Huawei GSM Principles

GSM Principles
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum,

frequency reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used.
Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea

of multi-frame.
Know some radio techniques
Get the idea of EDGE
Page2
References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual
Page3
Contents
1. GSM System Overview
2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
Page4
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page5
GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,

each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a
time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power

radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of
radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each
group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,

several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Page6
GSM Development
1989
Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
1991
GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
1992
System was named as Global System for

Mobile Communication
1994
Provide services for the whole world
1996
Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
Page7
Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that

connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The

BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it
can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area
with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse
technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also
the whole capacity of the network.
Page8
Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to

use the same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA

together).
Page9
FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency

channels to accomplish
communication.
Frequency
The whole frequency spectrum

available is divided into many
individual channels (for
transmitting and receiving)
every channel can support the
traffic for one subscriber or some
Time
control information.
Page10
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the

communication in different
timeslot.
Frequency
A carrier is divided into

channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on the
Time
same frequency in different

time.
Page11
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the

communication in different code
sequences.
Frequency
Special coding is adopted before

transmission, then different
information will lose nothing
after being mixed and
transmitted together on the
same frequency and at the same

time.
Time
Page12
The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900
Uplink
890
Downlink
915
935
Duplex Separation:
Channel Bandwidth:
960MHz
45MHz
200KHz
Page13

DCS 1800
Base Station Receive
1710
Base Station Transmit
1785 1805
Duplex Separation:
Channel Bandwidth:
1880MHz
95MHz
200KHz
Page14

Frequency
Spectrum
Range
(MHz)
Uplink Frequency
Frequency
Point
Available
Downlink
Frequency
GSM 450
450.4~457.
6
460.4~467.
6
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n259)
259<=n<=293
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+1
0
GSM 480
478.8~486
488.8~496
Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306)
306<=n<=340
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+1
0
GSM 850
824~849
869~894
Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n128)
128<=n<=251
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4
5
E-GSM
900
880~915
925~960
0<=n<=124
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
975<=n<=102
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
3
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4
5
R-GSM
900
876~915
921~960
0<=n<=124
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
955<=n<=102
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
3
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4
5
1850~1910
1930~1990
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n512)
Copyright
2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. 512<=n<=810
Page15
PCS 1900
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+8
0
Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.
Page16
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse
2
7
23
1
Page17
Frequency Reuse
7
11
6
2
10
4
12
4 site X 3 cells reuse
Page18
Cell Types
Omni
Omni-directional Cell
1
1
120 Degree Cell
120
degree
3
Page19
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page20
GSM-GPRS Network Component

MSC/VLR
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
GSM /GPRS BSS

BSC
MS
HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS7
BSC
SMS system
MS
BTS
Internet,
Intranet
GPRS Backbone
SGSN
GGSN
OMC
CG
BG
Other PLMN
Page21
Interface Between Different Entities

MSC/VLR
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
GSM /GPRS BSS
Abis
MS
BSC
A
HLR/AUC
BTS
C/D/Gs
PCU
BSC
SS7
Gb
MS Um
SMS system
Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge
Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone
SGSN
Gi
GGSN
Ga
OMC
CG
BG
Gp
Internet,
Intranet
Page22
Other PLMN
Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Subscriber Identity Module
Page23
Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber
SIM
Identity (TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
Page24
Base Station Subsystem BSS
The Base Station Controller
MSC
BSC
The Base Transceiver Station

BTS
BSS
The Trans-coder TC and
TC/SM
Sub multiplexer (SM)
BSC
BTS
Page25
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
Packet data
MSC
switching
Bridge between
SGSN and BSC
Provide Pb and Gb
interface
BSS
TC/SM
BSC
GPRS
Backbone
PCU
BTS
Page26
SGSN
The Network Switching System

AUC
HLR
EIR
NSS
OMC
EC
MSC/VLR
Mobile-service Switching Center

Home Location Register
Visitor Location Register
Equipment Identity Register
Authentication Center
Echo Cancellor
MSC
HLR
VLR
EIR
AUC
EC
BSS
Page27
PSTN
Mobile-service Switching Center

MSC
Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
Page28
Home Location Register HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality
Page29
Visitor Location Register VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity(LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number
Page30
Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List
Black List
Grey List
IMEI is Checked In White List
If NOT found
EIR focus on the
equipment , not the
subscriber!
IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
Page31
OMC Functional Architecture

Security
Management
Event/Alarm
Management
MMI
OS
DB
Fault
Management
Configuration
Management
Performance
Management
Page32
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page33
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area
MSC service area...
PLMN service area

