terms of the Metropolitan Police Act of
1829. Its foundations were derived from history, and its terms had an
The police were to have a military character yet act as civil officials.
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
application of the principle that police and public are an inseparable unity.
years old, were called. Their task was to patrol at the borders of the state,
on horseback.
Even since the 19th century different corps about border policing had been
established in various Countries, but they had had a short life. The Border
responsibility has been passed to the army and borders have been
characterized as defense area.
During last decades the borders became the task-are of Police. One of the
pioneers, Germany is. New concepts like Integrated Border Management
and Coastal Zone Management have been introduced. European Unity
makes extraordinary progressive steps with the CARDS programme
(Community
Assistance
for
Reconstruction,
Development
and
Stabilization) and the role of Police Assistance Missions like PAMEGA are
of excellently prominent value.
SUMMARY
It should be clear that policing is not a static entity isolated from the
assumptions and changes of society. The constant changes of the past
resulted from altered perspectives and conditions in society itself. It is
logical to assume that it will continue to produce changes and shifts in
emphasis. How ever, despite changes in organisation and function, the
principles laid down by Peel continue to be historically valid, for police
generally and for Border Police specially.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Berkley, G.E. 1969. The democratic policeman. Boston: Beacon.
Clift, R.E. 1956. A guide to modern police thinking. Cincinnati: Anderson.
Cohn, A.V. & Viano, E.C. (ed.) 1976. Police community relations.
Philadelphia: Lippineott.
Devlin, J.D. 1966. Police procedure, administration and organisation.
London: Butterworths.
Eldefonso, E., Coffey, A. & Grace, R.C. 1968. Principles of law
enforcement. New York: Wiley.
Folley, V.L. 1973. American law enforcement. Oxford, Ma: Hollbrook
Research Institute.
Hewitt, W.H. 1965. British police administration. Springfield: Charles
Thomas.
Killinger G.E.E. & Cromwell P.F. (eds) 1975. Issues in law enforcement.
Oxford, Ma: Hollbrook.
Lee, M. 1971. A history of police in England. Montclair, NJ: Patterson
Smith.
More, H.W. 1975. Principles and procedures in the administration of
justice. New York: Wiley.
Patrick, C.H. 1972. The police, crime and society. Springfield: Charles
Thomas.
Radelet, L.A. 1977. The police and the community. California: Glencoe.
Stead, P.J. (ed.) 1977. Pioneers in policing. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill.
Strecher, V.G. 1971. The environment of law enforcement. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sullivan, J.L. 1971. Introduction to police science. New York: McGrawHill.
Van Heerden, T.J. 1976. Introduction to police science. Pretoria: University
of South Africa.
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
Our historical review has shown that policing is about the maintenance of
social order with the emphasis on prevention. It has also become clear that
a great many services directed at peaceful coexistence have come to be
regarded as police functions functions initially performed by the
citizenry. These extremely important services, which in fact were and still
are the duty of every member of society, were in time delegated to
specialists policemen. Therefore policemen are in essence the delegates
of the people (Strecher 1971: 15).The delegation of this function means
that its content is determined by the community (particularly as it has taken
shape in history), that it is subject to specific authority and power limits,
and that its execution is subject to specific obligations and expectations.
We, as students of police science, cannot dissociate ourselves from these
facts indeed, only when their meaning has been properly identified can
meaningful organisation be undertaken so that the service can be performed
in such a way that expectations are fulfilled.
cultural unit within the total cultural framework separate but not isolated
from other cultural units
(2)
(3)
According to Sterling (Geary 1975: 47) the role concept may also be
defined as "a set of expectations, held by individuals or groups of
individuals, regarding the behaviour and attributes of a role incumbent".
Whereas the previous definitions are mainly concerned with the objective
or actual role content associated with the delegated objective, Sterling's
definition has an evaluative or subjective connotation. Hence, while the
objective role concept is concerned with the purely historical-philosophical
meaning of the role content, the subjective role content is more concerned
with the individual expectations and needs of the clientele. Bearing in mind
the heterogeneity of the public, that is, the diversity of populations and
social classes, it becomes clear that many different conceptions of the role
could arise, and some of these might be in total conflict with what the
police role is supposed to be.
Evaluations of the police role usually stem from personal experiences,
which in general are concerned with only certain aspects of the total police
task. We must remember that the individual policeman's behaviour stems
from the normative functional pattern of the institution. If the experience of
the evaluator (role allocator) is distorted, this will mean that his
expectations are also distorted, and this may be because the institution's
own perspectives are unbalanced. If expectations are unrealistic whether
this results from experience, prejudice, negative attitudes or whatever
the general role concept too will be unrealistic. Here are some experiences
that result in a subjective role concept (Van Heerden 1976: 47-49)
(1)
gives the impression that the police are more interested in applying norms
of convenience or mere harassment than in enforcing the penal code.
(3)
Indifference and failure to heed to appeals for help make the police
ROLE DIVISION
Harmonious survival and coexistence, the ideal of society, is built upon a
network of roles. This variety of roles is determined by and rooted in the
social structure (Horton & Hunt 1964: 146). None of these roles can be
fulfilled in isolation. Constant interaction is essential to ensure the smooth
operation of the social system. It is logical, then, that for each role there are
specific obligations, and that the role allocator (society) will require these
obligations to be fulfilled in such a way that a positive contribution is made
to the actualisation of the overall objective order.
Our present concern is not to review all the roles in society. You need only
note that the police are among many role-fulfillers; they are part of the total
role pattern and cannot exist in isolation.
What is more to the point at present is role division in the administration of
justice. The judicial function (or police function) of the State is a collective
one delegated by the citizenry to consolidate and maintain order in
accordance with the constitutional claims of individuals. More (1975: 14)
describes this function as "the prevention, detection, discovery, and
suppression of crime; the identification, apprehension, and prosecution of
persons accused as criminals; and the incarceration, supervision, and
reform and rehabilitation of convicted offenders". There is also the overall
task of indicating, by legislation and the behavioural expectations it
ROLE CONTENT
There is considerable uncertainty among authors and among certain
policemen about the true content of the police role. This uncertainty is
mainly due to the historical tradition by which the police have carried out a
variety of services throughout the centuries, and the concept of policing in
its theoretical context has never been properly defined.
It must be remembered that policing is very closely concerned with the
concepts of social control and order. Social order is a pattern of harmonious
individual security)".
It stands to reason that maintenance of order includes law enforcement
(Skolnick 1968: 10). Myren (Radelet 1977: 46), Blanchard (1975: 140),
Wilson (1968: 4) and the average policeman see law enforcement as the
main content of the police role. Wilson (1968: (2): 408) defines this
function as the application of legal sanctions, generally by way of arrest
and the gathering of evidence for submission to the judicative authority (i.e.
ROLE FULFILMENT
There are clear functional guidelines and principles for activities geared to
protection (prevention) and suppression (repressive control) aspects
such as patrolling and criminal investigation are discussed in detail in the
course of your study although the way in which this role has to be
fulfilled is not clearly spelled out.
The police are symbols of order, and the community has a guarantee that
the constitutional rights of every individual will be protected, irrespective
of race or social class (Van Heerden 1976: 15); this means that the task of
policing has to be carried out in such a way that order is reinforced by
respect for individual rights. Police activities can not be carried out in an
arbitrary way that simply carries out the functional content of the police
role. They are always subject to the principle that the police function is
delegated to the State in order that interests may be equally (Skolnick 1966:
6): Police authority and power (delegated by the public) equals protection.
Justice under the law can exist only when judicial standards are applied
fairly and impartially. Impartiality, fairness and equality before the law are
the cornerstones of the sovereignty of the law. Acceptable maintenance of
order also requires that the sovereignty of the law be served as an end in
itself. It is essential for this attitude to be reflected in all police activity
(Van Heerden 1976: 59-60), regardless of resulting attitudes towards the
actualisation of the role content.
proactive
Law enforcement
or
positive significance
significance
Refers to police service that is to say Refers to police force that is to say
support and aid
arrest and prosecution
Practitioner friend, advisor and officer Practitioner repressor, enforcer and
of the peace
enemy
Considerable room for discretion, e.g. Little or no room for discretion action
warnings for minor offences
strictly according to the letter of the law
Efficiency not measurable in statistical Efficiency statistically measurable
terms is measured by:
number
(a)
absence of crime
convictions, etc.
(b)
(c)
degree
of
support
of
arrests,
prosecutions,
from
community; and
(d)
partnership in goal achievement
Needs cooperation from public
of the police
Order maintenance not the police's sole Geared to coersive control
responsibility geared to voluntary
obedience to law
Executed by means of functional acts Carried out by means of specialisation,
preventive
activities,
Styles of policing
The operation of a police force is closely linked with the "war style"
advocated by Hopkins (1931: 32). This style is based on the theory that the
police are the first line of defence. A criminal is therefore an "enemy" to be
combated at all costs and in any way whatsoever. Any method is justified
for the winning of the "war" even the administration of punishment
which is not, in terms of the tripartite doctrine, the police function. This
style is to be deplored and is a violation of the true meaning of policing.
After a careful study of the way in which various police forces carry out
their roles, Wilson (1968: 140-226) identified three styles (Van Heerden
1976: 106-107):
Watchman style
The main characteristics are:
discretionary action
Legalistic style
The emphasis in this case is on:
law enforcement
statistics.
Service style
This style of policing is a synthesis of the watchman and legalistic styles.
Its main characteristics are:
The proposed model: The staff cadre of the first line. It is demanded by
the new challenges. e. g. the evolution of the organized crime especially
this committed by armed groups as the terrorist groups are. Consequently
permit me to focus to another matter parenthetically, in order to give a
distinguish explanation for the new model. This parenthesis has to do with
modus operandi, of the armed groups. By an anatomy (made personally)
during my 25 years career in Police (senior officer) dealing with
antiterrorism and was examining over than one thousand deeds
(internationally), analysing them by an anatomy way the following were
concluded:
Every armed deed follows a formula which includes 20 maneuverings,
which comes before the deed and some of them follow it. They have as
next:
First: The group examines all the data and makes the decision for the deed.
Second: In order to act safely the group takes measures in order to achieve
and to exploit a sudden deed.
Third: The target must be kept sleepy. For that reason various other and
different threats are distributed.
Fourth: The 4th manoeuvring supports the third. It is the dissimulation. The
members of the group that deal with the following (watching) the target
show other interests.
(Davis 1971: 25-26). Without discretion it is not possible to carry out the.
police role in a meaningful way.
More (1975: 81) defines discretion as consideration, good judgment, the
freedom to make decisions and the ability to form a judgment. It can result
in action or in a decision not to act. This decision must never be influenced
by class differences: this would violate the principle of equality before the
law. Discretion in such a case would look like discrimination. If policemen
do not constantly bear this in mind, the entire system of justice as well as
the police are in danger of being seen in an unfavourable light.
Note that discretion covers a wide area:
private settlement
disinterestedness
lack of involvement
triviality of cases
Institutional discretion
Line discretion
It is the line functionary who most often has to decide whether to exercise
discretion or not. Apart from departmental policy or the insistence of
seniors, his judgment is also affected by:
ROLE RESTRICTIONS
The system of roles, each embodying a specific commission in the
actualisation of the social ideal, requires that each role should be
concentrated on a specific area and should require restricted powers for its
fulfilment. Police action is therefore restricted to what is associated with
the maintenance of formal social order. We need to be thoroughly
acquainted with the following.
way to legal control. To act outside the law is to exceed the limits of
authority and is not permissible. The police as directors of social
relationship (Bordua 1967: 26) also have the authority to take preventive
action against any manifestation of conflict that could result in disorder or
crime. This is closely linked with the obligation to carry out the basic
meaning of the law.
Power, on the other hand, is the right to apply methods within the limits
of authority to achieve this objective. This relates to the use of force to
extort obedience from others (Germann et al, 1962: 9) and to carry out
effectively the obligations that underly law enforcement. Restrictions to
these powers, with regard to arrest, search and interrogation are laid down
by criminal procedure. Hence, authority delineates the sphere of action,
while power is mainly concerned with the methods used to achieve the
objectives of authority. Accountability is the basic principle that underlies
the delegation of authority and power. A policeman is always accountable
to the authorities, to the role allocator (society) and to the institution. His
conduct must always be in accordance with the prescriptions and with the
expectations set in relation to it.
For our present purpose we need only note the distinction between
authority and power.
Individual rights
We have seen again and again that the maintenance of order must always
take place with due heed to individual rights to privacy, safety and
freedom. This obligation underlies the delegation of authority by society to
government. A portion of individual freedom is relinquished on the
understanding that rights will be protected and respected. In fact, the
division of judicialy powers and the clear prescriptions as to how these
powers are to be exercised are based on this respect for individual rights
(Wessels 1962: 20 and B.R.No5).
Safeguards for the upholding of rights are in the nature of a statement of
immunities rather than, a set of demands. These immunities comprise a
promise to bring about freedom and to replace unnecessary fears by peace
of mind (Van Heerden 1976: 60).
