Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MANUAL
CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Abbreviations
3.Summary
4.Flight
of Techniques
Planning
11
4.1Aircraft
Weight
12
4.2Center
of Gravity (CG)
14
4.3Auxiliary
14
4.4Taxi
15
4.5Take-Off
17
4.6Climb
17
4.7Cruise
19
4.8Descent
23
4.9Optimum
4.10Fuel
4.11Flight
5.Higher
6.Flight
Cruise Altitude
Planning Example
Management
6.1Enroute
Winds
6.2Performance
6.3Approach
Monitoring
and Landing
6.4Tankering
7.Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance
7.3Dispatch
8.Conclusion
27
28
30
35
36
37
38
38
39
7.1Airframe
7.2Engine
25
40
40
42
45
INTRODUCTION
2.0INTRODUCTION
B!
2.0INTRODUCTION
The Q400 aircraft is most often used on routes of 200 to 500 NM. As a
modern turboprop, it also has the speed and range to be deployed on
routes up to 1000 NM. The Q400 aircrafts maximum cruise speed of 360
knots TAS lets the aircraft fly on demand-driven interchangeable schedules
with jets. But, throttle back to 280 knots TAS and the Q400 aircraft is the
most fuel efficient turboprop on a per-seat basis, while providing advantages
in operating cost, speed, passenger capacity and baggage capacity. The
Q400 turboprop delivers the operational flexibility and operating economics
to meet the needs of regional flying in the modern era.
Setting new environmental standards, the Q400 aircraft uses 30 to 40 per
cent less fuel and produces 30 to 40 per cent fewer emissions on routes
where it has replaced similar-capacity, older jets. Importantly, the Q400
turboprops Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), located in the tail of the aircraft,
vents its exhaust and noise upward, resulting in a better operating environment for ground crews. Overall, the Q400 aircraft is 15 decibels quieter than
ICAO Chapter 4 noise standards; raising the bar for the entire industry. The
Q400 aircraft is also participating in biofuel test programs that could make
a significant contribution in reducing aviations carbon footprint.
The Q400 aircrafts high rate of climb, single-engine service ceiling, higher
take-off weight (thus greater payload), optional drop down oxygen system
and jetway-compatibile front air stair passenger door are important factors
that contribute to its operational flexibility. In addition, the Q400s industry leading navigation capabilities, such as WAAS/LPV, RNP AR, Heads-up
guidance, Coupled VNAV etc contribute to the efficiency of
operations and flight completion rates in challenging environments.
The commercial aviation industry has gone through significant changes
since the recent global recession. The industrys unwavering focus on optimization and efficiency is the key reason for its resilience. Economic growth
will drive the demand for more aircraft. Rising oil prices and continued price
volatility will drive airlines to accelerate the retirement of older less efficient
aircraft, thereby increasing the demand for new-technology and fuelefficient aircraft such as the Q400.
The Q400 FEH will help airlines find
the optimum fuel efficiency solutions
for todays challenges, and it provides
the tools to adapt to tomorrows
challenges as well.
ABBREVIATIONS
1.0ABBREVIATIONS
A/C
AEO
AFM
AOM
APU
BA
CG
CI
FPM
FT, ft
GPU
HSC
IAS
IATA
IFR
ISC
ISA
KG, kg
LB, lb
LRC
ME
MCL
MCR
MIN, min
MLG
MMEL
MRC
MTOW
NLG
NM, nm
OEI
ROD
RPM
SAR
SE
TAS
TOC
TOD
TOW
USG
Aircraft
All Engines Operating
Airplane Flight Manual
Airplane Operating Manual
Auxiliary Power Unit
BOMBARDIER AEROSPACE
Center of Gravity
Cost Index
Feet Per Minute
Feet
Ground Power Unit
High Speed Cruise
Indicated Air Speed
International Air Transport Association
Instrument Flight Rules
Intermediate Speed Cruise
International Standard Atmosphere
Kilogram
Pound
Long Range Cruise
Maximum Endurance
Maximum Climb Power Rating
Maximum Cruise Power Rating
Minute
Main Landing Gear
Master Minimum Equipment List
Maximum Range Cruise
Maximum Take-Off Weight
Nose Landing Gear
Nautical Mile
One Engine Inoperative
Rate Of Descent
Revolutions Per Minute
Specific Air Range
Single Engine
True Air Speed
Top Of Climb
Top Of Descent
Take-Off Weight
U. S. Gallon
SUMMARY OF
TECHNIQUES
3.0SUMMARY OF TECHNIQUES
A!