MSC service area...
Location area...
Location area...
cell
cell
Page34
......
LAI
MCC
MNC
LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area CodeIt is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
Page35
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001
Page36
BSIC
BSICBase Station Identification Color Code)
NCC
BCC
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!
Page37
MSISDN
CC
NDC
SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
Page38
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits
2 digits
MCC
MNC
MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber IdentificationMNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Page39
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers
and notifies them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile
subscriber on the air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and
determined by the operator.
Page40
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
IMEI
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center
FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.
SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS.
SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
Page41
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page42
Physical Channel and Logical Channel

The physical channel is the medium over which the
information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information carried
over the physical channels
1 2
Timeslot
3 4
5 6
7 0
1 2
The information carried in one time

slot is called a burst
TDMA FRAME
TDMA FRAME
Page43
Two types of Logical Channel

Traffic Channel (TCH) :
Transmits traffic information, include data
and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :

Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.
Page44
Traffic Channel (TCH)

TCH
Traffic Channels
Speech
TCH/FS
TCH/HS
Data
TCH/9.6
TCH Traffic Channel

TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
TCH/2.4
TCH/4.8
Page45
Control Channel (CCH)

CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH
SDCCH
FACCH
BCH
ACCH
BCCH
SACCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH

Common Control Channel CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
Associated Control Channel ACCH
Synch. CH.
CCCH
SCH
RACH
CBCH
PCH/AGCH
Page46
FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel

BCCH
CCH
The information carried on the BCCH

is monitored by the MS
BCH
periodically when it is in idle mode

BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel
BCCH
Synch.
Channels
SCH
FCCH
SCH: Synchronization Channel
Page47
Common Control Channel CCCH

CCH
The CCCH is responsible for

transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
network.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Channel

PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel
RACH
uplink
CBCH
downlink
PCH/AGCH
downlink
Page48
Dedicated Control Channel

DCCH
CCH
DCCH is assigned to a single

wireless connection for
measurement and handover
purpose.
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
DCCH
SDCCH
FACCH
Page49
ACCH
SACCH
Uplink Logical channel

CCH
RACH
CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH
DCH
DCCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
Page50
Downlink Logical channel

FCCH
CCH
BCCH
SCH
BCCH
CCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCH
DCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Page51
How to use these channels?

Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
Search for synchronous burst

Extract system information
Idle mode
Monitor paging message
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
TCH
FACCH
Send access burst

Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
Set up the call

Allocate voice channel
Conversation
Idle mode
Release the call
Page52
Packet logic channel
Packet data channel (PDCH)

TCH
Comprising packet service channel and packet control

channel
TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel

BCCH
CCCH
Packet control channel
SACCH
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
Page53
GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H
Page54
Combination of packet logic

channel
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the

following three modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the
same BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination
mode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should
be configured in the cell. Channel combination mode 1 and
mode 2 should be adopted
Page55
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL
CHANNELS
Page56
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS
Page57
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page58
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink
power
settings
can
be
controlled independently and
individually.
5W
0.8W
Saves battery power

Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH ------Does not attend Power

control
Page59
DTX and VAD

Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Battery Saving
Interference reduction
Page60
Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Page61
Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
Page62
Diversity Whats Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both

overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel
and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e.

low enough correlated) fading between antenna
branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the
same time.
Page63
Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Page64
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frame
Time
Page65
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Page66
GSM Development Evolution

3G
2.5G
115 kbps
2G
57.6 kbps
9.6 kbps
2 Mbps
384 kbps
IMT-2000
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
GSM
Page67
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS

Kbps
59.2
60.0
54.4
GPRS
EGPRS
50.0
40.0
44.8
29.6
30.0
22.4
21.4
20.0
13.4
10.0
17.6
15.6
14.8
9.0
8.8
11.2
0.0
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK
8PSK
Page68
Huawei EDGE Test Result

Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
Page69
Summary
The basic idea of GSM
The frequency spectrum used in GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM
Page70
Thank you
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Huawei GSM Principles

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GSM Principles

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum,

Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS

Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea

Know some radio techniques

Get the idea of EDGE

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

BSS Feature Description

BSS Signaling Analysis Manual

BSC Technical Manual

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

GSM system overview

The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,

time slot number

Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power

group of radios is called a CELL

Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Standard Protocol for GSM take effect

GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)

System was named as Global System for

Provide services for the whole world

Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Macro Cell and Micro Cell

A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that

In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access Technique

Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to

There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

FDMA uses different frequency

The whole frequency spectrum

traffic for one subscriber or some

TDMA accomplishes the

A carrier is divided into

signals are transmitted on the

same frequency in different

CDMA accomplishes the

Special coding is adopted before

same frequency and at the same

The Frequency Spectrum

The Frequency Spectrum

Base Station Receive

Base Station Transmit

The Frequency Spectrum

The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.

The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

The quality of communication must be ensured.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

4 site X 3 cells reuse

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

120 Degree Cell

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

GSM-GPRS Network Component

GSM /GPRS BSS

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.