Inroads on individual rights to privacy, freedom and safety are therefore
justified only when claims to these rights would interfere unduly with the
rights of others (Le Grande 1967: 399), with order, and with national peace
and order (Coffey et al. 1971:84).
After studying the restrictions placed on role fulfilment, you must note that
the sovereignty of the law and the thirteen principles of policing that
generally apply in democratic societies also have a restrictive action. Study
all this along with the above portion.
high and low status, wealth and poverty and other unequal distributions of
desired commodities
cultural
institutions
schools,
churches,
judicial
system,
admonition
(2)
guidance which conditions attitude in such a way that rules and regulations
for the promotion of self-discipline are internalised
(3)
SUMMARY
There is no doubt that the police play a far-reaching role in society. Its
importance to society, its complex nature and the heterogeneous
environment it serves are likewise beyond doubt. What is not always clear
is the meaning of that role in relation to the maintenance of good
relationships.
CHAPTER 3
General obligations
The Police personnel:
a. Shall serve the people and perform its duties in accordance with
the Constitution and laws.
b. Is obliged to respect human dignity and protect human rights of
people both as individuals and as members of society.
c. Shall always act with a view to securing public order and safety,
serving public interest and guaranteeing citizens legitimate interests.
d. Shall act, while carrying out its duties, guided by the principles of
legitimacy, proportionality, leniency, good public governance, non discrimination and respect of peoples diversity.
available means, in particular those that are likely to harm public health.
Police shall use firearms only in cases provided for by law and shall
immediately report the incident.
f. Shall act with a view to maintaining and reestablishing public
order and safety in order to secure respect of all citizens human rights and
smooth social living, crime prevention and combat, protection of
democracy by avoiding behaviors that may lead to conflict and enforce
only the necessary rights restrictions envisaged by law.
g. Shall confirm the violations of the law without any discrimination
guided by sound judgment, calmness and politeness. Police shall explain
the violation committed by the violator, as well as his / her rights as clearly
as possible in order to clear up doubts by avoiding disputes and
exaggerations.
h. Shall protect the private and family life of individuals and
intervene when necessary in accordance with the procedures provided for
by law in order to serve legal and specific causes. Police personnel shall
respect confidentiality as far as top secret incidents or information are
concerned, as well as in case of incidents or information obtained while on
duty or due to their police status, either these concern police matters or they
refer to the private and family life and in general to personal matters of
citizens, unless lifting of confidentiality is permitted by law.
his / her defense, in particular through legal assistance of his / her counsel.
Those who do not understand the speaking language shall be informed
in a language that they understand by way of interpretation or by any
other available means.
c. Shall behave appropriately towards the arrested persons, suspects,
witnesses and persons inflicted damage and shall not use force or pressure
of any form in order to obtain information.
d. Shall protect persons inflicted damage and witnesses, in particular
when there is danger of them being intimidated. Police shall also take
seriously in mind the mental health, specific occasion and interests of
victims of sexual exploitation or molestation, trying as much as possible
to limit the victims secondary victimization.
e. Shall act according to domestic law during inspection and every
kind of search, showing special care and decency and avoiding any
publicity. In particular, Police shall make sure that during body and home
searches the personality and private life of the persons involved are
respected and that any disturbance not necessary is avoided.
out the public in a quick, unhampered and easy way can be possible. Police
shall also improve the relations between police and citizens. In particular,
police personnel shall immediately examine citizens requests that relate to
offences and incidents of police interest and offer their legal assistance
without any delay.
2. Among the everyday duties of the police personnel are the
following: dealing with the citizens needs with humanity, modesty,
social awareness and flexibility, avoidance of formalism, demonstrating
initiatives and adopting practical measures in order to avoid injustices
and succeed in dealing with them effectively. Furthermore, the police
personnel shall create relations of common trust, cooperation and social
consent.
3. Among the basic parameters of Police behaviour are the
following: avoiding prejudice based on colour, sex, ethnicity, ideology,
religion, sexual orientation, age, disability, marital status, economic
and social position or any other personal distinguishing characteristic.
4. The police personnel shall show special care in particular for the
protection of children, women, over - aged and disabled people, refugees,
members of ethnic minorities and in general persons of vulnerable social
groups. The police personnel shall offer assistance to pregnant women,
women in childbed, sick persons and persons in need. In particular, Police
shall show minors understanding and humanity shall protect them from
damaging effects and dangers to which they may be exposed. Police shall
also deal with minors with exceptional sensibility in case they have
violated the law, as well as minors and women refugees or victims or
physical, psychological or sexual violence or exploitation.
personally responsible for his / her actions or omissions and may also be
held responsible for carrying out illegal or anti - constitutional orders.
e. Shall facilitate the investigations and controls conducted by
judicial, administrative and independent administrative authorities.
f. Fully cooperate with civil servants of other public Services while
on duty, as well as representatives of public bodies, institutions and
organizations in order to serve public and social interest.
g. Shall reject any effort of bribery and shall in general behave and
live by setting the example of a good citizen and uncorrupted police officer.
h. Shall not use his / her position in order to gain personal advantage
or favour the interests of third parties, neither shall he / she allow to his /
her relatives or friends to use directly or indirectly the police officers
status in order to promote their interests.
i. Shall deal with austerity and fight against any act of corruption and
report such an act to the competent authorities.
j. Shall show an honourable behaviour while on duty and shall not
accept directly or indirectly any present or free services, also imposing the
same behaviour to his / her close relatives.
k. Shall not take part while off duty in activities and shall not
proceed to any action that may harm his / her police officer status.
CHAPTER 4
Principles of organisation
Objective determination
The objective can be seen as the definition of both a goal and the criteria
that can be applied to measure the extent to which the goal is realized. You
should also concisely differentiate the three forms of objectives, from
which it can be deduced that objective determination and formulation is not
a static process, but a dynamic one.
Objective determination can be singled out justifiably as the fundamental
organizational principle ( first among equals ) since it gives rise to and,
owing to its fluid character, pervasively influences all the other.
Distribution of work
Try to answer the following questions on the course of your discussion:
what is understood by distribution of work?
What is the connection between this concept and that of
organization?
Chain of command
The chain of command, that is, the vertical hierarchy of power, again
subsumes the organization both as a whole and as a collection of similar
(homogeneous), interrelated units. Consequently ot forms part of the
cohesive force that maintains organisiatonal unity. The terms chain of
command, power and authority are closely related, and thyis
relationship must be studied and explained in details. You will notice that
these terms are complementary and that a delicate balance must be
preserved between them.
Unity of command
You will notice that the principles of unity of command and the chain of
command are inextricably bound up with each other. Define unity of
command and explain how it relates to the chain of command. It is
important to note that the principle of unity of command applies only to
subordinates coming directly under someones command and not to
supervisors in commanding positions
Control team
Define the principle denoted by this term. Note that it has both a psychic
and a physical component. Indicate the factors that influence the control
team and the nature of the influence.
Delegation
This is a crucial principle that is unequivocally bound up with the other
principles. Any institution reflects a formal and identifiable structure. This
is known as the organiziatonal structure or internal occupational
environment in which the organizations processes are aimed at relating its
goal.
of
job
satisfaction
and
morale.
Delegation
implies
responsibilities for both the delegates and the delegated. Delegation can
never be absolute, in other words, responsibility can never be delegated.
Since delegation operates within this restriction, it is obvious that only part
of a superiors authority can be delegated downloads.
Delegation should therefore be seen as a means of facilitating the work of
an organization and of maintaining and promoting efficiency within an
institution.
In closing
Max Webers exposition of the bureaucratic model as pyramid with a
horizontal (H) and a vertical(V) level be presented simplistically as
follows:
Horizontal level
D = delegation
Cc = chain of command
Sc = span of control
Vertical
Level
CHAPTER 5
Alphabetically
opening the dams. The big army of French famous general Voban was
withdrawn unachieved.
organization effectively. Some are charged with the hard core of the
function (e. g. security services providing by a security company),
some others deal with supporting activities for the hard core, (e. g.
advisory studies, logistics e. t. c.).
These four features enabled persons at the top of the pyramid to mobilise
all the members of the other levels, to dream and to achieve the goals not
efficiently but effectively.
These 4 pillars
four basic management functions. They are the most important steps in the
management process, in which all managers are engaged.
These 4 basic functions are:
Planning: It means to define organizations goals, to establish and develop
strategies, to choose the most proper for achieving the goals and to develop
a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate not only an strategical level
but an operational and tactical (scene) level, coordinating all the activities
(on different levels) effectively.
(Intr. To Management: 5,Kostoulas 1984:2,Susan van Eck in Du Preez:142)
Organising: It concerns works division into manageable component and
coordinating results to achieve objectives (Intr. Mment: 5).
Leading: The direction and the coordination of the workers motivating
them with deep communication and conflict solving (Intr. To Mment: 6)
Controlling: It concerns the monitoring of the activities in order to be
ensured that these activities are transacting according the plan and to
correct any significant deviation. (Intr. to Mment:6)
The six additional management Junctions are:
Decision-making: Is the process whereby alternative solutions to a problem
are purpose fully considered and the best of them is chosen after
considering the consequences and advantages and disadvantages of each
alternative. (Intr. To Mment: 6).
1/(C+R)
2/(C+R)
3/(C+R)
4
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
D=Non
managerial employees/personnel.
terminology is reported for the scene of activity (on the field) and
operational level coordinate and support the activities on the real scene. It
is the European aspect. I made the frame because its only a note.
(i)Human resource management , (ii) Purchasing management (iii)
Production management (iv) Administration management, (v) Marketing
management,
(vi)
Financial
management
(vii)
Public
relations
management.
G. M. = General Management. It is referred to the tasks of leading which is
performed at all levels of management.
Management having been relied upon the 4 pillars of organization, has been
marked out as a composite and complex business function. Analyzing it
deeply by the help of our cognitive and affective domain, we are able to say
that by the term management we mean the General Management linked
to different managerial functions on the different levels of management,
creating a secure environment for the business, giving life and future. It
has the same moral pedestal with police and security because they feed the
life with negative entropia (order). Managers independently if they act as
first line, middle levels, top managers, are generalists. Consequently they
ought to have many competencies (technical, conceptual, interpersonal and
political) in order to perform effectively their demanded roles,
(Interpersonal, decision making, information) in other words to be effective
in managing. First line managers play an important role because they know
the strategic plan and act between the operational and the tactical level
guiding the base personnel on the real field of the business. They (as the
other managers of the top and middle level, liberate people (workers) from
their needs instead to press them to act, and communication is the keyword. Management is assorted with security function. This is the point of
conduct that in concept of Management the Integrated Border Management
is included. About the IBM please see the next Chapter 6.
CHAPTER 6
Intra-service co-operation.
Inter-agency co-operation.
International co-operation.
services
active
at
the
border,
as
well
as
the
central
Cross border surveillance and hot pursuit are performed in accordance with
Act
illegal
immigration
by
implementing
an
overall
border
decisions are made under its direct authority. The mission statement is to
have coherent legislation, a clear training-concept, sufficient equipment,
functioning internal coordination, bilateral and international cooperation.
There is however, no written policy plan or memorandum of understanding,
nor is there a political or strategic coordination body representing the other
involved Ministries, especially with the Ministries of Finance( Customs)
and of Foreign Affairs.
Regional and local strategy is developed on the basis of available data that
is analyzed in order to create the possibility for adjustments on all different
levels, at any time.
Policy decisions are furthermore made on the basis of the risk analyses
periodical (weekly, monthly, yearly) situation reports are made at several
levels.
(5) Professionalism
(6) Availability and permanency
EUROPOL
INTERPOL
SIRENE
Human trafficking
Fugitive pursuit
Financial crime
SCHENGEN CATALOGUES
Recommendations
Series of measures which should make it possible to establish a
basis for the correct application of the Schengen acquis and for monitoring
it.
Best practices
Set of working methods which must be considered as the optimal
application of the Schengen acquis.
Border Management
This concept covers both the border checks and border surveillance.
Border checks
Checks carried out at authorized Border Crossing Points - BCPs. It
should be noted that checks on persons shall include not only the
verification of travel documents and the other conditions for entry,
residence, work and exit but also checks to detect and prevent threats to the
national security and public policy of the Schengen States. Such checks
shall also be carried out on vehicles and objects in the possession of
persons crossing the border.
Border surveillance
Surveillance carried out between authorized BCPs.
Land Borders
A security fence must be erected around the controlled area.
Entry and exit barriers must be installed, which must be monitored.
Separate lanes for the different types of traffic must be constructed
(pedestrians, commercial vehicles and non commercial vehicles, buses etc.
must be channeled separately as far possible tollgate system).
Incoming and outgoing traffic must be separated.
Facilities for searching persons and goods must be made available
at points where such searching takes place.
Border checks to be carried out in special control booths from
which officers can observe the queue of passengers. Control booths should
face the passengers.
Storage facilities for seized or detained goods must be available
(warehouse).
Adequate parking facilities must be made available.
General Criteria
Before the designation of a BCP all the relevant Ministries /
authorities must be in agreement.
Airports
A proper security fence must be erected around a defined controlled
area which must be monitored. A controlled area can be defined as that area
which includes the terminal building, the runway and apron. Access to the
area will be limited to the terminal building by the public.