lthough fuel price and emissions costs have become very important
operational factors, it is important to remember that a minimum
fuel optimized operation is not necessarily the best for every operator, since there are factors and situations that can diminish or negate the
fuel saving benefits, such as:
For these reasons many operators use a minimum cost strategy. All aspects
of fuel efficiency, such as fuel price, cost of emissions, fuel weight and
tankering can be included in a Cost Index method, which is a method to
minimize total operational cost as a function of all or a selection of operating
variables.
As the purpose of this manual is to focus on fuel efficiency, it will first show
the minimum fuel techniques for ground operations and for each flight segment (climb, cruise, descent, approach and landing), with the understanding that optimizing each flight segment does not always mean that the trip
is optimized; this is further explained in the flight level selection section. It
is up to the operator or flight planning provider to use this knowledge and
data to optimize the overall flight profile.
Next, a few Cost Index methods are explained, followed by practical flight
management recommendations and maintenance implications on fuel burn.
3.0SUMMARY OF TECHNIQUES
10
Technique
Aircraft Weight Management
C of G Management
Up to 0.5%
APU Usage
Up to 0.7%
Up to 3%
Climb Technique
Up to 6%
Cruise Technique
Up to 12%
Descent Technique
Up to 5%
FL270 Operation
Up to 3%
Up to 1%
Up to 2%
Enroute Winds
Up to 15%
Visual Approaches
Tankering
Up to 0.5%
Up to 1%
RNP AR Approaches
Up to 3.0%
Airframe Maintenance
Up to 1%
Engine Maintenance
1
2
Up to 0.5%
Individual techniques are not additive and results will vary according to particular conditions
Based on 500 NM
11
FLIGHT
PLANNING
4.0FLIGHT PLANNING
A!
4.1Aircraft Weight
Aircraft weight is one of the key factors in determining the fuel burn. Starting
with an accurate weight on the ground and continuing to have a correct fuel
consumption and aircraft weight estimate for all flight segments will allow
the aircraft route to be planned and flown effectively.
As much as possible, it is recommended to reduce the aircraft weight, as
any excess weight is always detrimental to fuel efficiency. The chart below
shows the Block Fuel3 increment associated with TOW increase, for a
medium sector distance (450 nm).
Block Fuel includes: start , taxi-out, take-off , climb, cruise, descent , approach, landing, taxi-in
12
4.1FLIGHT PLANNING
13
300 nm
450 nm
600 nm
LRC
16 20 lb
25 29 lb
32 39 lb
HSC
6 10 lb
7 13 lb
9 15 lb
An aircraft weight reduction can be achieved by minimizing each of its components: Operating Weight Empty (OWE), payload and fuel.
The OWE is the Manufacturers Empty Weight (MEW) plus operational
items. This would include flight crew and their baggage, passenger service
items, manuals, galley supplies, carts, supplementary equipment, and consumables food, water, etc. An audit should be conducted to ensure only
essential items are carried. The following items could be minimized or
removed entirely:
The MEW tends to increase during operational life due to repairs, upgrades
and moisture accumulation. These weight increments should be monitored
and kept to a minimum.
Consider drying out insulation
Keep the aircraft clean and free of dirt (inside and out)
Infrequent lavatory servicing
4.1FLIGHT PLANNING
14
4.3FLIGHT PLANNING
Consider reduction of APU usage when environmental conditions allow (sufficient ambient light and comfortable cabin temperature) and avoid early
starting or running during extended turnarounds. Further, consider closing
window shades/blinds to minimize thermal heating in the cabin. Ensure all
vents are open in the flight deck and cabin to maximize the heating/cooling
effects when the APU Bleed is operating.
