Electrical Power and Machines

Lecture 5

<Dr Ahmed El-Shenawy>

<Dr Hadi El Helw>

DC Motor

theory of operation
In a dc motor, the stator poles are supplied by dc excitation
current, which produces a dc magnetic field.
The rotor is supplied by dc current through the brushes,
commutator and coils.
The interaction of the magnetic field and rotor current generates a
force that drives the motor

IL

IF

IL

IF

Ia

Ia
RF

RF

Ra

Ra
Vt

Vt

Ea

Ea

Ea = KaW

Generator
Vt = Ea IaRa

Driving e.m.f

Motor
Back e.m.f

Vt = Ea + IaRa

Starting of DC motor
VS = Ea + Ia R
At Starting Ea is zero (back e.m.f = 0), so
Ia = VS/R , and since R is very small then Ia
is very big. Consequently a DC motor
should never be started at rated voltage
and an external resistance must be
added and acts as temporarily starting
resistance that is removed as soon as the
armature has attained its normal speed,
then
Ia = VS/(Ra+RS)

Ia
Ra

RF
VS

Ea

+
-

XF

RS>>>>Ra
Speed Regulation (SR): is a measure of the change in speed from no load to full
load
As Ia increases, Ea decreases thus N decreases
SR % = 100(NNL -NFL)/NNL = 100(WNL - WFL )/WNL
Series Motor: SR is high (variable speed motor)
Shunt Motor: SR is very low (constant speed motor)

CU

=I

2
a

+I

2
F

Power Flow Diagram

Pin = VSIL

Pd =TdWm= EaIa

P0 = TS Wm
=
Pr
P co
re
M
+P
ag

Efficiency
%= (P0 /Pin) 100

Separately Excited and DC shunt Motors

IF = VF /RF

IL= Ia +IF

Ia = IL

Ia

IF =Vt /RF

Ra

Ra
RF

RF
Vt = Ea +IaRa

Vt = Ea +IaRa

VF

Ea

Ea

Separately Excited

Shunt
Td

Td = K Ia = Ka p Ia

Ia

For a Shunt Motor

Ea = Vt IaRa = Ka P W

Then

Vt I a Ra
I R
WNL a a
K a P
K a P

W
If Ra is very small then
WNL
W=W NL, consequently a
shunt motor is a constant
speed motor

Ia

Torque-Speed Characteristics

Td K a P I a ..............I a

Td
....................(1)
K a P

Vt
I R
a a ..................(2)
K a P K a P

By substituting by (1) in (2) then

Td
Pd

K a PVt K a2 P2
Td

W
Ra
Ra
0.5 WNL

Example
A 125 V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 and a shunt field
resistance of 45 . If the load current is 50 A, find both Ea and Pd

IL= Ia +IF

Solution

Ia

IF =Vt /RF

Ra

RF
Vt = Ea +IaRa

IF = Vt /RF = 125/45 = 2.78 A

Ea

Ia = IL-IF = 50 -2.78 = 47.22 A

Ea = Vt- IaRa = 125-47.220.2 = 115.55 V
Pd = Ea Ia = 115.5547.22 = 5456.43 watts

Shunt

Series Motor
I a = IF = I L

RS

RF

Vt = Ea+ Ia (Ra +RF)

Ia

P = KF IF = KF Ia

IF
IL

Ra

Ea = Ka PW = Ka KF Ia W
Td = Ka P Ia =

KaKFI2a

VS

.(1)

+
-

Ea

Ea
V I R
t a ..........( 2)
Ka K F I a Ka K F I a

Speed of a series motor is inversely

Td
W

proportional to Ia
A Series motor has a wide range of
speed variation
Ia

Ia

Vt
K a K FW R

Td K a K F I a2

K a K FVt 2
( K a K FW R ) 2

As Td 1/W2 the series motor has a very high starting torque and that
makes it suitable for electrical vehicles, electric traction applications and
drilling

Speed control

V I R
W t a
Ka K F I a

Td

As R increases W decreases
As P increases W decreases (field control)
Using a variable DC voltage source makes
W increases as Vt increases
Speed

Example
A series motor has a combined series and armature resistance of 0.85 ,
runs at 1000 rpm and draws 20A from a 250 V source, calculate:
1.The rotational speed if a 3.75 resistor is connected in series with the
motor
2.The developed power and developed torque at both speeds
Solution
1. Ea1 = Vt Ia (R +RS) = 250-200.85= 233 V,
Ea2 = 250-20(0.85+3.75) = 158 V,
as Ea = KaPW,
then (Ea1/Ea2) = (N1/N2)
then N2= 1581000/233 = 678.1 rpm
or W2 = 678.1123.14/60 = 71 rad /sec

2. Pd1= Ea1Ia = 23320 = 4660 w, Pd2= Ea2Ia = 15820= 3160 w

Td1= Pd1/ W1 = 4660/104.72 = 44.5 N.m
Td2 = Pd2/ W2 = 3160/71 = 44.5 N.m