All passengers and crew must go through the main terminal
building. All international passengers must personally pass through Border
Police and Customs on arrival departure.
Official hours of the airport will be determined in conjunction with
the relevant Services active at the airport. However officials must be duty
during official hours. Official hours must be publicly displayed.
No aircraft may take off or land after official hours for international
flights.
Sea Borders
The responsible Authority of the harbour must ensure that suitable
accommodation is provided for Border Police, Customs and other officials.
Border Police, Customs and policing must always be housed within
the port limits terminal.
No ships may leave or enter the port outside official working hours.
The harbour authorities must report all shipping movements to
Border Police, Customs and other responsible Authorities.
No foreign going vessels may call on non designated harbours.
SPECIFIC
TASKS
OF
BORDER
CONTROL
IN
EUROPEAN
The Border Police assists in enforcing laws which regulate security, and in
particular (as the practice has shown in Europe). An overview has as
follow:
(1) Monitors entry into and exit from the state area through passport
control and Aliens Police checks (e.g. Austria, Albania, Hungary,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, etc.).
(2) Takes care of security management in the area of weapons,
ammunition and explosives (e.g. Austria).
(3) Assists the other Police branches within the framework of border
control and surveillance especially in areas such as combating cross
border crimes like illegal immigration, people trafficking, vehicle
trafficking, illegal transport and dealing in drugs and weapons (e.g.
Austria, Hungary, Slovak Republic etc.).
(4) Applies other state regulations within the framework of border and
surveillance (e.g. Austria, etc.).
(5) Carries out customs controls when timely intervention of customs is
not possible (e.g. Austria, etc.).
(11)
Belgium).
(16)
waters, (carried out for example by the Port and Marine Police as
well as the Police Air-wing e.g. Cyprus, Greece, Poland).
(21)
Czech Republic).
(22)
(23)
(Schengen countries).
(24)
(25)
(27)
this kind of patrol is anticipated for the Federal Border Police and
the Federal Customs Administration) as well as overt and covert use
of air security patrols and the pre-control of flights as it is happens in
Germany , Netherlands.
(28)
their entry taking in mind the tragedy of these people (As in Greece
for example).
(30)
(32)
(33)
Yugoslavia) (B.R.No3).
The Border Police Demands arising from practice, have concluded in the
following unities which are courses of Border Police personnel training.
They are:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(9)
RISK ANALYSIS
Risk Analysis & Risk Management
The Risk Analysis, answers to the question of choice of
"countermeasures" that will offer protection of proportional hazards that
threatens the object.
Definitions of terms
Accident: it is an undesired and unplanned event that leads to injury,
damage, or other loss.
Harm: the range of health status from unwell to death as well as any
physical or psychological ill health, damage to property, production of a
combination of any of these factors.
Hazard: something with the potential to cause harm.
Risk: the likelihood that the harm from a particular hazard has been
realized or identified. Risk reflects both the likelihood and the severity of
the harm.
Risk extension: the numerity of people affected and the
consequences for them. The likelihood of them is causing harm.
Safety: condition where risks have been controlled to the level
required by specific regulation.
Vulnerability: The formula pf vulnerability has been devised and
developed by prof. Van der Westhuizen (1990) and it is V= S*B/C
Results
Review and introduction of any corrective actions
R=PXC
More analytically, the probability to occur an event of safety could
be considered as the function of the probability of appearance of a threat
and the relative sensitivity, that is to say weakness of the object to prevent
from the threat. Respectively, the cost of the occurrence of an event could
be appreciated according to the financial incidence that will produce the
damage to the object.
If we compare Risk Analysis with the evaluation of an investment,
which is certain that assess seriously Risk, we would realise that the
evaluation of an investment is a more complicated process that takes into
account much more criteria.
With the comparison above, we want to show that Risk Analysis of
different objects requires different methodology and different criteria each
time.
PART IV
Functional police science/Functional Border Policeology
INTRODUCTION
Policing does not mean the same thing to everybody, and expectations with
regard to it vary and sometimes conflict. A policeman is really a kind of
walking Rorschach ink blot. His professional equipment uniform,
handcuffs, weapons and fine book make up a mantle of symbolism that
stimulates fantasy and projection. Mothers use him as a bogy man to make
children eat their food or behave properly. Children associate him with
gangster games. Teenagers behind steering wheels go rigid with anxiety
when they see a patrol car. To people in trouble he is a rescuer, to
transgressors an implacable persecutor. At one moment he is a friend and
hero, the next an enemy and monster.
Some people see the policeman as a personal instrument to be manipulated
in their own interests. To others he is an instrument of society to ensure
harmony, peace and quiet; to yet others he is an instrument of government
and stands for oppression, baasskap and power.
There are many to whom the policeman is a symbolic representative or
useful peg on which to hang their personal conscience. To evade this inner
policeman/authority tension, the troubled conscience is projected onto the
PUNITIVE PREVENTION
Although the police have no punitive powers, they are an integral part of
the punitive process, which also contains an underlying element of reform.
The process starts with the arrest of the offender. However, arrest or its
alternatives should not be seen as a form of punishment but merely as a
measure to ensure the presence of the offender at his trial. It should take
place in such a way that even at this early stage the offender becomes
aware that it is in his own interests and in the interests of society, and in
such a way as to persuade him to relinquish his antisocial behaviour.
One often hears that the police have no duties in the area of rehabilitation.
The humane treatment of offenders often has more effect on their state of
mind, and greater deterrent value, than the punishment they undergo. Good
judgment is essential: it is a question of applying the law with discretion.
The cardinal principle is that each offender must be dealt with as an
individual for ensurance of the end purpose of law: an ordered society.
Misapplication of discretion or none at all can bring the police and the
entire judicial system into disrepute.
Apart from being a visible symbol of protection, the police are also a
potential symbol of negative punishment. The general deterrent value of
this is directly proportionate to the effectiveness of crime detection, and the
likelihood of succeeding in tracing, prosecuting and punishing criminals.
However, people are not equally deterred. There are variations in personal
disposition, and not all crimes are equally detectable. Success in crime
reduces the fear of detection, with the result that the deterrent value of
reactive action is also reduced. Bear in mind the growing crime rate and the
relatively low rate of success in detection, and it should be clear that this
form of prevention is of limited value.
CORRECTIVE PREVENTION
Policing is a community service created and rendered by people to people
in a man-made environment. Police officers are in constant interaction with
virtually all institutions and groups in this environment. The interaction
process com prises a mutual influence that can either promote or hamper
relationships.
The police have no control over the economic, sociological and political
factors that make up the differentiated environment or over the associated
psychological implications of prejudiced perceptions and attitudes. As
visible representatives of the authority structure, the police cannot
dissociate themselves from those environmental factors that affect attitudes
and conduct. Indifference would confirm negative perceptions and
prejudices, and would damage the partnership. Relationships can be
consolidated, and cooperation and sup port obtained, only when attitudes
are transformed by sym pathetic, unbiased, fair and equal treatment for all.
We live in a time when subversive elements are ready to exploit conditions
that give rise to dissatisfaction. When one remembers that the police have
the task of managing social relations, it stands to reason that all police
activity must be aimed at the consolidation, by positive action, of relation
ships between groups, and between individuals and the State. While the
police are not in a position to transform the negative effects of a particular
active
CREATIVE PREVENTION
What is needed is an environment in which all members of society feel
themselves to be involved with the problem of crime; they need to
understand that this is so essential an element of police activity that a
separate prevention category seems superfluous. However, the education of
MECHANICAL PREVENTION
This form of prevention refers particularly to physical obstacles such as
locks, fences and barriers placed in the way of criminals, and to
technological aids such as alarms, detectors, closed-circuit television and
concealed cameras for the detection of suspected criminals. The aim of all
these aids is to make crimes more difficult to commit and to root out the
idea that it is possible to get away with crime.
PREVENTION UNIT
It is clear from all this that crime prevention cannot be seen as the sole
responsibility of a special prevention unit. It is essentially the task of all
line functionaries involved in the total area of police performance. The line
functionary is limited by his individual obligations, and a coordinating unit
therefore becomes essential. A prevention unit can render valuable
auxiliary services such as:
the planning of crime research and study to relate the nature and
observation services
links with community councils and other bodies that can give real
using all communication media to inform the public and obtain their
cooperation
of line functions
If we go along with the axiom that every society has the crime it deserves,
it is equally true that every society has the police force it deserves. By
implication, every police system has the crime it deserves. When a police
system fails to organise for crime prevention as its primary priority, and to
use all its available energy (people and resources) for this purpose in a
meaningful way; or when a community takes the view that the police
perform an inferior service on which it is possible to economise by way of
inadequate manpower, low salaries and insufficient resources, this
multiplies the direct and indirect losses (in money as well as lives), and
results in disorder, unrest and insecurity.
Concerning the Borders, the follow chapters 2 and 3 illustrates the
European General Provision and the main points on the implementation of
state border control according the European standards.
CHAPTER 2
Meaning terms
The following terms shall have the following meanings:
traffic takes place solely from and to the territories of the Contracting
States.
8. After the entry into force of the Convention implementing the
Schengen Agreement in the Republic of Albania a direct flight
between the states to which the provisions of the Convention
implementing the Schengen Agreement apply shall be considered an
internal flight
9. After the entry into force of the Convention implementing the
Schengen Agreement in the Republic of Albania direct regular ferry
and passenger sailing between the states to which the provisions of
the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement apply shall
be considered internal maritime transport.
10.Established international practice shall be the rules of general
practice and generally recognized rules applying to the content and
issues governed by a relevant Act of the Republic of Albania.
The police shall be responsible for conducting state border control with the
cooperation of customs and other authorities.
Police power
In order to conduct state border control, border police has the powers laid
down by Constitution, Laws and other acts.
In order to conduct state border control the police may, if special powers
are not provided separately by Acts or regulations, adopt and implement
other measures required to prevent risks that in specific cases constitute a
direct threat to public safety and order, particularly to the life and health of
people and to property.
The police may set up signs with warnings and other notices, or install and
use technical devices for conducting state border control or set up barriers
preventing illegal crossing of state border. The maintenance of signs and
other notices shall be the responsibility of the police
Border Police may, when necessary for performing its tasks according the
laws, enter on and drive through land irrespective of its ownership.
Owners and possessors of land must permit free passage for the unhindered
implementation of state border control tasks.
Crossing the state border shall mean any movement of people across the
state border.
The state border, and after the entry into force of the Convention
implementing the Schengen Agreement the state border that is not an
internal border, may be crossed only at border crossings designated for that
purpose in accordance with the intended use of border crossings during the
determined hours and within the determined extent.
Internal borders may be crossed without border checks anytime and at any
place, except of special order and security
Should the maintenance of public order or national security so require, the
minister responsible for internal affairs may order the certain parts of the
internal border be temporarily crossed only at the provisional border
crossings determined for that purpose, and order that border checks be
performed. The order shall be published in the media.
Transit traffic
Persons crossing the state border by air transport shall not be subject to
border checks:
of
activities
based
on
international
agreements;
- Agricultural, forestry and other works and tasks of wider
public interest
Passengers and other persons at the border crossing and the border-crossing
zone must observe the instructions and orders issued by officials of the
agency performing border checks.
Obligations of a shipmaster
Border check
Right to be present
The owner of a vehicle and the owner of goods possessing them shall have
the right to be present at the inspection and examination.
Detention of a person
Border Police may detain a person for a responsible time according the law,
intending to cross or having already crossed the border line if there is
reason to suspect that this person has illegally crossed the state border and
detention is required in order to establish all necessary facts and
circumstances of the crossing of the state border concerned, or in order not
to admit a foreign person not meeting the conditions for admission to
Republic of Albania, and who cannot for justified grounds be immediately
directed from Republic of Albania.
The detained person must be immediately informed of the grounds for
detention.
caught illegally crossing the state border, shall be performed a border check
in the area where this person was apprehended.
A border check or part of border check may be performed, if so determined
by an international agreement, in the territory of another state or on the
train that has crossed or will cross the state border.
Personal data
The following personal data may be collected and kept in the records
referred to in the first indent of the preceding Article: name and surname,
date and place of birth, residence, citizenship, data on the travel document,
place, time and direction of the crossing of the state border, and
fingerprints, palm prints, data on other physical identification features, if
taken.
The personal data are kept for such period of time that laws anticipate.
Penal provisions
They are anticipated by the relevant laws.
CHAPTER 3
The Border police cadres that detect or find out about a suspicion of a
border incident shall immediately take all the necessary measures to secure
information system and that they hold a valid document for crossing the
state border, shall be checked only occasionally in order to verify whether
they are carrying a document required for border crossing.
This shall apply primarily to persons that frequently cross the state border
at the same crossing. An unexpected thorough border control shall be made
on such persons in sporadic intervals.
of passengers and to duly announce the departure of the ship, at least two
hours before the planned departure time.
When controlling the travel documents or other documents for the
identification of the passenger and crew members on ships in international
maritime traffic, the identity of all persons on the ship shall be verified by
comparing the data in the travel documents or other documents for the
identification of persons on the ship with the data from the list of
passengers and the list of the crew members.