When available, the crew should consider the use of Ground Power Unit
(GPU) and air carts when practical and economical, considering cost, time
delays, and noise.
4.4Taxi
Engine Start
Starting engines during the pushback phase, instead of at the gate may
minimize the fuel burn. However, this would require the APU to be operating
or would require a battery only start. Starting one engine at the gate while
on ground power and then pushing back may be the best alternative and
most efficient method. Delaying the start of the second engine until just
prior to the completion of the pushback procedure will provide additional
savings.
Consider holding the start and pushback procedure if a departure delay is
anticipated.
Sector distance: 274nm, cruise segment 197nm, fuel used in cruise: 1056lb
15
4.4FLIGHT PLANNING
4.5FLIGHT PLANNING
4.5Take-Off
Supplement 13 Reduced Power take-off may result in lower overall
engine operating costs as a result of the lower engine temperatures. The
fuel burn benefits of the lower power settings become offset by the extra
time required for acceleration on the ground and when airborne. The
benefits of Supplement 13 are specific to the circumstances of individual
airline operations.
4.6Climb
Q400 can continuously climb from SL to its maximum operational ceiling
(25000 ft) for any combination of take-off weight, temperature and propeller
RPM. No step climbs are required.
The following climb techniques are currently provided in the Q400 AOM:
Climb Type 1 (High Speed): is using the most fuel but it takes more
time and the longest distance to Top of Climb (TOC).
Climb Type 2 (Intermediate Speed): is a speed approximately halfway
between Type 1 and Type 3 climb speeds, and the times, distances and
fuel are approximately averages of the times, distances and fuel to
TOC of Type 1 and Type 3.
Climb Type 3 (Low Speed): is using the least fuel, it takes the least time
and the shortest distance to TOC (best climb gradient).
In addition, a Pitch Attitude climb (higher indicated speed, low pitch) is
also considered, as some operators use this technique due to ATC/
operational considerations.
17
4.6FLIGHT PLANNING
The climb speed profiles are shown below, in Indicated Air Speed. The Constant Pitch Attitude climb and Type 1 climbs overlap or exceed (in some
areas) the LRC speed. This suggests that for those conditions these high
climb speeds are not the best for a minimum fuel technique, since the climb
is performed at MCL (Maximum Climb power), a power rating which is
higher than any cruise power.
In order to minimize fuel burn for the climb segment, the most fuel
efficient is Climb Type 3. For example, using Type 3 climb instead of Type 1
from SL to FL 160 will save 217 kg (478.4 lb) 206 kg (454.1 lb) = 11 kg (24.3
lb) which represents 5% in the climb segment. However, upon reaching the
Top Of Climb, the cruise segment will have to be extended to reach the same
point downstream of the Type 1 Top Of Climb. The overall impact of climb/
cruise fuel burn will have to be assessed when optimizing the flight profile.
In addition, climbing at 900 RPM instead of 850 RPM saves fuel by an average 0.5% for the climb segment. The climb time, distance, and fuel data for
all climb types are presented in the AOM for both 850 and 900 propeller
RPM. With the same example conditions as above, but using 900 propeller
RPM instead of 850 RPM, using Type 3 climb instead of Type 1 will save 213
kg (469.6 lb) 201 kg (443.1 lb) = 12 kg (26.5 lb) which represents 5.6% in the
climb segment.5
18
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
19
4.7Cruise
The Q400 AOM presents fuel flow, speed and torque in tabular format for
specific weight, altitude and temperature increments for the following:
The tabular data in the AOM is derived from charts similar to the example provided below. This chart highlights the Specific Air Range (nm/lb of
fuel) for 3 different weights, and is valid specifically for ISA temperatures at
FL250. The various cruise speed options (listed above) have been added to
the chart for convenience.
