XIV WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS, Durban, South Africa, 7-11 September 2015

Bolsa Florestas Community-based Monitoring Programme

Rafael Valente 1, Victor Salviati2, Gabriel Ribenboin3, Carlos Souza Jr.4, Virgilio Viana5,
Joo Tezza6
1

GIS specialist at RGEO, rgeo@rgeo.com.br

Technical coordinator at FAS, victor.salviati@fas-amazonas.org
3
Innovation expert at Ritual, gr@ritualbr.com
4
Senior researcher at Imazon, souzajr@imazon.org.br
5
Director-general at FAS, virgilio.viana@fas-amazonas.org
6
Sustainable development senior consultant, joao.tezza@fas-amazonas.org
2

Abstract
One of the key activities for sustainable development in the Amazon is monitoring its carbon-dense
and biodiversity-rich forest ecosystem with satellite imagery and field information. It is possible to
quickly analyse forests using satellite imagery at low cost. These types of data have supported policies
on regional planning, forest management and protection of parks. The challenge now is to engage
local populations in a way to add value to improve socio-economic indicators. This can promote
social control and better governance on forests and foster wiser land-uses alternatives.
The involvement of local populations is essential for forest conservation activities, land management,
raise environmental awareness, social empowerment, and assess land-use in different scales properly.
The deforestation profile of the Brazilian Amazon varies from large deforestation to smallholders
agriculture. This paper addresses the latter.
In 2009, Amazonas State, FAS and Imazon developed an environmental monitoring programme
focused on local communities in areas benefited by a payment of environmental services scheme:
Bolsa Floresta Programme.
A combination of field data and imagery process techniques has enabled to refine and calibrate
satellite data, elaborating better land-use maps, and assess locals' land-uses. The programme used
Open Data Kit tool on mobile devices and trained local monitors to gather and verify such data. The
results of this methodological approach were positive. Local monitors learned how to use the tools
effectively. Local leaders were empowered leaders to monitor government and non-governmental
activities.
Involvement and digital inclusion of local populations also helped governmental surveillance and
control of illegal activities.
Thus this paper presents the main results of this community-based monitoring programme (20002013), analysing it with other monitoring programmes and discussing its challenges and its scalability
opportunities.
Keywords: PES, participatory planning, Amazon, digital inclusion, Bolsa Floresta, Open Data Kit

Introduction and main objectives

The Brazilian Amazon and the State of Amazonas

The Brazilian Amazon is a territory that covers 4 million hectares (Imazon, 2010b) and has 25+
million people (Imazon, 2010a). Over the last decades, it has been one of the most slashed in the

world (Hansen, et al., 2010). Since 2004, deforestation rates have been decreasing from an average of
20,000 km2 to 5,000km2 (Inpe/Prodes, 2015). This has happened due to active federal-driven policies
of surveillance, expansion of the number of protected areas, and implementation of sustainable
income generation actions (Nepstad, et al., 2014; Gibbs, et al., 2015). Brazils challenges now are to
keep decreasing its deforestation rate to lower levels (e.g., 1,000 km2) and improve forest peoples
livelihood.
The state of Amazonas is a good example. It is the largest state in Brazil (157.1 million hectares) with
96% of its forests conserved (Inpe/Prodes, 2015), and hosts five of eight endemism areas in the
Amazon (Silva, et al., 2005). This low deforestation rate is due to: (a) geographical features 1, (b)
infrastructure 2, (c) a strategic-oriented environmental policy, i.e., Green Free Trade Zone Programme
(GFTZ) (Viana, 2010), (d) a legal framework to enable both conservation and economic development
(Unterstell, et al., 2010), and (e) a large protected area network (84.6+ million hectares, 55.4% of its
territory) (Governo do Amazonas, 2013).
Figure 1. State of Amazonas and its protected
areas (federal, state and municipal levels).