CHAPTER 4
Omnipresence
The principle (strategy) of omnipresence relates to the traditional
perspective on policing, in which social order is maintained while the
primary emphasis is on prevention as a fundamental objective. Thus
policing strives to create an ideal situation characterized by the absence of
crime. Omnipresence is the strategy of police proactionism.
A criminal act follows the coincidence of an individual desire to commit a
crime (crime predisposition) and the belief that the opportunity exists to
commit that crime (crime precipitation) without fear of detection (Botha,
Coetrer, Van Vunren, 1982: 152,153)
The principle of omnipresence means that the police try to protect and
reassure citizens by means of their visible presence. They endeavour to
give the impression that they are actively present, everywhere.
Their objective is therefore to
Eliminate real opportunities for committing crime
Change the belief of alleged offenders that there are opportunities for
the successful perpetration of crime
The components of the principle of omnipresence may be distinguished:
Actual, visible and physical police involvement and protection
A theoretic-philosophic nucleus
If crime is caused by the coincidental presence of both predisposing and
precipitating factors, it follows that the prevention of crime has to be
directed to eliminating both types of factors. It is especially in respect of
the precipitating factors (opportunities for crime) that patrol is important.
The illusion of omnipresence is of much importance
Visibility is the initial starting point
Omnipresence relies on a distinctive uniform and/or patrol car and
constant, irregular patrols
There is however also a hidden factor:
The use of unidentifiable policemen/policewomen and unmarked patrol
vehicles can create the impression of police presence even though
prospective criminals and law-abiding citizens cannot see them. Since
omnipresence is practically impossible to achieve (Van Heerden 1986:172)
(2)
(3)
The larger areas are patrolled by vehicles while foot patrols take to the
streets.
Vehicle and foot patrols then meet at a particular point, move to a different
suburb and repeat the process. This method can create the illusion of
omnipresence despite limited personnel.
Operationalising the illusion of omnipresence
police on patrol (and, thus, the impression that the police are present
although not visible to the public) becomes questionable.
Perceptual interpretation
The illusion of omnipresence does not imply constant visibility but rather a
perceptual interpretation that such visibility does in fact exist. As a
result the prospective offender develops relative feelings of relative
uncertainty, as well as a relative inability to predict the potential
favourability or unavoidability of the opportunity for crime.
CHAPTER 5
Patrol
Patrol is an instrument to prevent crime. The word patrol is
derived from the French word patrouiller which, literally translated, means
to paddle or puddle in the mud on foot (Chapman 1965, Hale 1977,
Caldwell 1972, in Bibl. Report No 2).
Broadly speaking, patrol means the deployment of policemen in
society to prevent and deter criminal activity and to promote service to the
public (clientele).
Patrol is also part of preventive policing, which is directed primarily
at crime prevention. Although some police institutions refuse the
importance of patrol, it is nonetheless the pivotal function of policing: the
success (and efficacy) of police institutions depends mainly on the efficacy
of patrol activities. The responsibilities of patrol units, summarized by the
slogan we protect and we serve, comprise the following:
the prevention of crime
the preservation of public peace and order
the protection of life and property
the tracing of offenders
the rendering of specific community services
Objectives of patrol
Before turning to patrol objectives, we need to note specific details
about the role of a patrolman.
In the efficient achievement of his objectives, a patrolman depends
on a clear, written institutional policy defining the role of a patrolman as
such, and giving the operational objectives and priorities associated with
the efficient implementation of patrol activities in minimizing the crime
problem. In this respect police leaders are also responsible for the
maintenance of a policy which
(1) will be recognized by the patrol unit as the institutions primary
service to the clientele and to crime prevention;
(2) will ensure maximum efficiency in the service rendered by patrol
units;
(3) will ensure that the appropriate resources will be utilized as
effectively as possible in the implementation of fundamental police
functions;
(4) will ensure that patrol carry out only those tasks that are relevant
to the police objective;
(5) will emphasize the need for preventive patrol that can eliminate
opportunities for crime;
(6) will implement public information programmes to make available
information about institutional policy with regard to the service function of
the police, and to make ample provision for greater involvement in crime
prevention (Bibl. Report No 2, 3, 4, 5, 18).
Protection
The patrolmans protective function is largely focused on the image
of omnipresence. Broadly speaking, his role as protector involves the
Reassurance
The public feel a sense of security from the knowledge that the patrol
unit has certain duties entrusted to it and from the understanding that these
duties are carried out faithfully. When a patrolman fails to carry out his
patrol duties properly, he destroys this sense of security, and violates the
trust placed in him and in the total institution.
This feeling of reassurance is brought about by the mere sight of a
patrolman in uniform. The visibility of the patrolman is of the greatest
importance, since the success of proactive policing depends on the degree
of visibility of the police. Patrolmen in uniform, or in an easily
recognizable patrol car, should be seen as often as possible and by as many
people as possible. This gives expression to the true philosophy of direct
deterrence, through the physical presence of police on patrol duty.
According a research of University Professor Mr. Maurice CUSSON
Traffic/crowd control
The police have an extreme important task in traffic and crowd
control, in aid during emergencies, and in the settlement of domestic
disputes, in Border Crossing Points etc..
The traffic control function is closely associated with the control of
crowds, demonstrations and riots, since traffic regulations should be
primarily directed at the prevention of traffic jams.-
The patrolman is usually the first person on the scene when police
attention is required. It is important for him to be self restrained and
calm, for he may have to deal with panic. In such cases the patrolman has
to take the initiative, since the public looks to him for advice (Bibl. Report
No 2, page 151).
Different types of patrol can be used for the above purposes. In most
cases patrol activities are assigned to specific patrol areas what is called
the beat. The size of a patrol unit is determined by the following:
(1) the type of area to be controlled (e.g. industrial or business area,
farm, holiday resort)
(2) the nature and extent of criminal activities in a given area
(3) the frequency (i.e. high or low intensity) of crime in a given
patrol area
Patrol in foot
Patrol in foot is one of the most expensive patrol methods, terms of
manpower deployment, but it has distinct advantages that justify its use,
even on a limited basis (According King in Bibl. Report No 2, pare 152):
Patrols awareness and interest, covers the whole action spectrum of
police service.
Advantages
(1) The foot patrolman is in a unique position to make face to face
contact with the clientele he serves, which enables him to promote and
expand police community relationships (partnership policing).
(2) Because of his first hand knowledge of the area he patrols, the
patrolman is in a position to build up information sources (informants).
(3) He is better acquainted with the physical features of his patrol
area (gaming houses, slums, vacant houses, vacant lots) than a mechanized
patrol could be.
(4) If he has adequate communication equipment while on patrol
(such as two way radios), he can react rapidly to almost any kind of
appeal from the public including low priority appeals.
(5) His knowledge of his patrol area enables him to identify and
eliminate possible crime precipitants (opportunities) in good time.
(6) A clearly visible policeman in a recognizable uniform not only
creates an image of initiative but improves the chance of crime prevention.
(7) Foot patrol has a greater deterrent effect with regard to
shoplifting, parking offences, vandalism and loitering.
(8) The foot patrolman, because of his availability in a given patrol
area, can give instant assistance in cases of traffic problems such as traffic
jams.
Disadvantages
(1) Mobility and area coverage are limited.
(2) Bad weather conditions are a handicap to certain patrol activities.
Vehicle patrol
The following are some of the factors influencing decisions to use
vehicle patrols:
(1) the size and physical layout of patrol areas
(2) the nature and positions of buildings
(3) the number (frequency) of pedestrians
(4) the types of obstacles in the patrol area
(5) the degree of patrol efficiency that is desired or needed
Advantages
(1) Speed and mobility help make it possible for the whole patrol
area to be served efficiently.
Disadvantages
(1) In patrol vehicles there is a lower level of observation, because of
the speed at which they move, and because they are confined to the streets.
(2) Persona1 contact with the c1iente1e is reduced and therefore
iso1ation is promoted.
Advantages
(1) The physical advantage of helicopters for patrol purposes is their
multidimensional mobility.
(2) Their psychological advantages, lies in the so called sense of
omnipresence: In five minutes, twenty people might see an officer on foot,
a hundred or so could see a patrol car, but thousands can see the helicopter
(Bibl. Report No 2, page 156), and the aircraft.
(3) The capacity of helicopters for rapid following and tracing of
suspects is a successful deterrent, particularly in cases of on the spot
arrest. A helicopter eliminates long, protracted pursuits, and the image of
the institution as such is enhanced.
(4) Information from the air enhances the efficiency of the
ordinary patrol unit (as in tracing stolen stock, and locating dagga fields or
missing persons).
(5) Air patrols can give protection to ground patrols and can also
supply them with first hand information about isolated areas and about
the rooftops of high buildings, which are normally not visible.
Disadvantages
(1) Poor weather conditions hamper the efficiency of this type of
patrol.
(2) It requires special training and special skills, which are
expensive.
Selective patrol
You should be aware that there is a distinct difference between
ordinary routine (general) patrol and selective patrol, and between selective
and saturation patrol. Routine or general patrol refers to the patrolling of a
given area or beat within a given period. Policemen are advised to patrol
randomly, make a conscious effort to avoid a pattern. There is no obvious
sequence, yet all areas are inspected within a certain time period.
Selective patrol, on the other hand, is the patrolling of a specific area
to reduce or eliminate a specific problem a high crime rate (armed
robbery and rape) or a high road accident rate through deliberate breaking
of specific traffic regulations, such as disregarding traffic lights.
Selective (planned) patrol entails thorough planning. The purpose of
this planning is to collect data about a specific problem in a specific area.
Summaries, spot maps and the graphic presentations of statistical data on a
particular problem are some of the aids needed for predictions, and for the
Saturation patrol
The main purpose of saturation patrolling is to maximize arrests and
to reduce a high crime rate. This strategy rests on two assumptions that
stepped up arrests will reduce a high crime rate, and that stepped up
patrol services will create an image of omnipresence that will deter
offenders.
The term high visibility patrol for the concept of saturation
patrolling, that is to say the saturation of high risk crime areas by means
of intensified patrolling. It follows that areas with a high frequency crime
rate are saturated by means of several patrols (i.e. sufficient manpower is
deployed in relation to the crime problem) until the problem has been
handled. Unlike selective patrolling, which is a refined technique based on
general or routine patrolling and geared mainly to proactive deployment of
preselected and well trained personnel, saturation patrolling is designed
for intensified reactive measures (arrests), patrolling specific portions of a
given patrol area which is subject to a crime wave with a view to
minimizing the high crime rate or eliminating it altogether.
Border Surveillance
Crime is a complex problem requiring complex preventive measures.
Along with various other preventive activities, patrolling remains the
cornerstone of crime prevention: it is the pivotal function of any police
institution and, by implication, of the entire judicial system. Patrolling is a
complex task with many dimensions. It is an integrated task of the total
partnership setup. The ways in which you carry out this task will ref1ect the
measure of public cooperation. More your behaviour on patrol will
determine to what extent justice is done to mutual police community and
passing by people relationships, irrespective of race and colour. You, the
patrol officer and representative of the state are responsible for upholding
the individual rights of each citizen and his rights to civil liberties.
The main purpose of surveillance is to prevent illegal border
crossings, to counter cross border criminality and to apply or to take
measures against individuals who have crossed the border illegally (Bibl.
Report No 16, 21).
Patrol team
The Border Police has the right to conduct physical searches of
persons, goods and vehicles within a zone of 10 km.
Means of patrol
Vehicles (all terrain, 4x4 WD).
Foot.
Dog Handling. Horses.
Aircrafts and helicopters.
Vessels, boats.
Equipping of patrols
A BP patrol consisting at minimum of two officers and a dog.
A patrolman should have:
Uniform suitable for whether and terrain conditions (field work).
Suitable weapons or firearms.
Binoculars (regular, night vision).
Maps.
Handcuffs.
Bullet proof.
Small first aid pack.
Notebook.
Patrol equipment comprising:
A terrain car.
SELF PREPARATION
1. Complete uniform
2. Clean uniform
3. Check your equipment
4. Know the law(basic elements of the penal code and of the code of
criminal procedure especially the sections protect yourself legally)
5. Know your responsibility
6. Know very well your responsible area
7. Know your specific tasks
8. Know the shift activities
9. Know the special or daily orders
10.Try to be afraid for an unforeseen event. Then make a scenario and
find several alternative solutions. Choose the most proper. (It is a
kind of a risk analysis on the self-level).
Patrol teams are aloud to leave their duty area (route) in case of:
Natural catastrophe and fire when due that kind of incidents the
duty area is endangering to their lives, or there are not any possibilities for
illegal border crossing any more.
When member(s) of patrol team is injured or fall ill and further
continuing the duties is not possible.
If it is necessary to give help for neighbour patrols.
On purpose, to catch illegal border crosser(s).
Save human lives.
From any kind of changes of duty area or route, ifs necessary to
inform immediately their unit.
Patrol team rights:
To move without any hindrances by foot or by vehicle in all public
temporary and private roads (coast tracks), on purpose to catch illegally
border crossed persons, also outside from roads without any permission of
the owner.