Weights
18000 kg
(39683 lb)
24000 kg
(52911 lb)
29574 kg
(65200 lb)
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
20
The best cruise SAR (best fuel efficiency) is achieved at MRC speed as highlighted below. Simply put, it will provide the furthest distance traveled for a
given amount of fuel burned.
LRC has been historically defined as the speed above MRC that will result in
1% SAR reduction. The benefit of using LRC is that 1% of SAR is traded for
3% to 5% higher cruise speed. The minor fuel burn increase is offset by the
increase in speed and cruise time reduction.
Cruise Setting
Speed (KTAS)
SAR (nm/lb)
MRC
252
0.2107
LRC
271
0.2086
In contrast, the least fuel efficient but fastest jet-like operation is at MCR
(minimum time). Flying at HSC will trade a small speed reduction (20 kt) for
a significant SAR improvement (7%). The ISC makes a compromise between
a fuel efficient operation and time efficient operation, and is defined as the
average speed between LRC and HSC.
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
21
Cruise Setting
Speed (KTAS)
SAR (nm/lb)
MCR
355
0.1426
HSC
335
0.1527
6
7
ISA, FL250, 24000 kg cruise weight, 274 nm total distance (cruise portion 197 nm),
Type 3 climb/descent
ISA, FL250, 24000 kg cruise weight, 697 nm total distance (cruise portion 569 nm),
Type 3 climb/descent
4.7FLIGHT PLANNING
If saving fuel in cruise is most important and overall flight time is not a concern8 , the flight crew can use speeds even lower than MRC, leading to further fuel burn reductions. This is illustrated in the following chart, which is
showing the same data as above, but presented in terms of fuel flow (lb/hr).
Factors may include favorable enroute tailwinds, fixed arrival time, unavailable/early arrival slots;
short sectors and short cruise sections; flight schedules; or to provide slower speeds, similar to
competition turboprop aircraft.
22
4.8FLIGHT PLANNING
4.8Descent
A properly planned and executed descent profile can offer some of the
greatest fuel savings. The ideal profile would include an uninterrupted
descent from cruise altitude without the use of any power. This is often
unachievable in busy airspace. Descents that begin too early or late can
also increase the fuel burn. If given a choice, it would be better to begin the
descent early, rather than late. An early (shallow) descent affords the opportunity to regain the optimal profile and find savings in fuel. A late descent
will require in increased rate of descent from the optimal profile, and this
added energy would eventually have to be dissipated through alternative
means increasing drag, increasing propeller RPM, or a premature level off.
The following descent types are currently provided in the Q400 AOM:
Descent Type 1, limited by a/c ROD=2000fpm and/or
cabin ROD=300fpm
Descent Type 2, limited by a/c ROD=1500fpm and/or
cabin ROD=300fpm
Descent Type 3, limited by a/c ROD=1000fpm and/or
cabin ROD=300fpm
Descent Type 4, limited by a/c ROD=2000fpm and/or
cabin ROD=500fpm
Descent Type 5, limited by a/c ROD=1500fpm and/or
cabin ROD=400fpm
The aircraft ROD and cabin ROD limitations are shown on the
illustration below.
23
4.8FLIGHT PLANNING
The actual descent speeds are shown below in Indicated Air Speed.
The most fuel efficient descent segment is achieved with a Type 5 descent,
followed sequentially to Type 1.
Descent Types 4 and 5 provide an overall higher ROD and significant
fuel savings, compared with Types 1 and 2 respectively (up to 40% when
descending from FL250). However, these savings are reduced by a longer
cruise portion as a result of the shorter descent segment. This is very similar
to the climb - cruise trade off discussed earlier.