Scientific evidences show creation of protected

area diminishes land pressure in the short-run
(Soares-Filho, et al., 2010). In the medium-term,
there are more to be addressed: (i) commodities
(Verburg, et al., 2014), (ii) lack of governance,
(iii) lack of strategic planning (Hill, et al., 2015),
and (iv) high costs of surveillance and
enforcement (Borner, et al., 2014). Amazonas
has also presented solutions: innovative and
environmental-friendly fundraising alternatives.
Firstly, with the largest payment for environmental services (PES) programme: BFP within 10.8+
million hectares and 40+ thousand direct beneficiaries (FAS, 2015a). Secondly, the implementation of
the very first REDD 3 project in the Amazon: the Juma REDD project which protects 589+ thousand
hectares and benefits 2,000 people (Bakkegaard, et al., 2014).
The Bolsa Floresta Programme

BFP has 4 components (Borner, et al., 2013; FAS, 2015b): (i) investments on sustainable income
alternatives (e.g., fishing, sustainable agriculture, handicraft etc.); (ii) investments on social services
such as transportation, education, sanitation, health services, and communication; (iii) reserve-level
investments to foster grassroots associations; and (iv) household-level incentive to those who
voluntarily agree with the BFPs rules 4.
Table 1. General characteristic and figures of BFPs investments (FAS, 2015b).
BOLSA FLORESTAS COMPONENTS

Characteristics
Annual
investments
Protected Area
Annual
investments
family (average)

per
per

INCOME

SOCIAL

ASSOCIATION

FAMILY

TOTAL 5

BRL 120,501

BRL 82,549

BRL 40,368

BRL 318,710

BRL
562,128

BRL 395

BRL 350

BRL 67

BRL 600

BRL 1412

Investments level

Community

Grassroots association

Householders

Payment rationale

FAS invests directly

FAS forwards to grassroots

associations

Programmes debit card

Attend to associations
meetings

Attend to BFPs workshops and commit with

zero-deforestation on native areas

Peoples counterpart

Manage projects
implementation

Support
implementation and
maintenance

Difficulties to transpose rivers, large areas with low population density etc.
Lack of roads, high fuel prices etc.
3
Reducing emission from deforestation and degradation.
4
See more at Viana, et al., 2010.
5
1BRL = 0.33USD (as of April 21st 2015).
2

N/A

The Community-based Monitoring Programme of Bolsa Floresta (PPDUC)

In 2009 FAS, the State of Amazonas, and the Amazon Institute of People and the Environment
(Imazon) created PPDUC to assess the efficacy and efficiency of BFP on reducing deforestation.
PPDUC combines (a) analyses on remote sense data, (b) ground-truth validation, and (c) community
involved on territory mapping. Its goals are: (i)
monitoring land-use dynamics within BFPs areas,
(ii) engage riverine communities, (iii) raise
awareness on land-use planning, and (iv) test new
technologies.
PPDUC is continuously refining its techniques, tools
and approaches (Figure 2). This has allowed full
interaction with communities needs, i.e. including
new items to the collection protocol (e.g., fishing
Figure 2. PPDUC rationale.
biodiversity, species of interest to management,
social and economic data). Thus, PPDUC has fostered local communities to be part of land-use
decisions within the reserves following their decision-making forums and mechanisms.
So far, the (b) ground-truth validation stage has been implemented in 2 out of 15 reserves: Juma and
Madeira (Figure 3).
This paper thus presents the main results of PPDUC (2000-2013) emphasising the community
involvement on land-use management, and its scalability opportunities.
Methodology/approach
PPDUC is divided in two components: (i) remote sense and (ii) community involvement.
Remote sense

