Q1. What is amplitude modulation?

Ans: The process of amplitude modulation consists of varying the peak amplitude of
a sinusoidal carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulation signal.
ANSWER
Q2. What is modulation?
Ans: Modulation may be defined as the process by which some parameters of a high
frequency signal termed as carrier, is varie in accordance with the signal to be
transmitted.
ANSWER
Q3. What are the different types of analog modulation?

ANSWER
Q4. What si the need for modulation?
Ans: Consider, for example, picture signal of a T.V camera. It has frequency spectra
of DC to 5.5MHz.such a wide band of frequency cant be propagated through
ionosphere. However, if this signal is modulated with a carrier in VHF and UHF
range, the percentage bandwidth becomes very small and the signal become suitable
for transmission through atmosphere.
ANSWER
Q5. What are the objectives met by modulation?
Ans: Length of antenna is shortened, signal loss is reduced, ease of radiation,
adjustment of bandwidth, shifting signal frequency of the assigned value.

ANSWER
Q6. What are the advantage of PAM and PWM?
Ans: PWM system gives a greater signal to noise ratio as compared to PAM but
requires a larger bandwidth to achieve this.

ANSWER
Q7. What is Pulse position modulation?
Ans: Pulse position modulation (PPM) is the process in which the position of a
standard pulse is varied as a function of the amplitude of the sampled signal.
ANSWER
Q8. What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and PAM?
Ans: The phase deviation are usually small. The noise produces a smaller disturbing
effect on the time position of the modulating pulse train and as a result, PPM waves
have a better performance with respect to signal to noise ratio in comparison to PAM
and PWM systems.
ANSWER
Q9. What are the applications of pulse position modulation?
Ans: It is primarily useful for optical communication systems, where there tends to
be little or no multipath interference. Narrowband RF (Radio frequency) channels
with low power and long wavelength (i.e., low frequency) are affected primarily by
flat fading, and PPM is better suited.

ANSWER
Q10. What is the purpose of using differential pulse position modulation?
Ans: It is possible to limit the propagation of errors to adjacent symbols, so that an
error in measuring the differential delay of one pulse will affect only two symbols,
instead of effecting all successive measurements.

ANSWER
Q11. What are the advantage of PPM?
Ans: One of the principle advantages of pulse position modulation is that it is an Mary modulation technique that can be implemented non-coherently, such that the
receiver does not need to use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to track the phase of the
carrier. This makes it a suitable candidate for optical communications systems,
where coherent phase modulation and detecting are difficult and extremely
expensive. The only other common M-ary non-coherent modulation technique is M-

ary frequency shift keying, which is the frequency domain dual to PPM.
The other advantages of pulse position modulation are:
The amplitude is held constant thus less noise interference.
Signal and noise separation is very easy.
Due to constant pulse widths and amplitudes, transmission power for each pulse is
same.

ANSWER
Q12. What are the application of PPM?
Ans: PPM is employed in narrowband RF channel systems, with the position of each
pulse representing the angular position of an analogue control on the transmitter, or
possible states of binary switch. The number of pulse per frame gives the number of
controllable channels available. The advantage of using PPM for this type of
application is that the electronics required to decode the signal are extremely simple,
which leads to small, light-weight receiver/decoder units. (Model aircraft require
parts that are as lightweight as possible).

ANSWER
Q13. Explain the principle of PPM?
Ans: The amplitude and the width of the pulse is kept constant in this system, while
the position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse is
varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. This means
that the transmitter must send synchronizing pulses to operate timing circuits in the
receiver. The PPM has the advantage of requiring constant transmitter power
output, but the disadvantage of depending on transmitter-receiver synchronization.

ANSWER
Q14. What is the puprpose of PPM?
Ans: PPM may be used to transmit analog information, such as continuous speech or
data.
ANSWER
Q15. What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM & PWM?

Ans: PAM is similar to AM; PPM and PWM is similar to angle modulation.
ANSWER
Q16. What is Frequency modulation (FM)?
Ans: Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave
in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal without any
variation in the amplitude of the carrier wave.
ANSWER
Q17. What is PWM or Pulse length modulation or pilse duration modulation?
Ans: In PWM, the pulse amplitude is kept constant but the leading edge, trailing
edge or both may be varied as a function of the amplitude of the sampled signal and
care must be taken to ensure that the pulse dont overlap in a TDM system.
ANSWER
Q18. What are the disadvantages of PWM?
Ans: PWM, in general, requires a greater average power than PAM systems. Also, the
PWM system requires a greater bandwidth than PAM.
ANSWER
Q19. Explain the principle of PWM?
Ans: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) of a signal or power source involves the
modulation of its duty cycle, to either convey information over a communication
channel or control the amount of power sent to a load. PWM uses a square wave
whose pulse width is modulated resulting in the variation of the average value of the
waveform is directly dependent on the duty cycle D.
ANSWER
Q20. Mention the applications of PWM.
Ans: PWM can be used to reduce the total amount of power delivered to a load
without losses normally incurred when a power source is limited by resistive means.
This is because the average power delivered is proportional to the modulation duty
cycle. With a sufficiently high modulation rate, passive electronic filters can be used
to smooth the pulse train and recover an average analog waveform.