24
4.9FLIGHT PLANNING
Both chart assumptions consist of: ISA, 0 wind, IFR Reserves, 100 nm diversion, High TOW
25
4.9FLIGHT PLANNING
26
Time
Fuel
133.7 minutes
124.7 minutes
However, for the same distance and altitude, the fuel saving flight
results are:
Time
Fuel
157.3 minutes
150.0 minutes
4.9FLIGHT PLANNING
Cruise at FL270:
The Q400 maximum operational cruise altitude was recently increased from
FL250 to FL270. The following chart shows the fuel savings that can be
achieved when flying long sector distances at FL270.
For a typical 500 nm sector, fuel savings will equate to approximately 3%.
27
4.10FLIGHT PLANNING
28
Diversion fuel10 can be minimized in a similar manner to the sector fuel. This
would include using a minimum fuel technique, and optimum cruise altitude
selection for the distance and ambient conditions. Depending on the jurisdiction, choosing appropriate alternates (enroute alternates) allows a reduction of the contingency factor.
Contingency factors are designed to account for meteorological variations
and unforeseen operational constraints. One method to reduce the contingency factor is to take into account seasonal variations and statistical data
obtained from performance monitoring for specific routes and flight profiles.
Another method is to consider decision / diversion points along the route.
Overall, contingency factors can be reduced from very conservative 5% or
6% to more accurate and realistic 2% to 3%.
Extra (discretionary) fuel should not be added without a good reason, as it
might duplicate reserve fuel components already accounted for in the flight
planning, and unnecessarily increase to overall aircraft weight11.
An accurate fuel reserve estimate should be tailored to route specific operational and weather conditions, and be very close to the minimum required
by regulations.
Fuel Saving
Action
OWE reduction
Payload estimate
TOW
10
11
12
13
Typical
High Speed Optimized for
Operation Minimum Fuel
Savings
Savings
% of Block
Fuel
kg/(lb)
17819 kg
(39284 lb)
17690 kg
(39000 lb)
8489 kg
(18715 lb)
8339 kg
(18385 lb)
29574 kg
(65200 lb)
28476 kg
(62780 lb)
4.11FLIGHT PLANNING
Fuel Saving
Action
APU Bleeds (ON/
OFF)
29
Typical
High Speed Optimized for
Operation Minimum Fuel
Savings
Savings
% of Block
Fuel
kg/(lb)
34 kg
(76 lb)
18 kg
(39 lb)
16.8 kg
(37 lb)
0.7%
93 kg
(204 lb)
54 kg
(120 lb)
38 kg
(84 lb)
1.6%
Take-Off
42 kg
(93 lb)
42 kg
(93 lb)
Air Manoeuvre
28 kg
(62 lb)
28 kg
(62 lb)
1.2%
324 kg
(715 lb)
375 kg
(827 lb)
50 kg
( 112
lb)
-2.2%
Cruise altitude
23000 ft
27000 ft
Cruise Speed/
Winds/CG
1335 kg
(2944 lb)
897 kg
(1977 lb)
439 kg
(967 lb)
18.8 %
Descent Type/
ROD
318 kg
(703 lb)
166 kg
(365 lb)
153 kg
(338 lb)
6.6 %
App./Landing/
RNP
89 kg
(196 lb)
22 kg
(49 lb)
67 kg
(147 lb)
2.9%
Taxi-in (SE/AE
Taxi)
93 kg
(204 lb)
54 kg
(120 lb)
38 kg
(84 lb)
1.6%
Reserve altitude
5000 ft
10000 ft
817 kg
(1802 lb)
Diversion fuel
Contingency
factor
Taxi-out (SE/AE
Taxi)
Climb Type/RPM
532 kg
(1172 lb)
286 kg
(630 lb)
413 kg
(912 lb)
362 kg
(799 lb)
47 kg
(103 lb)
6.00%
2.00%
Total Reserves
1359 kg
(2997 lb)
924 kg
(2038 lb)
Block Fuel
2329 kg
(5135 lb)
1628 kg 700 kg
(3590 lb) (1545 lb)
30.1%
Trip Fuel
2138 kg
(4713 lb)
1502 kg
636 kg
(3311 lb) (1402lb)
29.7%
Reserve fuel
30
HIGHER RESOLUTION
OF SAR DATA USING
5.0COST INDEX
The Flight Planning section presented fuel efficient methods for ground
operation, and each individual phase of flight. These methods can be used
either separately, or for trip optimization, within a simple (static) or a
dynamic Cost Index solution.