Image processing for deforestation was adapted from Souza Jr. and Siqueira (2013). The first step is the
registration of Landsat imageries to a baseline (MDA Federal, 2000). When necessary, calibration
techniques are applied to normalise the data: (a) remove radiometric noise (Carlotto, 1999) and (b)
remove spectral signals (Souza Jr., et al., 2013).
After registration and normalisation, it is necessary to build a spectral library to estimate abundances in
each pixel by vegetation, non-photosynthetic
vegetation (NPV), soil, cloud and shadow. The
modelling technique combines all Landsat
imageries to estimate the proportion of those
categories. The reflectance images processed is
also combined with the pure spectral components
to estimate the abundance of it in each pixel.
Therefore, it is applied the technique of spectral
mixture modelling (SMM).
Then it is calculated the normalised difference
fraction index (NDFI) (Souza Jr., et al., 2005;
Souza Jr., et al., 2013) using a decision-tree.
It also considered, as an input for classification, a
near infrared and blue bands, altimetry profile
analysis of the shuttle radar topography mission,
and (c) a road mask (Souza Jr., et al., 2005). Spatial and temporal filters are designed to remove spurious
Figure 3. Protected Areas benefited by BFP
highlighting Juma (yellow) and Madeira (red)

ratings and not allowed temporal transitions between mapping classes by replacing isolated classified
pixels for the nearest dominant class and avoiding transitions to be applied in a year. After this filter
application processes, a design editing is made to refine and highlight the results of the classification
(e.g., cloud removal, adjust not-allowed transitions, categorise types of non-forest vegetation and
distinguish them from deforestation etc.) (Souza Jr. and Siqueira, 2013).
The following stage is comparing the analysed data with a baseline map. Every year, the deforestation
growth is input in the baseline map (as remaining forest) to allow the identification of new areas of
deforestation and regrowth.
In order to help deforestation control and surveillance activities, it was developed a threat level index
(TLI) for BFP benefited areas. The goal of this index is to rank the most vulnerable protected areas to
prioritising efforts and resources. Rankings are generated following some parameters such as (a)
absolute deforestation and degradation, and (b) deforestation and degradation parametrised by 100 sq
km. Those variations are compared to rank areas with greater or lesser pressure. Another aspect
monitored that is a major issue in the Amazon is fire (Nepstad, et al., 1999; Schwartz, et al., 2015). For
this analysis, it is used all available sensors (e.g., NOAA-12, NOOA-15, and AQUA). Identified
occurrence of fires are compared with the database of the Brazilian National Institute of Space Research
(Inpe) and then spacialised within BFP using ArcGIS and point vector analysis.
Every report is widely discussed by FAS and partners teams as well as community leaders to (i)
evaluate the veracity of such data, (ii) design interacted strategies to tackle deforestation, and (iii)
support the empowerment of land-use management.
Community involvement component

FAS and partners implement capacity-building activities (i.e. workshops) to the communities on
mapping, map interpretation and GIS report elaboration. These workshops, 4 per year, aims at training
youngsters to support ground-truth validation of remote sense to calibrate such data. Every workshop
has (a) practical training, (b) collection in the field, (c) analysis, and (d) dissemination.
The capacity-building cycle starts with the first workshop, held in the community, to select those
interested who join the monitoring activities FAS and partners prioritise those who are attending
school, between 15-18 years old, and living at the benefited communities. It is a 5-day workshop: (a)
two days with theoretical classes on GIS, mapping and general procedures of imagery analysis, (b) two
days with practical activities with GPS, Open-data Kit (ODK) (Google, 2010) and data collection, and
(c) one day with data analysis and report elaboration. Three months later, it is held a two-day workshop
aiming at recycling knowledge and updating software and applications. This follow-up workshop is
repeated in the sixth month. At the end of 12-month period, the forth (and final) workshop is organised
to help the monitors to (a) discuss data with the monitors, (b) prepare the presentations, and (c) elaborate
the final report. In the second cycle (13th to 24th month), already trained monitors help the new ones
and this is a very important aspect of the project: raise awareness and building-capacity within the
communities.
The data collection routine is: monitors receive demanded coordinates, monthly, from FAS. These
points are stochastically selected6 to calibrate imagery processing and to input qualitative data in the
analysis. Monitors organise themselves in groups to check the points: using a mobile device, they take
pictures and qualify the land-use dynamics (with ODK-based form). All these data are storage and
monitors upload them, once they get Internet connection. After analysis, monitors receive all data and
prepare presentations.
Data analysis and dissemination
6

The data is randomly generated for the entire area and selected those areas of greatest interest carrying into account issues of displacement
and proximity co communities and risk areas and or pressure.