SET_2
Q1. What is PAM?
Ans: Pulse amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the
amplitude of a carrier consisting of a periodic train of rectangular pulses is varied in proportion
to the sample values of a message signal. In this type of modulation, the pulse duration is held
constant.
ANSWER
Q2. What are the drawbacks of PAM?
Ans: Before sampling a signal, it must be passed through a low-pass filter, so that the higher
frequencies are eliminated from the signal and the signal conforms to the requirement of the
sampling circuit. Also, the PAM technique has the same signal to noise ratio as the AM. Thus, it
is not employed in the practical circuits but may be employed to produce other forms of pulse
modulation.
ANSWER

Q3. How is demodulation done in PAM?

Ans: Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every period.
ANSWER

Q4. Mention the application of PAM.

Ans: PAM is widely used in baseband transmission of digital data, with non baseband
application having been largely superseded by pulse-code modulation and more recently by
PPM.
ANSWER

Q5. What is PAM in practical circuits ?

ANSWER

Q6. What is the basic principle of PAM ?

Ans: In PAM, the amplitude of individual pulses in the pulse train is varied from its default value
in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal at sampling intervals.
The width of the pulse is kept constant.

ANSWER

Q7. What are the advantages of PAM ?

Ans: Main advantages of PAM are simple transmitter and receiver design. PAM is used to carry
information as well as to generate other pulse modulations.
ANSWER

Q8. What is a filter ?

ANSWER

Q9. What are the different types of filters ?

Ans: Low-pass, high-pass, Band-pass, Band-elimination ( also referred to as band reject or
notch).
ANSWER

Q10. What are active filters ?

Ans: Active filters are the circuits that use an operational-amplifier as the active device in
combination with some resistors and capacitors to provide an LRC-like filters performance at
low frequencies.
ANSWER

Q11. What is a low-pass filter ?

Ans: a low pass filter is a filter that passes low frequency signal but attenuates signal with
frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency.
ANSWER

Q12. Why inductors are not often used in active filters ?

Ans: Inductors are bulky and costly and may have large internal resistive components.
ANSWER

Q13. What is an ideal low pass filter ?

Ans: An ideal low pass filter is a network which passes all the frequency up to cut-off frequency
fc, and blocks all frequencies above fc.

ANSWER

Q14. What is difference between an ideal and a practical low pass filter ?
Ans: The transition region present in practical filters doesnt exist in an ideal filter. An ideal low-

pass filter can be realized mathematically by multiplying a signal by the rectangular function in
the frequency domain or, equivalently, Convolution with a sinc function in the time domain.
ANSWER

Q15. What is high-pass filter ?

Ans: a high pass filter is a circuit that attenuates all signals below a specified cut-off frequency.
ANSWER

Q16. What does the term pass mean in any low-or-high pass filters ?
Ans: Pass: to cause or permit to go past or through a barrier.
ANSWER

Q17. What does roll-off mean ?

ANSWER

Q18. What are passive filters ?

Ans: Passive filters are implemented using only passive components such as resistors, capacitors
and inductors. These filters do not produce any amplification of the input signal.
ANSWER

Q19. What is a pass band ?

Ans: The range of frequencies that is transmitted.
ANSWER

Q20. What is drop band ?

Ans: The range of frequencies that is attenuated.
ANSWER

Q21. Why is butterworth filter used most often ?

Ans: in many low pass filter applications, it is necessary for the closed loop gain to be as close to
1 as possible within the baseband. Butterworth filter is best suited for this type of application.
ANSWER

Q22. What is Band pass filter ?

Ans: It passes a band of frequencies and attenuates frequencies on both sides of the pass band.
You make take an example of series resonant circuit for the explanation.

ANSWER

Q23. What is sn idesl band pass filter ?

Ans: The ideal band pass filter can be used to isolate the component of a time series that lies
within a particular band of frequencies.
ANSWER

Q24. What are band reject circuits ?

Ans: Band reject filters are tuned circuits that prevent the passage of signal within a specified
band of frequencies. These devices are also known as band stop or notch filters.
ANSWER

Q25. Name the types of band rejection filters.

Ans: Twin-T & active Wein-Robinson circuit.
ANSWER

Q26. What are signal filters ?

Ans: Signal filters block or decrease unwanted frequencies or signal wave characteristics.
ANSWER

Q27. What are digital filters ?

Ans: Digital filters use digital signal processing (DSP) to perform numerical calculations on
sampled values of a signal.
ANSWER

Q28. What is precision rectifier ?

Ans: It is an op-amp voltage follower, with a diode inserted between the op-amp output
terminals and the circuit output point.
ANSWER

Q29. Why use an op-amp as a rectifier ?