Check the documents and make search on the spot for persons,
goods or vehicles in case of suspense of breaking the border regime.
Stop the vehicle, check driver and car documents as well as cargo
papers and make searching in case of suspense of breaking the border
regime.
If necessary, transport suspicious persons to their office (unit) to
find out the person identity and to clear all circumstances.
Enter in case of suspense of crime, border regime breaks and illegal
border crosses, or to avoid these cases, into living facilities, buildings,
private properties and working places.
To give the first aid for injured people who are dislocated on duty
area. The unit has to be informed immediately.
Rest and have meal on duty according the rules.
Salute for the neighbour state border patrol.
Methods
Surveillance shall be carried out by mobile units which perform
their duties by patrolling or stationing themselves at places known or
perceived to be sensitive. Surveillance may also be carried out by technical
and electronic means.
The need of local surveillance should be evaluated on the basis of a
tactical risk analysis. Surveillance should be carried out in accordance with
Police tactical criteria, by appropriate numbers of staff working at
Observing
This is a fundamental method for guarding the border that has to be
carried out 24 hours a day in public or hidden way on purpose to discover
the border regime breaks.
Observing can be divided to technical or visual observing. For
technical observing can be used radiolocation or electronic equipment. For
visual observing can be used optical equipment.
Distance control
Controlling the borders from distance by using technical equipment
on purpose to discover any movements in the guarded area.
Document control
The purpose is to check the legality of border crossings, to discover
illegal border crossings and to clear on the wanted persons and vehicles.
Revision
It consists to search the persons, vehicles and goods on purpose to
discover illegal border crosiers, wanted persons and vehicles, and also to
discover contrabands or smuggled goods.
Lurking
It means; to be on the hidden position on the possible route (way)
of illegal border crosiers accordingly to the previous information on
purpose to catch the border regime breaker(s).
This activity must be co ordinated, unexpected and resolute.
A patrol team is transformed to lucking and a lucking to a patrol
team. It is the famous waylayed defense. Lucking rules are simple: wait
keep the arms Dont have a gap in your line keep silent. It is said
that these rules were introduced by Leon 6th the Wise (Bysantine Imperator
865-912).
Tracking
Decrease the space (distance) between the fugitive and patrol team
on purpose the offender be caught.
There must be all time continual change of information with unit
(station) or the operational centre about any change of situation during the
tracking.
Arresting
Resolute and quick action on purpose to force the lawbreaker or
suspicious person to come under patrolling team fully control, according
criminal procedure code, of the republic of Albania (Law 7905/1995).
The chief (deputy) of unit appoints the leader of the patrol team. He /
she must be experienced and to know well the patrolling area. The leader
will get instructions from the chief of the unit and from that moment on he /
she has to take all the responsibilities concerning the team and duties.
The team leader, after arrival on patrolling area, has to clear up the
members of the team all tasks and inform them about:
Route of patrolling.
Orders of movements on the way.
Places for observing and spot exploring.
Task demands.
Security demands.
Regime for communications between team members.
Orders, when to use arms or special equipment.
Discipline during the controlling or searching the persons or
vehicles.
Making observations:
Observation of the surrounding area
During the move, the patrol team must observe the surrounding area
on purpose to notice any movements. Special attention should be kept on;
Broken plants or broken twigs.
Injured trees.
Bent grass and overturned stones.
Tracks
If some track or indication of movements is discovered must be
cleared up.
Tracks identification
Size.
Type.
Patterns (What kind of track it is foot gear, vehicle track, snow or
water ski tracks, etc.).
Shape.
Track intelligence
Number of suspects or vehicles.
Kind of subjects.
Location and direction of the movement.
Time (how old it is).
Manners of movement.
Other signs
Any evidence that proves the passing of a person, vehicle, animals
Litter
Fire ashes
Broken twigs, bent grass overturned rocks etc.
Communication
The area between track and borderline must be controlled, also the
surrounding area. The unit must be informed. Information must be short
and simple;
When (In what time the track was discovered)?
Who (Who discovered the track)?
Where (Co ordinates)?
What (What has been discovered, is it illegal border crossing,
incoming or outgoing, is the border crossing fixed, etc)?
What has the team already done?
Swimming
When a suspicious person swims over the water;
Observe him / her and arrest on the moment he / she comes ashore.
Use a vehicle
When a suspicious person is using a vehicle;
Block the roads to avoid escape.
Arrest procedure
Another officer should assist in the arrest (at least two officers)
Assess the situation
Utilize the tactical L
Use cover if possible and needed
Keep a two meter distance between you and the suspect
Observe the suspect's hands
Handcuffing
Searching
Searching a suspect is done for:
officer safety
to find a weapon
contraband
evidence
Rules of searching
Position the suspect at a disadvantage
Obtain and maintain control
Stay alert, search the area where the suspect's hands may have
access, first
Begin from his hands and work down
Use the feel, crush and twist methods
Never put your hands in suspects pockets
Everything removed from suspect is secured (by another officer)
Remove the suspects weapons safely
(Bibl. Reports No 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, and 18).
Using a flashlight
Advantages
The officer can observe the situation and the suspects better.
The officer can affect the vision of the suspects.
Disadvantages
A light will give away the officers positions.
A light could offer an aiming point for the suspect.
The light may be seen from long distance.
Using a flashlight device can affect the use of the officers weapon.
If they are very serious criminals or people who might escape, the
number of escorting staff must be increased.
Searching arrested person and / or loading them into vehicle will
take place without arms.
During those activities they are close to the arrested persons and for
safety reasons they hand over their arms to other team members (Bibl.
Reports No 5, 7, 11, 20).
Exclude that arrested person can leave the vehicle during the ride or
first after stopping.
The arresting and handcuff procedure can change the behaviour
of the person to an unexpected direction.
Be aware that using handcuffs does not give full protection. The
arrested person can use them for throttle or beat weapon. There is always
some risk. He / she can bite, hit with head or legs, or try to escape.
By arriving to unit (other destination) be aware to a last try to
attack for escape.
Without orders the patrol team can start actions in case of:
Sea accidents.
Forest or other fires.
Explosions.
Oil tank leaking.
Natural disasters.
Car-, train- or airplane accidents.
When someone is lost.
Surveillance on lakes
Demarcation by floating signs / Agreements with neighbouring
countries.
Equipped patrol boats, speed boats, rubber boats.
Observation by being stationed at some strategic point in the lake
or at the surrounding green border zone.
agency coordination.
VTS and VTMIS have been adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime
Organization of United Nations. European Union recommends European VTMIS (2002 / 59 / EC).
CHAPTER 6
BORDER POLICE PATROL
ADDITIONAL MATTERS CRIME IN PROGRESS
Victims
Attend to victims by applying first aid to elleviate the immediate
suffering. If necessary, contact the emergency services for medical
treatment. Before injured persons are removed, the position of the
body and the injuries sustained must be noted in detail. The officer
must do his/her utmost to identify the injured before they are
removed to hospital. The clothes of the injured may in many cases
contain valuable material evidence and arrangements must be made
to accompany the injured to hospital to seize the clothes for future
investigations by criminalistic experts.
Witnesses
Witnesses must be identified and their names and addresses obtained
before they leave the scene. If possible, they must stay there until the
investigation officer arrives to interview them.
Suspects
If the suspect(s) (remember that an offender remains a suspect until
officially charged) is still on the scene, he/she must be apprehended
of it is necessary.
Vehicles
If vehicles involved in a crime(eg accident, hijacking, robbery, etc)
are causing an obstruction in the road, it must be marked off before
they are removed. The vehicles must be taken into sake keeping pr
guarded until permission is granted by the competent authority to the
lawful owner. A detailed description is required of the condition of
the accessories on/in a vehicle which is towed away to a police
station or other place of storage. Failure to do this may lead to claims
that accessories had been removed by the police- this may even lead
to civil claims against the responsible officers.
Auxiliary services
It may often be necessary to obtain the help of other auxiliary
services at a scene of a crime(eg the fire brigade, traffic, paramedics
etc). the officer in charge of the scene must ensure that such vehicles
will be in a position to get as close as possible to the scene(eg fire
Recording facts
Once the scene has been taken over by the investigating
officer/expert, it is of vital importance that the scene will be
thoroughly recorded. Official notes must be taken. Photos, videos
and a plan of the whole scene is important in the reconstruction of
the scene.
METHOD OF SEARCH
The systematic search may be conducted according to the following
methods:
Subjective method
Here the scene is observed and described as seen by the investigator using
the direction in which has approach the scene.
Objective method
This method evaluates the scene of crime along the width and breadth of
the area ( search on a criss-cross basis).
SEARCH METHODS
In search of the truth, investigator can apply different search methods to
trace physical evidence on the scene (e.g. wheel, spiral, grid & zone
methods). Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages-the
investigator use his/her experience to determine the method which will be
applied at a specific scene (e.g. the wheel, spiral, zone or grid method).
Physical evidence
Crime scenes differ and there are no fixed rules on what clues will be traces
on the scene of a crime. Investigators must take care to ensure that he/she
comply with the Departmental instructions and legal requirements
regarding the following:
Conclusion
The scene of crime remains the most important aspect in the adjudication
of a case. The police official at the scene must take all the necessary
precautions to ensure that information on the scene of crime is preserve for
as long as possible or until the preliminary investigation at the scene is
completed. Any mistakes done during this phrase may lead to the
acquittance of the criminal. (B.R. No 16, 27, 4, 28, 30, 21)
2. What happened?
a. What is the whole story of the incident?
b. What happened before, during, and after the incident?
c. What actions were taken by all these involved?
d. What was stated by each individual?
e. What evidence was collected
f. What authorities were contacted after the incident?
3. Where?
a. Where did the incident occur?
b. Where were all the individuals before, during, and after the
incident?
c. Where was evidence found?
4. When?
a. When did the incident occur?
b. When was it discovered?
c. When was it reported?
d. When did authorities arrive at the scene?
e. When was an arrest or a detention made?
5. How?
a. How did the loss occur?
b. How was it discovered?
c. How did security and loss prevention strategies function?
d. How was the cost of the loss?
e. How the loss be prevented in the future?
6. Why?
a. Why did the event take place?
b. Why was the crime committed?
c. Why did the parties involved act the way they did?
Guidelines
The following guidelines provide useful tips to improve your skills
for taking notes.
1. Always carry a notebook and at least one pen and one pencil.
2. It is not recommended that a Border Police Officer rely on
memory as the major source of information to complete a
subsequent report. When an emergency occurs, many
Quality reports
Techniques
Facts recorded in a notebook after an incident proves to be valuable
during the writing of a report. A good place to begin the report is to develop
a rough outline (list the main points) so facts can be presented in logical
order. This helps to organize a report in a narrative style (the story of the
events) with a chronological sequence (according time) of events.
Characteristics
Reports must be factual and accurate, since future decisions may be
based on their content.
Reports should be concise. Use short sentences and common words.
Get to the point with facts. Eliminate unnecessary words, phrases, and
sentences.
Using Senses
Border Police officers use all five senses when collecting
information for a report. The senses include sight, hearing, smell, touch,
and taste. Upon arriving at a scene, an officer may see something odd, such
a. Daily reports
Many Police officers complete a daily report to describe the
activities they encountered during their shift. Although much of the
information may appear minor, it can become valuable at a later date.
Supervisors and managers use these reports to evaluate existing conditions
and the activities of the Border Police officer on duty.
b.Daily logs
A daily log describes the activities at a particular post (Bibl. Report
No 2, page 119). The log consists of a ledger where entries are made in pen
to be used as a permanent record. Examples of activities include people and
vehicles entering and leaving through an access point. These records can be
helpful during investigations.
c. Incident Reports
(Behaviour on a scene at the first approach)
Get an overview
Beat back of danger
(first aid to injured person, inform rescue units, location of injured
person, traffic control)
Avoid changes of the scene
(urgent necessary changes are to be recorded)
Report/inform your office by radio/phone
Follow perpetrator / suspect if possible
( pay attention to your own security, initialize wide-spread search)
Wide-spread block of the scene/area of the incident
e. Other reports
In addition to these three major reports, a host of other reports or
papers may be used to increase the effectiveness of security. For example, a
daily truck report is helpful to register trucks entering and leaving the
borders. Also, property passes provide an authorization and description of
property to be removed from the premises.
First name
(underline forename)
Date of birth, place of birth<district, country
Permanent residence
(street, no., flat, city, district, country, etc)
Nationality
Passport or id card no
(issuing office, issued when, valid till)
In case of juveniles
( all data of parents or other responsible people)
As far as necessary and available following information
Background of the family
(status, married, single, number and age of children)
Profession
Employer
(B. R. No 16, 21, 27)
CHAPTER 7
Risk analysis
At a practical level this means evaluation of the persons, vehicles,
flights or vessels to be checked.
Risk analysis is essential at blue and azure gray, border
surveillance.
Vessel and aircraft movements should be monitored and vessels /
aircrafts identified. Identifications (names of vessels and codes of aircrafts)
should be checked against background information containing knowledge
on risky vessels / aircrafts.