After the technical analysis data are uploaded at Bolsa Floresta web-based platform7. In addition, reports
are sent to the monitors to (i) build capacity, (ii) prepare the presentation for the communities, and (iii)
empower communities on land-use management. The presentation to the communities is organised to (i)
present land-use data, (ii) discuss opportunities and activities to decrease forest fires and deforestation,
(iii) raise environmental awareness, and (iv) support community empowerment on land-use
management.
Results
Remote sensing

The combination of the developed methodology and field verification has enabled to refine land-use
detection to 0.25 hectares in comparison with Brazilian National Programme of Deforestation for the
Amazon (Prodes) which considers 6.25 hectares and detects clear-cut areas (Inpe/Prodes, 2013).
PPDUC is more suitable to detect small-scaled deforestation (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Comparison between PPDUC database and Prodes (Inpe/Prodes, 2015).

The increased analysis scale is noticeable. See Figure 6.

Figure 5. Comparison of land-use detectation between Prodes and PPDUC

(Landsat 2013 background).

Following the methodology of field verification, see below the non-statistical correlation between
remote sensing data and ODK-based field collection (Table 2). For this analysis was grouped categories
related to non-deforested areas identified by remote sense with types of landscape found by field
monitors.
Table 2. Non-statistical correlation between remote sensing data and ODK-based field data from
Madeira and Juma reserves.

Field data / Satellite data

Number of points

Positive correlation

Correlation between non-deforested areas

173

66%

Correlation between deforested areas

171

91%

Total

344

79%

http://mapas.fas-amazonas.org.

Local monitors empowerment

FAS trained 12 local monitors at Madeira and Juma reserves in 2011-12 and 2009, respectively. Those
monitors were able to cover all field verification sites chosen to calibrate satellite data as scheduled. In
addition, local trained monitors were able to present and discuss such results in community workshops
and meetings showing their empowerment of the process. Thus, training local monitors is very
important for (i) knowing the area (seasonal challenges, short cuts etc.), (ii) dealing with other people in
the communities (i.e., asking some question on degradation and deforestation that could be unpleased),
and (iii) they have a better cost-efficiency 8 in comparison with regular technicians.
Therefore, the combination of a remote sensing methodology and ODK-based field collection has
proven to be efficient to (i) calibrate satellite data, (ii) enhance land-use dynamics database, and (iii)
engage youngsters on monitoring and empowering them on land-use management.
Discussion
BFP is a PES-based innovative mechanism to conserve the major biome in the world at the same time to
support and enhance traditional riverine communities welfare. In order to testify its efficacy, BFP has
an independent monitoring programme. Its decision was based as Amazonas riverine populations have
different patterns of land-use dynamics in comparison with others in the Brazilian Amazon (Viana,
2010). In addition, it was demonstrated how Prodes is not able to detect such small-scaled deforestation
dynamics. In addition, PPDUC also fosters the involvement of traditional riverine populations. Others
have already noticed it elsewhere (e.g., Pratihast, et al., 2014), but just few in the Amazon specific with
traditional peoples (e.g., Bryner, et al., 2012).
The proper involvement of local populations enhances the programme success as (i) raise environmental
awareness, (ii) empower them on land-use dynamics management (e.g., Constantino, et al., 2012), and
(iii) build capacity for territorial management for conservation goals (e.g., Cromberg, et al., 2014).
Although there are still some challenges to overcome (Table 3).
Table 3. Major challenges and proposed solutions faced by PPDUC.
Improved deforestation detection
Need of reference maps
Technology availability and its durability
Enhance and increase local monitors
network