Ans: In diode rectifiers circuit, the voltage drop that occurs with an ordinary semiconductor
rectifier can be eliminated to give precision rectification.
ANSWER

Q30. What is a precision full wave rectifier ?

Ans: a full wave precision rectifier consists of a summing circuit and a precision half wave

rectifier which has a voltage gain of 2.

ANSWER

Q31. What are the advantages of precision amplifier ?

Ans: Gain of upto 100 can be achieved in this configuration, which is useful for signal
conditioning of low output of transducers in mV range.
ANSWER

Q32. What is DAC ?

Ans: The process of conversion of digital signal to analog signal is called so.
ANSWER

Q33. What are the different types of DAC technique?

ANSWER

Q34. What is an R-2R ladder network?

Ans: A 4-bit R-2R ladder network consists of digitally controlled switches, current to voltage
converter and a resistance network.
Note: For more detail about R-2R ladder, go through your book.
ANSWER

Q35. What is an oscillator?

QUESTIONS ONLY:

VIVA QUESTION FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATION:

1.
What is amplitude modulation?
2.

What is modulation?

3.

What are the different types of analog modulation?

4.

What is the need for modulation?

5.

What are the objectives met by modulation?

6.

What are the advantages of PWM over PAM?

7.

What is pulse position modulation?

8.

What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and PAM?

9.

What are the applications of pulse position modulation?

10.

What are the purposes of using differential pulse position modulation?

11.

What are the advantages of pulse position modulation?

12.

What are the applications of PPM?

13.

Explain the principle of PPM?

14.

What is the purpose of PPM?

15.

What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM, and PWM?

16.

What is frequency modulation?

17.

What is PWM? Or pulse length modulation? Or pulse duration modulation?

18.

What are the disadvantages of PWM?

19.

Explain the principle of PWM?

20.

Mention the applications of PWM.

21.

What is the purpose of PWM?

22.

What is PAM?

23.

What are the drawbacks of PAM?

24.

How is modulation done in PAM?

25.

Mention the applications of PAM.

26.

Explain briefly how PAM can vary in different systems?

27.

What is PAM in practical circuits?

28.

What is the basic principle of PAM?

29.

What are the advantages of PAM?

30.

What is a filter?

31.

Give the application of filter.

32.

What are the different types of filter?

33.

What are active filters?

34.

Why inductors are not often used in active filters?

35.

What is low-pass filter?

36.

What is an ideal low-pass filter?

37.

What is the difference between an ideal and a practical low pass filter?

38.

Why doesnt low-pass filter use DSP?

39.

What is high pass filter?

40.

What does the term pass mean in any low pr high pass filter?

41.

What does roll off mean?

42.

What are passive filters?

43.

What is a pass band?

44.

What is stop band?

45.

Why is butterworth filter used most often?

46.

What is band pass filter?

47.

What is an ideal band pass filter?

48.

What are band reject filter?

49.

Name the types of band rejection filter.

50.

What are signal filters?

51.

What are digital filters?

52.

How do EMI and RFI filters work?

53.

What are long pass filters?

54.

What are RF and microwave filters?

55.

What is a precision rectifier?

56.

With only one diode, why does a precision half wave rectifier saturate?

57.

What is the solution to saturating precision rectifier?

58.

How can we obtain two output precision half wave rectifier?

59.

Why use an op-amp as a rectifier?

60.

Why an absolute value circuit is called so?

61.

What is a precision full wave rectifier?

62.

Who invented the full wave rectifier?

63.

What are the advantages of Precision rectifier?

64.

What is DAC?

65.

What are the different types of DAC techniques?

66.

What is an R-2R ladder network?

67.

Explain switch bounce or contact bounce.

68.

What are harmonics?

69.

What do you mean by timer?

70.

What is an Oscillator?

71.

What are flip-flops?

72.

What is a multivibrator?

73.

What is the purpose of a multivibrator?

74.

Why is an astable multivibrator called so?

75.

Why is an monostable multivibrator called so?

76.

What is an astable multivibrator?

77.

What is an monostable multivibrator?

78.

What is the purpose of a monostable multivibrator?

79.

Give some example of a multivibrator?

80.

Mention the applications of multivibrator?

81.

What does the term stable mean to you?

82.

Explain the operation of an astable multivibrator.

83.

Explain how an astable multivibrator can be recognized?

84.

What is the principle of a monostable multivibrator?

85.

Explain the principle of operation of a monostable multivibrator circuit.

86. How does a monostable multivibrator work in terms of the astable

multivibrator?
87.

What is the disadvantage of astable multivibrator?

88.

Give examples of a monostable multivibrator in use.

89.

What are the different types of multivibrator circuits?

90.

What is the principle of basic of BJT monostable multivibrator?

91.

What is a Schmitt trigger?

92.

Explain the operation of a Schmitt trigger.

93.

What are the advantages of a Schmitt trigger?

94.

Who invented Schmitt trigger?

95.

What is the purpose of Schmitt trigger?

96.

Why is a Schmitt trigger called a regenerative comparator?