Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fig. 9
+ 6 V
R 1
1 5 K
R 4
1 K 5
R 6
X 1 1 5 K
C 2
C 6
3 3 0 n
C 3
R 5
8 2 0
R 2
4 K 7
T R 3
C 4
C 1
T R 2
T R 1
When power is first applied to an oscillator the signal amplitude builds up until it is limited by the non-linearity of
its maintaining amplifier or, by an external level-control
circuit. In the former case, the limiting method employed
by all but high-precision oscillators, the output waveform
is therefore dependent upon the type of amplifier and its
method of limiting, and the point of signal extraction. Any
point in the circuit can be chosen to extract the signal as
long as impedance levels are borne in mind. It is important
that any loading be as light as possible in order to maintain
a high circuit Q and, thereby, good short-term stability
and low phase noise.
D 1
R 3
4 7 0
1 0 n
C 5
1 0 n
D 2
R 7
4 K 7
O /P
1 V rm s
R 1 0
3 3 0
R 8
4 7 0
C O M
T R 1 , T R 2 , T R 3 : B C 1 0 8
D 1 , D 2 : 1 N 4 1 4 8
L 1 : 8 0 0 - 2 2 0 H
1 0 n
C 2 : S e e
C 3 : 1 0 .0
4 .7
2 .2
T e x t
n F
5 0 -7 5 k H z
n F
7 5 -1 0 0 H z
n F
1 0 0 -1 5 0 k H z
Fig. 10
+ 9 V
R 1
1 0 0 K
(4 7 k )
Some of the circuits to be illustrated require crystal calibration at series resonance, while others require loadresonance calibration with a stated load capacitance value.
The appropriate circuit condition must be stated when ordering crystals or, while they will oscillate, they will not do
so at precisely the desired and marked frequency.
R 3
2 K 2
C 4
1 n
C 2
L 1
X 1
O /P
1 V rm s
T R 1
C 1
Below 150.0kHz
R 2
3 3 K
(5 6 K )
C 3
R 4
2 K 2
C 5
1 0 0 n
C O M
APPLICATION
NOTES
R 9
2 7 0 K
L 1
T R 1 : B C 1 0 8
L 1 : 1 5 0 -3 0 0 k H z
3 0 0 -5 0 0 k H z
8 0 0 -2 2 0 0 H
3 6 0 -9 6 0 H
C 1 : 1 0 n F f o r s e r ie s r e s o n a n c e
C 2 & C 3 : 1 n F
1 5 0 -3 0 0 k H z
6 8 0 p F
3 0 0 -5 5 0 k H z
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Fig. 11
0.95 to 21.0MHz
+ 9 V
(+ 5 V )
R 1
1 0 0 K
(4 7 k )
T R 1
15.0 to 105.0MHz
C 5
C 3
X 1
C 1
6 0 p
C 2
R 2
3 3 K
(5 6 K )
R 3
C 4
1 n
C 6
1 0 n
O /P
0 .5 V rm s
C O M
T R 1 : B C 1 0 8
f(M
0 .9 5 3 6 1 0 1 8 -
3
6
H z)
1 0
1 8
2 1
3
3
6
R 3
K 3
K 3
K 2
K 2
8 0
C 2 (p F )
n o t u s e d
3 3
3 3
n o t u s e d
n o t u s e d
C 3
2 2
1 5
1 5
1 0
6
(p F ) C 4 (p F )
0
2 2 0
0
1 5 0
0
1 5 0
0
1 0 0
8
3 3
Fig. 12
+ 9 V
Above 105.0MHz
R 2
1 0 K
T R 1
C 1
L 1
X 1
C 4
C 2
R 3
4 K 7
R 1
5 6 0
C 3
C 5
1 n
R 4
4 7 0
O /P
0 .5 V rm s
C O M
At these frequencies, it may be necessary to obtain correlation of the oscillator frequency with crystal frequency as
measured by the crystal manufacturer. If high accuracy is
required therefore, it is important to experiment with a
sample crystal on which the manufacturers precise frequency reading is known. Any discrepancy between the
crystal and oscillator frequencies can then be remedied by
Fig. 14
H z ) C 1 (p F ) C 2 (p F ) C 3
1 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
6
2 6
1 0 0
1 0 0
6
4 8
1 0 0
6 8
4
6 3
6 8
3 3
1
(p F ) C 4
8
3
8
3
7
3
5
1
(p F )
3
3
3
5
Fig. 13
+ 9 V
R 1
3 K 3
+ 9 V
C 2
L 1
R 1
O /P
C 3
R 3
3 3 0
T R 1
C 4
2 2 p
T R 1
R 2
1 K 2
C 1
1 n
X 1
L 2
L 1
C 5
1 n
R 3
3 3 0
R 2
4 7 0
C O M
X 1
C 3
C 1
1 2 p
C 2
1 8 p
O /P
0 .3 V rm s