Challenge
Landsat has limited conditions to classify some shapes as small streams
and cloud cover
To monitor properly BFP achievements is needed to elaborate a reference
map to compare before and after
Regular mobile devices are quite fragile; ODK needs to be improved to
offline operations

Proposed solution to be tested

FAS and partners are already testing other mobile devices, and it is
discussing with Google to enhance ODK

Need to cover more area but funds is needed

FAS and partners are seeking for more funds

Combining Landsat with other sensors.

FAS and partners are already elaborating such reference map

Conclusions
Any either programme or project aiming at implement field activities in tropical lands must be very
align with communities needs and limitations. The success of such programme or project depends on it
(Bryner, et al., 2012; Borner, et al., 2013). BFP is an example: fully involvement of both beneficiaries
and non-beneficiaries in programmes decisions (Viana, et al., 2010; Unterstell, et al., 2010; Borner, et
al., 2013; Bakkegaard, et al., 2014).
This paper shows how a tailored community-based monitoring programme is more suitable for
monitoring small-scaled deforestation. This efficient is not limited to methodology issues the proper
involvement of direct stakeholders has enabled a better understanding of land-use dynamics in isolated
communities in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Its potential to replicate and scale-up depends on three
major aspects: (i) proper involvement of direct stakeholders, (ii) financial resources, and (iii) medium- to
long-term strategy design.

Another paper is under developing to present and discuss the real financial cost of the PPDUC.

First, it is crucial to get direct stakeholders together within the programme or project such initiatives
cannot be implement without community involvement. Secondly, considering Amazonian context and
the majority of tropical lands costs are quite high. Therefore, it is highly recommended to assess such
costs previously and plan wisely field verification activities. Last, and most important, a well-designed
strategy. It is highly recommended to every detail of initiative with all direct and indirect stakeholder.
This broader involvement takes time and financial resources but it is mandatory if lasting positive
impact is sought.
Thus, both scale-up and replication of this model is feasible.
PPDUC has shown efficient to (i) engage youngster on field verification, (ii) combine both remote sense
and field data to assess small-scale deforestation, and (iii) empower traditional riverine populations on
land-use management.

Acknowledgements
We thank Imazon for sharing its expertise and brilliant work on GIS and territorial management in the
Amazon, and the State of Amazonas for our fruitful partnership to support the conservation of protected
areas and enhancing peoples welfare in isolated communities.
We would like to acknowledge Bradesco bank, Coca-Cola Brasil and Mitsubishi Corporation for their
financial support for this Programme.
And also, we thank Google specially Google Outreach team for its effort on making available tools
and minds so useful to tackle big challenges.

References
Bakkegaard R.K. and Wunder S. Bolsa Floresta, Brazil [Book Section] // REDD+ on the ground: A case
book of subnational initiatives across the globe / book auth. Sills E.O. [et al.]. - Bogor : [s.n.], 2014.
Barber C.P. [et al.] Roads, deforestation, and the mitigating effect of protected areas in the Amazon
[Article] // Biological Conservation. - 2014. - 203-209.
Borner J. [et al.] Forest law enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon: Costs and income effects
[Article] // Global Environmental Change. - 2014. - 294-305 : Vol. 29.
Borner J. [et al.] Promoting Forest Stewardship in the Bolsa Floresta Programme: Local Livelihood
Strategies and Preliminary Impacts [Report]. - Rio de Janeiro / Manaus : [s.n.], 2013.
Bryner N. [et al.] COMSERBO: A Case Study of Community-Based Forest Conservation in the Bolivian
Amazon [Online] // Elliott. - 2012. - 4 May 2015. http://elliott.gwu.edu/sites/elliott.gwu.edu/files/downloads/acad/lahs/bolivia-forest-conservation2012.pdf.
Carlotto M. J. Reducing the effects of space-varying, wavelength-dependent scattering in
multispectral imagery [Article] // International Journal of Remote Sensing. - 1999. - 3333-3344 : Vol.
20.
Cochrane M.A. and Schulze M.D. Forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon [Article] // Conservation
Biology. - 1998. - 948-950 : Vol. 12.