31
5.0COST INDEX
The fuel related cost is really just the price of fuel on board; however the
time dependent cost is influenced by many factors. The most important
time dependent costs are related to:
Each of these costs can be further analyzed and quantified. For example,
the cost of an arrival delay (missing connecting flights):
can rise sharply in discrete steps and raise sharply to high amounts as
more and more people lose connections
can be quantified and it can help to determine the recovery plan, and
be modeled in a (dynamic) Cost Index, when fuel savings are negated
by arrival delay costs
A modern, efficient and safe flight planning requires consideration of many
operational aspects (weather, navigational data, airspace rules and restrictions) and advanced flight management (optimum vertical and horizontal
flight profile, at optimum speed), as the optimum altitude and speed change
with time, weight and weather. All the operational aspects can be correlated
with costs by using a dynamic Cost Index method.
IATA14 identified that the main impediment for fuel efficient operations is the
lack of sophisticated Flight Planning tools (i.e. Cost Index methods). Using
Cost Index methods has the biggest savings potential once it is
developed, understood and correctly implemented at each level/department in the organization (management/accounting, maintenance, flight
planning, dispatch, flight crew) and continuously monitored and adjusted.
With various Cost Index methods and other fuel saving initiatives, there
is always a risk of confusion with regards to who is saving either fuel or
money, at what level and how, which can lead to conflicting strategies and
overall inefficiencies.
Flight crews need to be aware that a properly implemented Cost Index
takes into account not only operational, but more importantly business decisions, and that they do not always have visibility to all the factors considered
when required to fly a specific Cost Index.
14
Guidance Material and Best Practices for Fuel Management, 1st Edition 2004
32
5.0COST INDEX
33
5.0COST INDEX
For example, with reference to the SAR chart below, the Cost Index Data
is provided in additional speed increments of 7 kt, additional weight increments of 227 kg (500 lb), temperature increments of 2 degrees C, and
altitude increments of 500 ft. This Cost Index data set has vastly more information as opposed to the AOM, which for practical reasons, shows only the
six cruise regimes described earlier in this document
Therefore, the Q400 Cost Index Data allows for a higher accuracy in all optimization calculations, eliminating linear interpolation and other related errors,
which will result in a more accurate cruise fuel burn estimate by 2% to 10%.
34
35
FLIGHT
MANAGEMENT
6.1FLIGHT MANAGEMENT
6.1Enroute Winds
The effect of predicted enroute winds (tailwinds or headwinds) are considered in the dispatch flight planning and eventually can be reconsidered in
flight, when advantageous. Cruise altitudes can be changed, either to take
advantage of tailwinds or to alleviate the effect of headwinds.
For example, the chart below shows the influence of headwinds on SAR, for
a LRC cruise segment at different altitudes. The chart illustrates how it is
possible to estimate if a cruise altitude change would be beneficial.
In this specific example, in order to maintain the original SAR of 0.1300 nm/lb
fuel planned for FL210, zero wind, an unpredicted headwind of 25 kt would be
alleviated by climbing to FL230 .
Or, reading left to right in the chart, the same SAR of 0.1300 nm/lb can be
achieved if climbing to FL250 with a 50 kt headwind.
The effect of en-route winds is best accounted for within a flight
planning or a Cost Index software program, since the winds are dynamic
and frequently changing.
36
6.2FLIGHT MANAGEMENT
6.2Performance Monitoring
Aircraft and engine performance monitoring (airspeed, torque, RPM, fuel
flow, fuel quantity on board, correlated with the aircraft weight and the
actual ambient conditions) is highly recommended, as it allows to identify
trends in engine fuel flow, airframe drag and overall trends at aircraft level.