The level of checks on each particular vessel / aircrafts should be
decided according to this reference.
The same procedure should be applied to crew and passenger lists.
Personnel should be provided with risk indicators, risk profiles and
Bibl. Report No 25, chapter XI-2, about international ship and Port Facility security code, and No 17, 21,
30 about aviation security.
APFSRs should:
1. Detail the security organization of the airport or port facility,
2. The Border Police links with other relevant authorities and, the
necessary communication systems to a1low the effective continuous
operation of the organization and its links with others, including ships m
port;
3. Detail the basic security level 1 measures, both operational and
physical, that wi1l be in place;
4. Detail the additional security measures that wi1l allow the port
facility to progress W1thout delay to security level 2 and, when necessary,
to security level 3;
5. Provide for regular review, or audit, of the PFSP and for its
amendments in response to experience or changing circumstances; and
6. Reporting procedures to the appropriate Contracting Governments
contact points.
The APFSP should establish for each security level the means of
identification required to allow access to the facilities and for individuals to
remain within the airport or the port facility without challenge, this may
involve developing an appropriate identification system allowing for
permanent and temporary identifications, for Border Police Personnel and
for visitors respectively. Any port facility identification system should,
when it is practicable to do so, be co ordinated with that applying to ships
that regularly use the port facility.
Passengers should be able to prove their identity by boarding passes,
tickets, etc., but should not be permitted access to restricted areas unless
supervised.
The APFSP should establish provisions to ensure that the
identification systems are regularly updated, and that abuse of procedures
should be subject to disciplinary action.
The APFSP should ensure that al1 restricted areas have clearly
established security measures to control:
1. Access by individuals;
2. The entry, parking, loading and unloading of vehicles;
3. Movement and storage of cargo and facilities stores;
4. Unaccompanied baggage or personal effects.
The APFSP should provide that al1 restricted areas should be clearly
marked indicating that access to the area is restricted and that unauthorized
presence within the area constitutes a breach of secur1ty.
When automatic intrusion detection devices are instal1ed they should
alert a control centre which can respond to the triggering of an alarm.
Security Level 1
At security level 1, the BPP should establish the security measures to
be applied which may be a combination of lighting, security guards or use
of security and surveillance equipment to allow airport and port facility
security personnel to:
1. Observe the general airport and port facility area, including shore
and water side accesses
2. To observe access points, barriers and restricted areas, and
3. Allow airport and port facility security personnel to monitor areas
and movements adjacent to using the facility, airplanes or ships
correspondingly.
Security Level 2
At security level 2, the BPP should establish the additional security
measures to be applied to enhance the monitoring and surveillance
capability, which may include:
Security Level 3
At security level 3, the airport or the port facility should comply with
the instructions issued by those responding to the security incident or threat
thereof. The BPP should detail the security measures which could be taken
by the airport or the port facility, in close co operation with other
competent authorities which way include:
1. Switching on all lighting within, or illuminating the vicinity of, the
airport or the port facility;
2. Switching on all surveillance equipment capable of recording
activities within, or adjacent to, the airport or port facility;
3. Maximizing the length of time such surveillance equipment can
continue to record.
The Airport and the Port Facility BPO senior officials should have
knowledge and receive training, in some or all of the following, as
appropriate:
1. security administration;
2. relevant
international
conventions,
codes
and
recommendations;
3. relevant Government legislation and regulations;
4. responsibilities and functions of other security organizations;
5. methodology of airport or port facility security assessment;
6. methods of ship, port facility, airplanes and airport facility
security surveys and inspections;
7. ship and port or airplane and airport facility operations and
conditions;
8. security measures;
9. emergency preparedness and response and contingency
planning;
10.instruction techniques for security training and education,
including security measures and procedures;
11.handling sensitive security related information and security
related communications;
12.knowledge of current security threats and patterns;
equipment
and
systems,
and
their
operational1imitations;
21.methods of conducting audits, inspection, control and
monitoring;
22.methods of physical searches and non-intrusive inspections;
23.security dri11s and exercises, including dri11s and exercises
with ships and airplanes; and methods of physical searches of
persons, personal effects, baggage, cargo, and ships stores.
24.assessment of security drills and exercises.
CHAPTER 8
Police-community relations
INTRODUCTION
The object of this chapter is to investigate the statement that the public
should be closely involved in policing. Peel's idea that the police are the
public and the public the police means that the two should pursue their
common aim of order in a close partnership.
Unfortunately because of a variety of factors, as we saw in our
discussion of the role environment in chapter 2 the public and the police
have drifted apart and now function largely as separate entities.
Effective policing also means the consolidation of relation ships whereby
cooperation and voluntary obedience to the law are maximised (Caldwell)
(B.R.No2, 21), and unfortunately the separatism that prevails is very
largely due to policing that is not geared to public involvement. The police
as the active partner cannot dissociate themselves from this problem. Their
delegated task includes the obligation of converting passivity in the passive
partner into a full and active partner ship (Van Heerden 1976 in B.R.No2,
21). Only when there is mutual co operation, aid and support, can we speak
of a full partnership.
DEFINITIONS
The terms "police-community relations", "public relations", "human
relations", "press relations" and "person-to-person relations" are often used
interchangably in referring to the same activities. In fact, though related,
they do not mean the same thing (Radelet 1977 in B.R.No2, 21). The term
police-community relations describes a complete concept that includes
components of the others. Faulty understanding of this may result in
counterproductiveness in programmes designed to convert public passivity
into partnership. Please take careful note of the following definitions and
differences in meaning.
Human relations
This term refers to the contact between police and specific individuals or
groups. It is associated with the idea of eliminating a brusque police
approach (B.R.No 21), and with police attitudes as reflected in the exercise
of discretions and the execution of departmental policy (B.R.No 21) find
these definitions limited. To them it is a matter of "police participation in
any activity that seeks law observance through respect and acceptance of
enforcement of laws in a positive manner".
Public relations
What public relations generally means is "selling the police image" (Cohn
& Viano 1976 B.R.No2) to specific, public sectors. The idea is to establish
a favourable impression of the police (Geary 1975: 213) with the emphasis
on "... looking good, not necessarily on being good..." (Radelet 1977
B.R.No2) sees it as relating to the art of winning goodwill by techniques
such as publicity, advertising, promotion and even propaganda.
The "sales action" is usually undertaken by a specific unit designed to
monitor information in such a way that only the most favourable data are
released for publication, and the most favourable image is presented of the
history and activities of individuals or of the institution as a whole. The
promotion of this image revolves around a spick and-span appearance and
precision displays such as dog parades, drill parades and other types of
parades. It is therefore a matter of general appearance and skills rather than
actual service. Niederhoffer & Smith (1974 B.R.No2, 21) are of the opinion
that this pursuit of an illusory good image is simp1y an artful trick or
falsification of the truth in an effort to pass the institution off as efficient.
(3)
Promoting an image
(4)
(6)
Institution-oriented action
(7)
(8)
Police-community relations
The main purpose of police-community relations is to achieve better
relations between policemen and citizens. This is in tended to result in
harmony and cooperation between police and public. The central theme is
mutual communication, not for its own sake but for the improvement of
mutual under standing .
Moore (B.R.No2)gives the following definition: "A community-relations
program is not a public-relations program to 'sell the police image' to
people. It is not a set of expedients whose purpose is to tranquilize for a
time an angry neighbourhood... It is a long range, full scale effort to
acquaint the police and the community with each other's problems and to
stimulate action aimed at solving those problems". The main issues
emerging from this definition are
problem-solving
total involvement
cooperation.
community, and the attitudes of the community towards themselves and the
police
policed
police responsibility.
(2)
(3)
variety of groups making up the public, and the variety of interests in the
community, making it necessary for activities to be kept flexible in case
rapid change is required
(4)
(6)
community involvement.
The concept of human relations comes into both public relations and
community relations. These terms do not have the same meaning, but they
are related, and the ideas some times overlap. The differences emerge in the
following comparison :
Public relations
Object:
Community relations
partnership
To integrate community needs
with police action
To promote image
To stimulate support
To minimise obstacles
Process:
Citizen
Routine activities
Flexible and adaptable activities
Institution-oriented services
Community-oriented services
One-way (outward) information Two-way information flow
flow
Compartmentalised responsibility
Responsibility
institution
Is actively pursued, stimulated
spread
over
involvement:
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
A distinction is made between
(1) Institutional programmes, that is, the development and implementation
of solutions to identified problems. These programmes are contained in
departmental policy and objectives and do not constitute specific activities.
They
relate
to
research,
personnel
selection
and
development,
Community service:
educational information in newspapers, journals and newsletters and, on
radio or television
security instructions with regard to vehicle handling and general security
youth programmes
meaningful procedures for laying charges
Community involvement:
The police can cooperate with the public onto a variety of boards, and can
participate in seminars on relationship problems. A police-community
board might well be very useful. Decide for yourself how you, in your
particular position and within the framework of departmental guidelines,
could involve community leaders on an ad hoc or permanent basis in the
discussion of common problems.
important services that are generally beyond the scope of line functionaries.
Clark (B.R.No2) provides the following suggestions for such a unit:
(1)
and cooperation, support and trust within the community, with a view to
preventing crime and criminality.
(2)
The police can make links with projects and programmes of related
relation to the maintenance of law and order, keeping the peace and
protecting the public.
(5)
(8)
make them fully aware of the methods, systems, reference procedures, and
procedures for laying charges that relate to the need for police services.
community
(2)
(3)
bodies
(6)
(7)
(9)
ATTITUDES
We cannot conclude this section without pointing out that relationships are
in fact an interaction between attitudes both police and public attitudes.
A variety of factors contributes to a variety of attitudes. An attitude is a
mental state of preparedness, moulded and transformed by knowledge and
experience in the contact situation, which has a directive and dynamic
effect on the individual's response to the objects and situations among
which he finds himself. It is logical, there fore, to expect that the
sentiments which police and public entertain towards one another, and the
expectations and obligations they impose on one another, will create
attitudes that will either ease or complicate the relational problem.
There are the public attitudes and the police attitudes.
Public attitudes
Most accusations against the police are the result of ignorance, incomplete
information, and personal preferences and prejudices that is, a tendency
to prejudge. The attitudes arising from this are generally easy to change;
but when conceptions become stereotypes, they are correspondingly more
difficult to alter.
Police stereotypes are ingrained public opinions held by the public
concerning the police. They are the culmination of attitudes in a firm belief
that police behaviour has certain characteristics:
(1) Brutality: that is, the police are considered to have an insensitive and
clumsy attitude or operational police method that ignores human dignity
(Germann et al. 1962: 238). This refers to actual physical violence in the
form of assaults and unnecessary brutality during arrest and interrogation,
and degrading of persons and status by insulting forms of address, abusive
terms, humiliating language, and a subtle or brutal discriminatory abuse of
police authority and power (Radelet 1977: 210).
(2)
is one kind of police system for one group and a different system for
another.
(4)
Police attitudes
A policeman is not a superhuman being, it is logical that he will develop
certain attitudes. Quite apart from the external environment in which he is
constantly confronted with actual or potential danger, and the fact that he
tends to categorise (i.e. classifying persons in categories such as
criminal/non-criminal,
violent/non-violent,
antagonistic/friendly),
the
Indifference: that is, the public does not give the police the necessary
rendered to them.
(3)
(4)
confronting the police, and every attempt to explain the need for public
involvement, and to elicit information and aid, is blocked.
(6)
CONCLUDING
Problem
solving
through
community
participation
has
important
good relations, and brings about full partnership between police and public
in the maintenance of order.
Sound police-community relations are hampered by a great many obstacles
and problems. These need to be noted and efficiently dealt with if the
advantages of relational programmes are to be realised. The advantages to
both police and public exceed the problems and obstacles. Wholehearted
cooperation and participation of the entire police force and everybody in
the community can result in a better environment for everybody. This does
not lay any new or far-fetched obligation on the police. It is historically and
philosophically routed in the true meaning of policing.
BORDER POLICE
THE FACE OF THE STATE
Since the border police personnel are the front line public servants of
the State, it is vital to be well groomed and of smart appearance, well
equipped to meet the challenges that lie ahead.
Paramount first points:
- A clean uniform and well presented at all times.
- Punctuality and prompt arriving in order duties and tasks be
undertaken.
Paying attention
Paying attention is an acquired skill and requires training. The first
step the good listening is. In order to be happened, the ears, the eyes, the
nose and the mind of the listener have to be fully engaged.
Being the front line personnel of the State will need to pay such
attention so to switch off the automatic mechanism of the passengers and
passers by, which focuses in the first word and jump up to conclusions
immediately.
The good listener border policeman will also be watching everything
fully, and picks up all the unspoken communication through facial
Disability Awareness
Traveling can often be difficult for many disabled people. Many
times it comes from other peoples attitudes and back of understanding.
Being disabled is not the same as being ill.
Ways in which you can help:
Always be patient and give extra help if it is needed (to illegal too).
Dont worry if you feel embarrassed because you arent sure what
to do. Have confidence, stay calm and ask to know how you can help. Wait
for your offer to be accepted, and then ask to tell you the best way you can
help.