Constantino P.A.L. [et al.] Empowering Local People through Community-based Resource
Monitoring: a Comparison of Brazil and Namibia [Article] // Ecology and Society. - 2012. - 17. - 22 :
Vol. 4.
Cromberg M., Duchelle A.E. and Rocha I.O. Local Participation in REDD+: Lessons from the Eastern
Brazilian Amazon [Article] // Forests. - 2014. - 5. - 579-598 : Vol. 4.
FAS Relatrio de atividades 2014 [Report]. - Manaus : [s.n.], 2015b.
FAS Transparncia [Online] // Fundao Amazonas Sustentvel. - abril 2015a. - 20 abril 2015. http://fas-amazonas.org/transparencia/.
Gibbs H.K. [et al.] Brazil's soy moratorium [Article] // Science. - 2015. - 377-378.
Godar Javier [et al.] Actor-specific contributions to the deforestation slowdown in the Brazilian
Amazon [Article] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 2014. - 43. - 15591-15596 :
Vol. 111.
Google About the ODK [Online] // Open Data Kit. - 2010. - 22 abril 2015. https://opendatakit.org/about/.
Governo do Amazonas Amazonas: 10 anos de poltica pblica em desenvolvimento sustentvel.
Uma trajetria de conquistas e desafios (2003-2013) [Report]. - Manaus : Edies Reggo, 2013.
Hansen M.C., Stehman S.V. and Potapov P.V. Quantification of global gross forest cover loss
[Article] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. - 2010. - 107. - 8650-8655 : Vol. 19.
Hill R. [et al.] Why biodiversity declines as protected areas increase: the effect of the power of
governance regimes on sustainable landscapes [Article] // Sustainable Sciences. - 2015. - 357-369 :
Vol. 10.
Imazon A Amaznia e os objetivos do milnio 2010 [Online] // Imazon. - 2010a. - 13 abril 2015. http://imazon.org.br/a-amazonia-e-os-objetivos-do-milenio-2010/.
Imazon Fatos Florestais da Amaznia 2010 [Online] // Imazon. - 2010b. - 20 abril 2015. http://imazon.org.br/fatos-florestais-da-amazonia-2010/.
Inpe/Prodes Metodologia para clculo da taxa anual de desmatamento na Amaznia Legal
[Online] // Inpe. - 2013. - 4 maio 2015. http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/metodologia_TaxaProdes.pdf.
Inpe/Prodes Taxas anuais do desmatamento - 1988 at 2014 [Online] // Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas Especiais. - 2015. - http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2014.htm.
Larrazbal A. [et al.] The role of community carbon monitoring for REDD+: a review of experiences
[Article] // Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. - 2012. - 6. - 707-716 : Vol. 4.
Laurance W.F. and Williamson G.B. Positive Feedbacks among Forest Fragmentation, Drought, and
Climate Change in the Amazon [Article] // Conservation Biology. - 2001. - 6. - 1529-1535 : Vol. 15.
MDA Federal Landsat GeoCover ETM+ 2000 Edition Mosaics Title N-03-05. ETM-EarthSat-MrSID. Sioux Falls, South Dakota : [s.n.], 2000.