Performance monitoring also allows the statistical assessment of the flight
planning accuracy and the potential reduction or customization of fuel
contingency factors. Performance monitoring is often a regulatory audit
requirement for IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA).
It is very useful to have a record of fuel on board at critical points: Take-Off,
TOC, TOD, and fuel remaining at destination. This data will help identify specific areas of flight planning or Cost Index methods that need to be further
addressed or refined. This data should be recorded from the actual fuel indications, and not be taken from the FMS.
37
6.3FLIGHT MANAGEMENT
6.4Tankering
For each type of operation, especially for return routes, a specific tanker/
transport coefficient should be derived. Using route analysis or flight planning software, it will be easy to determine the ratio of fuel price at the origin
airport compared to the fuel price at the destination airport, and whether it
is economical to transport (tanker) fuel. This data can be further refined to
determine the optimal tankered fuel quantity.
When tankering, always remember to consider the impact on TOW,
payload and landing weight limitations. The cost of tankering can be determined using the chart presented in 4.1.
15
34 nm savings on approach due to RNP capabilities can equate to roughly 180 lb of descent/
approach fuel. Assuming a block fuel of 2610 lb, this equates to 6.9% total savings.
38
39
MAINTENANCE
7.1MAINTENANCE
7.1Airframe Maintenance
As airframe deterioration is expected over the aircraft operational life16, it
is important to efficiently maintain the aircraft operational efficiency by performing regular airframe inspections and performing repairs or adjustments
when required.
The following represent items with the highest potential to have a negative
impact on aerodynamic performance and therefore on fuel efficiency:
rough surfaces
paint condition
dents, blisters, gaps
surface mismatches
door seals, panel seals and wheel well doors
fairings, engine nacelle
flight controls rigging
dirt, oil leaks, other contamination
airframe asymmetry (following ground or other impacts)
Bombardier has created an Aircraft Economics Working Group to further
reduce the per hour operating cost of the aircraft. To date, the hourly operating cost has been reduced by over $75 with various maintenance related
initiatives.17
7.2Engine Maintenance
Monitoring engine performance allows for the determination of fuel consumption degradation. This will help in determining the savings expected
from maintenance performance improvements versus the cost to perform
these activities or refurbishments. All these aspects should be reviewed in
detail with the engine manufacturer.
The best plan for maintenance of good engine performance is to maintain
the engine gas path as close to original condition as possible, in terms of
parts surface condition and compressor and turbine running clearances.
This involves cleaning, repairing and replacing components as required, and
accepting certain conditions in accordance with AMM and Engine Manuals
and CIR. Defining the extent of a work scope is a decision between cost and
engine turn time versus expected gains in performance.
16
17
Airframe components include but are not limited to doors, panels, flight control surfaces, fairings,
seals, engine nacelle, etc.
AEWG improvements since 2005 can be found on www.iflybombardier.com
40
7.2MAINTENANCE
FOD
dirty compressor
shroud rubbing
HP and LP turbine blade increased tip to shroud clearances.
41
7.3MAINTENANCE
42
Component
Condition
Limitation
Inoperative
Inoperative
Inoperative
Inoperative
AUTO &
Max altitude: 10000 ft
MAN modes
Inoperative
Inoperative
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
7.3MAINTENANCE
Component
43
Condition
Limitation
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
One
Inoperative
No flight in icing
One
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Two
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
One
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
Inoperative
One
Inoperative
Inoperative
Doors
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Inoperative
Open
7.3MAINTENANCE
44
Component
Condition
Limitation
One
Inoperative
No flight in icing
One
Inoperative
No flight in icing
Fairings All
Inoperative
weight reduced
by 450 kg
One
Inoperative
Maximum Speed =
190 KIAS
45
CONCLUSION
8.0CONCLUSION
F!
uel efficiency is very important and there are many ways of improving it, as shown in this manual. However, it is always important to
remember that fuel efficiency is just one component of an overall
cost efficient and safe operation.
46