3 3 0 p
C 5
1 n
R 4
4 7 0
C O M
T R 1 : B F 1 8 0
C 2 .C 3 = 1 0 p F A d ju s t t h e r a t io t o s u it
1
L 1 =
C 2 + C 3
f o llo w in g c ir c u it
2 . 7 p F
L 2 =
1
2 . C
T R 1 : B F 1 8 0
L 1 : 0 . 3 H - 1 . 5 H
o
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R 1 : 2 K 7
1 K 2
5 0 -8 0 M H z
8 0 -1 0 5 M H z
APPLICATION
NOTES
f(M
1 5 2 0 2 6 4 8 -
T R 1 : B C 1 0 8
L 1 : 0 . 5 H - 3 . 0 H
Fig. 15
R 2
O /P
T R 1
I/ P
0 .0 9 - 0 .2 V rm s
C 1
1 0 n
R 1
1 0 K
T R 1 : 2 N
R 3 : T T
C M
T R 2 : 2 N
R 4 : T T
C M
R 2 : S e e
C O M
R 1
3 9 0 6
L : 3 K 3
O S : 1 5 k
2 3 6 9 A
L : 1 k
O S :2 K 7
te x t
R 3
R 1
Fig. 16
APPLICATION
NOTES
R 4
R 3
T R 2
< 1 M H Z
R F C 1
+ V
1 2 0
C 1
O /P
1 K 8
1 K 8
C 2
Fig. 17
O /P
R 1
C 1
O /P
4 3 0
C 3
6 0 p
C 1
f1
4 .0
6 .0
9 .0
1 1 .5
(M H
- 1
- 1
z)
6 .0
9 .0
1 .5
4 .0
C 1 (p F ) C 2 (p
3 3 0
2 2
3 3 0
1 8
2 2 0
1 5
3 3 0
1 2
C 2
4 7 0
C 2
F ) R F C 1 ( H )
0
1 0 0
0
6 8
0
3 9
0
2 2
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4 7 0
Fig. 19
Fig.19 shows the circuit of a typical CMOS inverter oscillator in which the crystal is connected in a pi-network and
operates at load resonance. Again, only one gate input is
connected to the crystal; unused inputs are tied to the appropriate supply rail. Simple formulae for calculating the
values of Ca, Cb and R are given which will result in a reliable 4000UB-series design for use up to about 3MHz.
However, the actual values used may differ slightly owing
to variations in the stray capacitances of individual layouts. If frequency trimming is required, a trimmer capacitor can be fitted in parallel with Cb and the fixed capacitor
reduced accordingly.
O /P
1 5 M
R
C b
C a
Fig. 20
V d d
R
C a
R
C a = 1 .1 C L
C b = 4 C L
R =
1
C .b
C b
Fig. 22
APPLICATION
NOTES
There are no 2.6V zener diodes available, so four signal diodes are cascaded in series for base biasing. The emitters
output resistance that drives the crystal is 25ohms. The
crystal load impedance is mostly capacitive and is one or
two times the impedance of C2 (35ohms), depending on
Fig. 21
B u tle r e m itte r fo llo w e r a t 2 0 M H z
c a p a c ita t iv e ta p
D 5
1 N 5 7 1 1
+ 5 V
B
0 .2 V / d iv
1 N 4 1 4 8
D 1 - D 4
0 .2 V / d iv
+ 5 V
D 6
R 1
1 k
R 2 1 k
1 0 0 n
L 1 1 H
C 1
7 5 -8 5 p F
C 2
4 2 0 p F
2 N 5 1 7 9
B
2 0 M H z
3 rd O v e rto n e
A
R 0 = 2 5
+ 1 .9 V D C
+ 5 V
2 N 5 1 7 9
5 1
R 3
6 8
E o = 0 .8 V p p
1 0 0
0 .2 V / d iv
0 .0 1 m ic r o s e c o n d / d iv is io n
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Fig. 23
D 5
1 n 4 1 4 8
D 1 -D 4
1 0 0 n
+ 5 V
D 6
R 4
1 k
R 2 1 k
2 N 5 1 7 9
B
L 1 0 . 4 7 H
C 1
9 -1 8 p F
C 2
8 2 p F
Z o = 2 9
5 0 M H z
3 rd O v e rto n e
+ 1 .9 V D C
+ 5 V
2 N 5 1 7 9
5 1
R 3
6 8
R 1 = 3 0
E o = 0 .8 V p p
1 0 0
Fig. 24
APPLICATION
NOTES
1 N 5 7 1 1
+ 5 V
D 5
1 N 4 1 4 8
+ 5 V
1 0 0 n
R 4
1 k
1 n 4 1 4 8
D 1 -D 4
+ 5 V
D 6
R 2 1 k
L 1 0 . 2 2 H
C 1
9 -1 8 p F
C 2
3 3 p F
M R F 9 0 4
B
A
Z 0 = 2 5
1 0 0 M H z
5 th O v e rto n e
R 1 = 7 0
0 . 4 1 H
+ 5 V
+ 1 .9 V D C
M R F 9 0 4
5 1
R 3
1 0 0
While it is desirable in the design of integrated circuit oscillators to use a set of analytical tools, the detailed equations for oscillation are generally too complex to be useful.