Miguez-Macho G. and Fan Y. The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 1. Influence on
seasonal streamflow, flooding and wetlands [Article] // Journal of Geophysical Research. - 2012. D15. - Vol. 117.
Mohammed E.Y. [et al.] Assessing Preferences for Compensation Packages Using The Discrete
Choice Method: The Case Of The Bolsa Floresta Program In Amazonas, Brazil [Article] // Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and Management. - 2013. - 1350021 : Vol. 15.
Monteiro A. and Souza Jr. C. Remote Monitoring for Forest Management in the Brazilian Amazon
[Book Section] // Sustainable Forest Management: Current Research / book auth. Diez J.J.. - 2012. Vols. 67-86.
Nepstad D. [et al.] Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef
and soy supply chains [Article] // Science. - 2014. - 1118-1123 : Vol. 344.
Nepstad D.C. [et al.] Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire
[Article] // Nature. - 1999. - 398. - 505-508.
Pratihast A.K. [et al.] Combining Satellite Data and Community-Based Observations for Forest
Monitoring [Article] // Forests. - 2014. - 5. - 2464-2489 : Vol. 10.
Pratihast A.K., Herold M. and De Sy V. Linking community-based and national REDD+ monitoring: a
review of the potential [Article] // Carbon Management. - 2013. - 91-104 : Vol. 4.
Schwartz N.B. [et al.] Climate, landowner residency, and land cover predict local scale fire activity in
the Western Amazon [Article] // Global Environmental Change. - 2015. - 144-153 : Vol. 31.
Sessin-Dilascio K. [et al.] The Dynamics of Co-Management and Social Capital in Protected Area
ManagementThe Cardoso Island State Park in Brazil [Article] // World Development. - 2015. - 475489 : Vol. 67.
Silva J.A. Raylands and da Fonseca G.A.B. O destino das reas de endemismo da Amaznia
[Article] // Megadiversidade. - 2005. - 1. - 124-131.
Soares-Filho B. [et al.] Role of Brazilian Amazon protected areas in climate change mitigation
[Article] // Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences. - 2010. - 10821-10826 : Vol. 107.
Souza Jr. C. M., Roberts D. A. and Cochrane M. A. Combining spectral and spatial information to
map canopy damage from selective logging and forest fires [Article] // Remote Sensing of
Environment. - 2005. - 329-343 : Vol. 98.
Souza Jr. C. Siqueira J.V.N. ImgTools: a software for optical remotely sensed data analysis
[Conference] // Anais XVI Simpsio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. - Foz de Iguau : [s.n.],
2013.
Souza Jr. C.M. [et al.] Ten-Year Landsat Classification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the
Brazilian Amazon [Article] // Remote Sensing. - 2013. - 11. - 5493-5513 : Vol. 5.
Unterstell Natalie, Freire Rodrigo and Peixoto Juliana Polticas para o clima: valorizao dos servios
ambientais do Amazonas [Book Section] // O valor dos servios da natureza: subsdios para polticas
pblicas de servios ambientais no Amazonas. - Manaus : [s.n.], 2010.

Verburg R. [et al.] The impact of commodity price and conservation policy scenarios on
deforestation and agricultural land use in a frontier area within the Amazon [Article] // Land Use
Policy. - 2014. - 14-26 : Vol. 37.
Viana V. Amaznia e o interesse nacional [Article] // Poltica Externa. - 2011. - 4. - Vol. 19.
Viana V. Desafios da sustentabilidade na Amaznia: a experincia da Fundao Amazonas
Sustentvel [Book Section] // Investimento social privado no Brasil / book auth. (Org.). Instituto
Sabin.. - Brasilia : [s.n.], 2013. - Vol. 1.
Viana Virgilio [et al.] As experincias da FAS com programas de pagamento por servios ambientais
[Book Section] // O valor dos servios da natureza: subsdios para polticas pblicas de servios
ambientais no Amazonas / book auth. Unterstell Natalie, Freire Rodrigo and Peixoto Juliana. Manaus : [s.n.], 2010.
Viana Virgilio Sustainable Development in Practice: Lessons Learned from Amazonas [Book]. London : International Institute for Environment and Development, 2010.
Walker R. [et al.] Protecting the Amazon with protected areas [Article] // Proceedings of National
Academy of Sciences. - 2009. - 10582-10586 : Vol. 106.