Special cases and ways in which you can help (it concerns illegal
persons or suspects too):
Blind or partially sighted: Always speak as you approach the
person. State clearly who you are. If you offer a seat, put their hand on the
back or arm of the chair and allow them to sit by themselves.
Deaf or hard of hearing: Attract their attention with a wave of your
hand. Never shout, write everything you want down if it is needed. If an
interpreter is used for sign language speaks directly to the traveler not the
interpreter.
Difficulty in moving around: Offer help with coats, bags etc., and
open doors. Never be offended if your help is refused.
Persons in wheelchairs: Try to put yourself at their eye level, to
avoid still necks. If they need to write, offer a clipboard.
Speech and language difficulties: Be patient, look encouraging and
concentrate on listening. Listen to what is said not how it is said.
Reading and writing difficulties: Have a positive attitude be
prepared to explain more than once. Dont give up try again.
Mental Health problems: Be patient and remain calm. Be
confident, positive and professional.
Looking Different: Dont feel uncomfortable. Remember it is only
their looks, it doesnt mean they are different in any other way. Try to look
them in the eyes, concentrate on what they are saying and respond.
If you are not sure what to do: Remain confident. Ask the person
how you can help and always offer assistance, but dont impose it.
(B.R.No21, 22)
PART V
THE POLICE AND THE BORDER POLICE TRAINERS
STANDARD GUIDELINES FOR A FLEXIBLE TRAINING
SCOPE: The providing of an effective workbook tool for Albania
Border Police trainers on integrated border management matters.
OBJECTIVES: After you have studied this workbook you will be able
to:
Define the traditional, the alternative and the flexible training.
Use it as a guide, in order to train Police personnel effectively Border
Police Basic level staff included (not only for Green Borders but for
blue and azure - gray as well).
Discuss four theories of human development and the two approaches
of learning.
Explain why trainees are the centre of the training.
Develop your communication skills.
Discuss about the roles of a trainer.
Prepare and organize the training meetings.
Identify the learning difficulties of the trainees.
Describe the efficacy of every one of the pedagogical means.
Setting out a training period effectively.
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER 1
The need of education
The society is always under development being more and more
complicated continuously (Emile DURKHEIM, 1858 - 1917, Sociologist,
Bordeaux and Sorbonne University professor).
In nowadays a series of evolutions on social, economical,
technological and culture domains affect more and more adults (men and
women) to acquire various knowledge and skills adaptable the changes are
conducted.
In enterprises and in services domain, the further training itself
becomes the inseparable, main element of all of these domains functions.
At he other pole the groups of the social excluded are existed and
a part of them by third countries, affect in many ways Albania and the
Schengen area broadly. All these situations drive to the conclusion that
the synchronous border police personnel ought to have a variety of
qualifications in order to earn the hypothesis, having in mind that
the half life phenomenon takes place (half life is the phenomenon
that the half knowledge been acquired by an initial training are
inactivated by the time passing by).
The labor cost is always been upgrading, and it is driving directly
to the demand of laborer further training so among employees recompenses
and their skills, a balance must be created.
The above mentioned further education or further training demands:
A general education so the synchronous policeman / policewoman
be able to understand and decode the messages of the evolutions.
Special knowledge about his / her job.
Basic social skills like the programming, the target setting, the
personal communication development, the procedure of alternative or
flexible solutions and to learn how to learn.
The learning
Learning is a part of life. It comes up by the experience. It is a part of
the individuals development way for their whole life (please see part A,
about the learning theories). It means that the learning has an individual
character (Bibl. Report No 15 Rogers). Subsequently the learning is:
Personal and individual.
Voluntary. We learn because we want. It is not happened under
pressure.
Dynamic not passive.
(Bibl. report No 15-HOLMBERG, NOYE, PIVETEAY, ROGERS).
Basic intermediate higher.
All these constitute the grammical education or the initial one.
But there is the post initial as well, having to do with all the
mentioned about the educational needs. Albania Police Personnel has been
trained in Police Institute and in Higher Police Schools but for their
specific tasks, post initial training focused on specific needs, is always
demanded.
The conclusion is that the post initial education has to do with the
adults education. Adults education is a pedagogical approach to skills
(Piaget, please see Unit A; Section 1 bibl. rep. No 15, -Noye Piveteau).
Adults education could be transacted either traditionally (face to
face inside the classroom) or openly / alternatively (the educational
material is the central pillar, please see Unit B, Section 5) or by a
TRAINER
MUST
PURSUE
THEIR
(TRAINEES)
Growth Needs
Self Actualization
Esteem
Social Needs
Deficiency Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
(Bibl. Report No 15, Rogers, and study of MAPEXT B.R.No31).
Poetry constitutes a symbolic language. From one poem lines,
someone learns the substance of a subject; otherwise a big scientific
research is demanded, about it.
John WOOD the poet, wrote the poem for every person in 1974. In
a not more that one page text, some one can find the psychological frame of
the adult trainees. This frame concerns all the mentioned above.
Introductory Notes
In order all the needs of the trainers training be served, according the
training Project the present workbook has been established.
It is a result of a fermentation of various knowledge and experiences
and reflects everything scientific modern about adults education and
training not only in the world.
CHAPTER 2
Sections 1-4
Section 1: The Educational systems (Traditional, Alternative, Flexible)
Section 2: The 4 Development Theories, the two approaches to learning.
Their common points and the upgrading of the Trainer
Trainees relationships.
Section 3: The Border Police personnel stress due their tasks and their
Training.
Section 4: The Tutor / Trainer Roles
Section 1
THE TRADITIONAL, THE ALTERNATIVE, THE FLEXIBLE
TRAINING SYSTEMS AND THE BORDER POLICE TRAINING
AND FURTHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES
Trainee
Trainer
Educational Material
Section 2
THE FOUR THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT, THE TWO
APPROACHES TO LEARNING AND THE UPGRADING OF THE
TRAINER TRAINEES RELATIONSHIPS
Introductory notes: We will examine the basical theories about
human development and learning briefly and the two approaches to it and
the communication skills which are indispensable for a flexible training.
Further more we will marks out the preparation of the training meetings.
The Theories
Theories about the influence of nature and nurture on development
can be grouped under four broad headings empiricist / behaviourist,
rationalist
nativist,
interactionist
/constructivist;
and
social
basis of linguistic analysis) that since all languages share key rules, the
underlying structures must be built into the human brain as the LAD.
The LAD is programmed to recognize the universal rules that
underlie the particular language that a child hears.
(c) Constructivism and Jean Piaget.
Both Skinners and Comskys ideas have influenced the study of
development. Neither of these theorists, however, attempted to present a
comprehensive theory of human development. The most comprehensive
theory of human intellectual development was proposed by Jean Piaget
(1896 -1980), who is considered by many to be the founder of the study of
cognitive development of intellectual growth.
Piaget, who was Swiss, was originally a biologist. By the age of 10,
he had already published his first his first scientific paper (on an albino
sparrow). While still is secondary school he received an offer to become a
curator at the Museum of Natural History which he turned down in order to
finish his studies. From an early age, he was also interested in philosophy
and religion and became interested in finding a way of combining science
and philosophy.
After gaining his doctorate in biology at the age of 21, Piaget spent
two years studying philosophy and psychology at the Sorbonne, in Paris.
Here he met Theodore Simon a pioneer of intelligence testing and through
him secured a job standardizing the reasoning tests devised by Simons
colleague, Alfred Binet.
Piaget was fundamentally interested in questions of epistemology,
the study of the nature of knowledge and its origins (the embryology of
intelligence in the quotation above). The basic questions, as you have seen,
are to do with how we come t o know something and whether knowledge is
innate or acquired. This last question is what Piaget meant by the problem
of the relation between the organism and the environment, and is one
which Skinner and Chomsky also tackled. But Piaget introduced the notion
of the organism acting on the environment as well as being acted on by it.
(d) Social constructivism and Lev Vygotsky
The three theoretical perspectives we have discussed so far assume
that development arises from two sources: our biology and our
environment. Their differences lie in the weight that they assign to each of
these
sources and
how they
interact
to produce
development.
The Piagetian child interacts with the environment, makes her own
discoveries and is independent. This is not to say that she develops in
isolation. The social world is important but not as important as the
independent development of the childs internal structures.
Vygotsky, on the other hand, argued that childrens minds are not
simply the products of their own discoveries. Children need the conceptual
tools and knowledge that are handed down to them by their culture. This
helps them to develop ideas that they would not do their own (Bibl. Report
No 15- OATES).
The two approaches of the learning
They concern the approaches of the Paulo FREIRE and Robert
GAGNE.
PAULO FREIRE
The writings of Freire are now very well known among adult
educators, even though some have confessed to finding him difficult to
comprehend.
The heart of his educational ideas lies of humanistic conception of
the learner but also a realization that once the learner has actually learned
he may not remain passive but become an active participant in the wider
world.
Through the process of literacy education Freire, and his colleagues,
were able to design experiential situations in which the learners were
enabled to reflect upon their own understandings of themselves within their
socio-cultural milieu.
Adults learning and for the upgrading of communication skills which is the
important element in Adults training.
Principles of Adults learning
The main characteristic point (the key point) is The ineraction
not the learning process
Process is a grammic line.
Interaction is a dynamic relationship.
o
PERSON A
PERSON B
(SENDER RECEIVER)
(SENDER RECEIVER)
The reality
declination
_____
PERSON A
(SENDER RECEIVER)
PERSON B
(SENDER RECEIVER)
Inferences:
Messages ought to be clear distinct and complete.
Active listening directly (every what we can hear) and indirectly
(for what has not been said).
Responds (by you) must be clear and appropriate.
Take care of positioning and of body language.
The channels of communication are verbal (words of the speech)
and non verbal (intonation, body language, dresses, feelings, the way of a
person sits or stand and his/her movements).
Be an active listener not a poor listener.
The active listener:
Pays attention and shows interest.
Doesnt respond until the message is understood.
Looks for the discussion.
Core, mind, eyes, ears, nose are kept open.
Section 3
THE POLICEMEN STRESS IN THEIR SERVICE
AND DURING A TRAINING PROGRAMME
The word stress is derived from the Latin word stringere which
means to pull tightly or to fasten. The concept was first used in the 17 th
century, with connotations of hardship, disquiet, misfortune or tribulation.
During the second half of the 18th century the word took on broader
meanings of power, pressure and strain, more specifically related to actions,
physical or mental abilities.
Development of Border Police.
In nowadays Police, (and the Border Police), officer does not only
comprise simple measures, but has evolved into a sophisticated business.
The modern police officer and the Border Police officer is now part of a
professional team and occupation which is developing into fully fledged
science. New and greater demands are made on the worker, to ensure that
he is capable to perform the basic task of protection and loss control
effectively. The border police officer acts in the capacities, law
enforcement officer, crisis control expert, personnel manager,
psychiatrist, public relations officer, medic, criminologist and researcher.
Border police personnel often find themselves in situations where it is
expected that they assess and control threatening situations at all costs,
regardless of stress, at all times of the day or night, when the average
civilian functions less effectively. More over they have to follow various
seminars, life long in order to cover the needs due the changes. The main
characteristic of all the above is the so called stress situation.
Environment
Person
Psychologica
l
Stressor
Stress
stress
Physiological
Stimulus
Response
stress
Stimulus definitions
Stimulus definitions accentuate the stimulus characteristics of the
environment which account for pressure build up or burden placed on the
person. In this context stress is defined as the power or stimulus operating
on an individual and causing a response as a result of burden or strain.
Stress is seen as an independent variable, a disruptive force acting on the
person and pressurizing him.
At this point we concentrate especially on circumstances which exert
pressure on persons. The major criticism of stimulus definitions is the fact
that certain circumstances or situations which may pressurize some
individuals will not necessarily have the same effect on others. Figure gives
a schematic representation of the stimulus definitions (Cox, Ladikos, in
No14 B.R.)
Environment
Stress
Stimulus
Person
Strain
Response
Section 4
TUTORS / TRAINERS ROLES
Every Tutor / Trainer has different roles.
He / she ought to perform them simultaneously.
He / she is:
Group Leader: Group leaders duties are to keep the group in a
unity situation and to keep the everyday rhythm of the training.
Tutor: It means that he / she teaches new things.
Member of the group: Because he / she accept all the group
stress.
A third person out of the group: Every member of the group acts
and performs in front of him / her pursuiting his / her approval.
Organizer of the educational programme.
All these roles are performed simultaneously.
CHAPTER 3
Sections 5-9
Section 5: Preparing / organizing the training meetings
Section 6: Training difficulties due to stress
Section 7: Setting out the training programme
Section 8: Establishing flexible and effective training material for
Border Police educational purposes
Section 9: The evaluation of a flexible Border Policemen training and
study material
Section 5
TRAINERS: PREPARING / ORGANIZING
THE TRAINING MEETINGS
The below consist the basic principles that the Border Police trainer
must also has under his / her consideration.
Basic principles
1st The trainer focuses on the special characteristics of the trainees
(Age and their special characteristics of the development in close
relationship with the educational programme, social, educational status,
sex, residence, educational needs. The trainer learns these data by writing a
letter to every one of them 12-15 days before the meeting asking for their
proposals or telephoning them).