Two approaches are presented here based on the terminal
parameters of the integrated circuit. In those circuits
where the crystal acts as a frequency-selective by-pass in
the amplifier which is internally cross-coupled, it may be
convenient to think of the circuit as a negative-resistive
element in series with an inductance and a series compensating capacitor C in series with the crystal. For onfrequency operation with a series resonant crystal, C
should be resonant with Lo at the nominal frequency of
the crystal. The resistance Rn is a negative value and must
be larger in magnitude than the equivalent resistance of
the crystal for oscillation to take place.
E 0 = 0 .8 V p p
1 0 0
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It can also be found experimentally by selecting C to obtain the series resonant frequency of the crystal. Then:
1
1 M H z
( 2 fs )2C
+ 5 V
R 1 = 2 4 0
R 4 4 k 7
R L
1 0 0 n
+ 5 V
1 6
2
5 1 0 1 1 4
1 0 1 1 6 o r
4 1 0 2 1 6
1 0 0 n
9 1
R 3
5 1 0
2 7 0
E o (T T L )
Q 1
3
R 2
R 3
5 1 0
5 K 1
Q 2
2 N 4 9 5 7 (2 )
LO =
Fig. 25
Q 3
2 0 0
M P S 6 5 9 5
B U F F E R
Fig. 26
0 .5 V / d iv
0 .5 V / d iv
E
Frequencies 1 to 20MHz
The schematic circuit for this series resonant oscillator at
1MHz is shown in Fig. 25. The circuit waveforms are
shown in Fig.26. This circuit has outstanding performance and works very nicely off a 5V supply. Waveforms at
the crystal are very good. The frequency changes very little
when power supply voltage or temperature are changed.
The low ECL drive voltage keeps crystal dissipation low
and the low ECL drive resistance RL, which gives very
good frequency stability. The ECL receiver format is well
adapted to high frequency oscillator circuits. At high frequencies crystals are low impedance devices and ECL circuits can drive low impedance loads down to 50 easily.
Input resistances of ECL circuits are high and they are
also linear over the ECL voltage range. As shown in Fig.26
the crystals square wave drive waveform at Pin 3 has a
definite slope during transition between binary states, indicating the ECL unit is operating as a linear amplifier
during the transition interval.
0 .5 V / d iv
0 .5 V / d iv
2 V / d iv
APPLICATION
NOTES
0 .2 m ic r o s e c o n d s / d iv is io n
Fig. 27
+ 5 V
2 0 M H z
R 1 = 7
R L = 1 0
4 .7 k
1 0 0 n
+ 5 V
1 0 0 n
1 6
5 1o r0 1 1 6
4
1 0 2 1 6
R 2
9 1
R 3
5 1 0
2 7 0
E o (T T L )
Q 1
3
5 k 1
R 3
1 0 0
Q 2
2 N 4 9 5 7 (2 )
Q 3
2 0 0
M P S 5 5 9 5
B U F F E R
There are three ECL receivers in one DIP. One of the two
unused ones could be used as a no-cost buffer between the
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oscillator and the two transistor buffer, but the circuit will
oscillate spuriously when the crystal is removed. Because
of this the ECL receiver should not be used as a buffer.
Fig. 28
2 0 0 k H z C ry s ta l
R 1 = a p p ro x . 3 k
R
L
4 7 k
+ 5 V
1 0 0 n
7 4 C 0 4
2
1 0 0 n
7 4 C 0 4
4
1 4
7 4 C 0 4
7
6
E o (C M O S )
N o t e : N o t s u it a b le f o r m in ia t u r e c r y s t a ls
Fig. 29
2 V / d iv
2 V / d iv
E
3
APPLICATION
NOTES
1 .0 m ic r o s e c o n d / d iv is io n
Fig. 30
2 V / d iv
2 V / d iv
E
1 .0 m ic r o s e c o n d / d iv is io n
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