2nd The trainer as soon as the training meeting starts introduces
himself and informs the trainee about the objectives of the educational
project. Subsequently the trainer expresses his / her support and
encouragement to the trainee and ask by them to present themselves (please
see Section 7, The presentation).
3rd The trainer analyses the educational needs, taking in mind that
the needs concern.
- Every trainee.
- The whole group of the trainees.
The needs either are confirmed by the trainer or are declared by the
trainees.
4th The trainer has already prepared an educational meeting plan as
the following example and apply it immediately, talking under
consideration the Notes as in figures for the use of time and the
assimilating procedure.
Example: Let us say that a training programme for a specific matter
of Border Police, has a four hours duration in one seminar day. The play
could be as below:
TARGETS
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
Cognitive
Presentation
Exploring
Domain
Method
deeply
Affective
STAGE 3
Motivation for
further
knowledge
Skills
Domain
Development
Psychomotor
Erasuring the
Domain
obstacles
Duration
Techniques
15-20 minutes
Many examples
40 minutes
Questions
Answers
Power Point
Means
Photos
Motivation
Creative
Creative
Confrontation
Use
60 minutes
STUDY CASE
30 minutes
Practical
Suggestions
Exer.
Parallel texts
Tables
Training
STAGE 4
Blackboard
Video / DVD
multi attack
Graphics
guidances
proposed
bibliography
internet
2. Useful activities.
3. Relative activities.
3
2
1
1. Desiring
2. Making
3. Assimilating
4. Feeding back
5th The trainer has been self prepared for:
The presentation.
The practical exercises.
The cases studies. It is a compound exercise. Mostly it
concerns a real event.
The performance of a scenario. The trainees perform
roles. It is like to live a case study.
Questions Answers.
Section 6
THE CLASSIFICATION
OF THE TRAINEES DIFFICULTIES DUE TO STRESS
AND THE OBSTACLES DURING AN ADULTS TRAINING
PROJECT
Having to do with adults in a project of Adult Training we must be
ready to see five trainees classes, for every which a differential access is
demanded. The trainers access is performed by capital letters. The classes
are:
a. The active: They want to learn immediately. They usually avoid to
study a handbook and they wish to discover the situations by themselves.
THE TRAINER HAS TO SPEAK SIMPLY AND TO PRESENT
THE SUBJECT GIVING A GENERAL VIEW.
b. The judicious. They follow the strategy of the wait and see.
They like to work with others in the classroom so to be able to collect
several pieces of information. It helps their way of thinking.
THE TRAINER ASSISTS THIS EFFORT.
c. The theoretical. They dont like the real cases. They wish the
comprehension of the totality of every subject, logically. They dont wish
the many and the different aspects.
THE TRAINER ACTS AS IN THE FIRST CASE (a)
d. The realist. They follow the strategy. This you are teaching about
maybe fits to the others but I have to examine if is it appropriate for me,
too. They are like the first reported (the active).
THE TRAINERS MAIN EFFORT IS TO AVOID THEIR
DISAPPOINTMENT.
(Bibl. Report No 15, Rogers, and the theories of HABERMAS and
David KOLB).
e. The indifferent.
THE TRAINERS MAIN EFFORT IS TO REALIZE WHICH ONE TYPE
OF THE PREVIOUS FOUR TYPES IS CLOSE TO THE INDIFFERENT.
SO THE TUTOR MUST WORK TO THAT DIRECTION. A PRIVATE
MEETING SOLVES MANY PROBLEMS CREATING BY THIS KIND
OF TRAINEES ATTITUDE.
What the trainer / tutor, has to know about the fears and the obstacles
concerning the training.
The trainer acts proactively. He / she marks out the necessities / fears
before the middle of the training project. When the programme approaches
to the middle of its education.
THEN THE TRAINER / TUTOR REMIND TO ALL OF THEM
THAT THEY ARE NOT ALONE AND SUPPORT THEM FRIENDLY.
3rd group: It concerns the necessities and the fears by the end of the
project.
The time seems to pass quickly.
The trainees have an agony about their return to every day duties.
They are anxious about the programme evaluation.
The trainer acts preventively. He / she inform the trainees about the
above mentioned fears quite a long before the end. When the programme is
going to finish.
THEN THE TRAINER / TUTOR REMIND THEM THAT HIS /
HER ROLE IS TO SUPPORT THEM AND NOT TO CRITICIZE THEM.
THE TRAINER / TUTOR ENCOURAGE THEM AND REINFORCE
THEIR SELF ESTEEM AND THEIR SELF CONFIDENCE.
Section 7
SETTING OUT THE TRAINING PROGRAMME
It consisted by keeping of some rules during a training presentation
and its support by pedagogical means.
The presentation
It is done orally and by the support of several pedagogical means.
The below techniques must be under consideration.
There are three stages:
1st: Contact and familiarity.
2nd: Quick but important learning.
3rd: Retardation of the learning rhythm.
It is like to fly a plane.
Preparation and taking off.
The flight.
The approach and the landing after which we reverse.
a. The verbal presentation is completely different by the written
presentation. Consequently the tutor / trainer ought to avoid reading.
b. Verbal phrases must be sort, simple and independent. We must be
affirmative.
c. We have to avoid the negative phrases. A negative phrase
demands more time than an affirmative in order to be decoded.
d. The pictures help the comprehension.
Pedagogical mean
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Written text
Pictures, photos, graphics
Tables
Slides by projector power point
Video - DVD
Multimedia
Memorizing
Analysis and
TARGETS
Acquisition of
Acquisition of
Psycho-
Comprehension
Interests
Attitudes
Motoring
Section 8
The main points, the key words and the difficult meanings either are
bold or they are put inside a frame.
6. Many examples and cases studies.
7. Many exercises and activities helping the trainees self evaluation.
8. Annex with the solutions of the exercises and the directions for the
activities.
9. Bibliography and proposals for further study.
Analytically:
Not only the handbook but every important unity must contain over
headily:
The Scope. The writer reveals his / her intention giving to the
trainee a brief description of that the trainee will find after.
The scope is the title itself presented by more words.
The objectives. They concern the description of what the trainee
will able to do after having studied the text. According Benjamin
BLOOMS classification objectives have to correspond at three levels /
domains. As we have already reported these domains are: The Cognitive,
the affective and the Psychomotor Domain.
The cognitive domain includes the next
- Knowledge
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Evaluation
Protection reassurance
Omnipresence
Augustus Caesar
k. Use less words and not big phrases than a common text and have a
friendly style (I = the trainer, you = the trainees).
l. Introduce many examples, self-evaluation exercises and activities.
m. Use Annexes to facilitate the trainees efforts. The answers of the
self-evaluation exercises or the direction for trainees activities must be
attached, in order to serve the self-evaluation of the trainee.
n. Add the Bibliography list by a way to honor the authors. Report
also every source writing titles, names, dates like newspapers (etc.
reporting the name of the journalist for a used article by you).
o. Write the Introduction, at the end.
The reason is that your effort will be developed by a way that you
are not able to anticipate before. This careful introduction will introduce
your written work as well systematized.
The Electronic Material or the new technologies
and the Border Police Training
Introduction: A new term has been welled up concerning the
education and the training. It is the T.B.L. term (Technology Based
Learning) having the Computer as the most important tool.
From the above mentioned term a new terminology has been
developed, like CBL (Computer Based Learning), CBT (Computer Based
Training), CBI (Computer Based Instruction).
Saying about computer based, we mean the computer system.
Analytically it has to do with the computer. According their power we can
say about the next series. Supercomputers, Mainframes, Minicomputers,
Microcomputers. They includes their peripheral devices (hardware) along
with their software.
Their use began in April 1943 with the famous ENIAC in Moore
School of Pennsylvania University. (ENIAC: Electronic Numeral Integrator
and Calculator).
The Personal Computers
The Computers (personal computers) may be used by the
Universities students or by trainers in special projects like ours.
Ways of use as:
Tools of programming learning (e.g. special programmes for
Borders Check Points).
Tools of learning support (individual learning with the special
programmes use, pictures, video, etc.).
Tools of word processing.
Tools of evaluation by the help of a special programme.
Tool of bibliographic research through the Internet.
Tool of communication (e-mail).
Tool of support of students with special needs (Braille system on
the screen etc.).
Now the computer systems have been entered in the AI epoch
(Artificial Intelligence)
The tripartite relationship among trainer, trainee and personal
computer (P/C) has the following figure.
Trainee
Tutor / Trainer
P/C
The P/Cs broad use has constituted a change. Due to the new change
serious upsets have been presented to human P/C relationship.
Phenomena like the so called computer phobia and computer- anxiety
have been appeared as a negative behaviour against the new technology.
These anxieties have to do with:
The new tries to replace the traditional way according we have
learned to behalf during the every service. Its something like
someone try by a hostile way to subtract our responsibilities and
duties.
The sense that the roles have been reversed and person has been
the slave of the machine.
The lack of confidence e.g. to loose the archives.
The factors having to do with the self-concept, the experience,
the time perspective.
(Bibl. Report No15, - Prof. Mr. PANAGIOTAKOPOULOS).
The Educational Software
The educational / training use can be differentiates to the next three
kinds.
(1) Computer supported learning resources (CSLR).e.g. Electronic
library, telecommunications etc.
(2) Computer Managed Instruction (CMI). In this case the computer is
an administrative mean e.g. The keeping of the trainees records.
(3) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI).
According this method the P/C is a drastic tool of supporting a large
scale of lessons. There are four types of this software:
Section 9
THE EVALUATION OF A FLEXIBLE TRAINING SYSTEM
APPLIED TO BORDER POLICE
Scope and main effort: The evaluation of the proceedings and the
products of the flexible educational system like the present project.
Objectives: After the end of the present evaluation with the help of
the ANEX I, you will be able to:
- Define the educational evaluation
- Describe the relevant procedure and organize a similar one
- Support the necessity of the evaluation concerning any project.
Introductory note: Every human activity includes a series of sub
activities concerning the resolution, the planning, the materialization of the
activity and the evaluation of the results. The evaluation permits us to
repeat the same activity or to modify it or to reject it.
The present programme is a component to the Twinning project
and the present evaluation consist a product evaluation. Simultaneously is a
part of summative evaluation of the whole Twinning programme.
So we speak of an evaluation which is a product evaluation and an
axis evaluation simultaneously (please see ANNEX I).
The educational / training evaluation
The educational evaluation forms an independed scientific branch
but this new branch is not self - sufficient theoretically and
methodologically, because the tools which are used have been borrowed
from the field of the social and positive sciences.
also
includes
critical
examination
of
complete
These
recommendations
could
include
possible
SECTION OF ANNEXES
ANNEX I
TOTAL TARGET
PROGRAMME
PRODUCT EVALUATION
EVALUATION
AXIS
TRAINING
MATERIAL
F1
EVALUATION
MID
LEVEL
OFFICIALS
EVALUATION
AXIS
TRAINER /
TRAINING
MANAGEMENT
EVALUATION
AXIS
AXIS
OPERATIONAL
STAFF
MONITORING
EVALUATION
AXIS
F2
ANNEX II
MODEL OF QUANTITIVE EVALUATION TABLE
Criteria /
Variables
or
Questions
5
Strongly
Agree
4
Agree
3
Neither
Agree
Nor
Disagree
2
Disagree
1
Strongly
Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
NOTES
Please mark
with Y = yes
The grade
from 5 to 1,
is according
The Likerts
scale
EXAMPLE
VARIABLE / CRITERIA
FOR THE EVALUATION OF A TRAINING PROGRAMME AND OF
A WRITTEN EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL
EPILOGUE / SUMMARY
PART VI
B I B LI O G R APH Y
INTRODUCTION
SECURITY
FORUM
TO
edited
SECURITY
by
Prof.
MANAGEMENT
DuPREEZ.
Institute
AND
for
Security
United
Kingdom,
SENTINEL
SECURITY
1999,
Luxemburg,
(Schengen
acquis
relating
to
telecommunications).
f. 28 April 1999, Luxemburg, (Liqison officers).
g. 28 April 1999, Luxemburg, (Improvement of police cooperation).
h. 28 April 1999, Luxemburg, (Improvement of police cooperation in
preventing and detecting criminal offences).
ii. Decision of the Central Group, 21 March 1999, (General principles
govering the pagment of informers).
JOHANNESBURG,
contributions
of
Prof.
Johan
(UNITED
NATIONS
ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAMME).
31. Study of MAPEXT (TRAINING SKILLS- POLICIA COURSE
MANUAL Albania 2001)
EPILOGUE
Methodologicaly an epilogue in a dissertation has to summarise the
whole work. But it would be boring, because it is not a dissertation. It is a
handbook aiming to help police officers and (Border Police officers) to be
upgraded to strategical cadres, by this point of view. I report the following
allegory. It is a mathematical one includes everything we have discussed
before, even the training, because training is one of the most important
police tasks and inspires every component in policing.
We should to report only that the main effort of the different
branches/authorities in the implementation of the safe/secure border
strategy is to keep constant the next inequality.