Next Generation Communication

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013
Next Generation Communication Li Fi Technology
Durgesh Choudhary
B.E, 7th Sem., Electrical and Electronics Engineering, O. P. Jindal Institute of Technology, Raigarh496001,(CG) India.
Abstract
1. Introduction
A method of transmitting data wirelessly using
LED (= light-emitting diode) known as Li Fi
technology. Li-Fi is also known as the light fidelity.
The definition of Li Fi given as Li Fi is transmission
of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of
fiber optics by sending data through a LED light bulb
that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can
follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the
fast and cheap wireless-communication system, which
is the optical version of Wi-Fi. In this method data is
transmitted by the light, so its speed is same as the
light. LI-FI technology has the potential to change how
we access the internet, stream videos, receive emails
and much more.
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Li fi is a method of transmitting data wirelessly

using LED (= light-emitting diode). Li fi is known as
light fidelity. It is a cheap wireless-communication
system, which is the optical version of wi fi. In this
method data is transmitted by the light, so its speed is
same as the speed of light. This technology is first
demonstrated in the context by German physicist
Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visual Light
Communication.
The LED bulb will hold a micro-chip that
will process the data. Intensity of light can be
manipulated to send data by tiny changes in amplitude.
This technology uses visible spectrum of light, a part of
the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly
utilized. There for the technology transfers thousands
of streams of data simultaneously, in parallel, in higher
speeds with the help of special modulation, using a
unique signal processing technology.
Li-Fi has the advantage of being able to be
used in sensitive areas such as in aircraft without
causing interference. However, the light waves used
cannot penetrate walls. This is the major problem
coming across the implementation of this technology. A
possible solution of this problem is the replacing all the
lights by the LED lamps. The lamp generates the data
signal as well as it is also used for the lightening. But
size of the lamp is larger than conventional bulbs.
Research on reducing the size is going on.
This paper describe method of transmitting
data through li fi technology, various component used,
the advantages of this technology over the other
presence method of data transmission, the difficulties
faced during implementation and their possible
solution.
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1.1 History
The technology truly began during the 1990's in
countries like Germany, Korea, and Japan where they
discovered LED's could be retrofitted to send
information. This type of light would come in familiar
forms such as infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light.
This type of light rays carries some energy. So the
researchers think that why not this energy can be used
for the data transmission. With this thought journey of
Li Fi starts. Several projects were carried out for this
.But the project is facing early challenges such as
finding ways to get devices to receive data from affixed
light sources.
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ISSN: 2278-0181
German-born Haas sits in his office in Edinburgh

University. Several of the university's faculties, led by
the informatics department, are involved in his project,
called D-LIGHT; the university, a sponsor, owns the
intellectual property. Haas coined the term Li-Fi in
2011 in the context of a talk presenting the new
technology at the TED (Technology Entertainment and
Design) Global conference. There he give his first live
demonstration of how we might rely upon light bulbs
for cell phone service, 3G data, and wireless networks
in the home. The word quickly entered common
parlance as an instantly recognizable alternative to Wi
Fi.
1.2 Need of Li Fi Technology

When we talk about Li Fi then one question arises
that why we need Li Fi?
2. Components Required
For the generation and transmission of light signal
varies component are required. They are as follow
2.1 Emitter Assembly

It is a light emitting plasma device. Mechanical
assembly contain ceramic resonator and quartz bulb.
Ceramic resonator channels the RF (radio-frequency)
energy into the bulb resulting in powerful light emitting
plasma. The bulb contains halides needed to generate
the plasma.
2.2 RF Driver
It generate radio frequency used to couple with the
light emitting plasma device. It consists of power
amplifier (PA) assembly that uses an LDMOS device to
convert electrical energy into RF power. The PA is
designed for ruggedness and efficiency. The RF driver
also contains controls circuit for digital and analog
lighting controls.
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Now a day we are seeing that human need more

fast data transmission to save the time. For increasing
the speed if we go for the wire lines it will cost higher
and we have to fix our systems. But today we need a
wireless network so that we can use it freely from any
place inside its range. So a possible solution is the
using mobile networking. But it cannot be used for the
local networking.
other wireless network. It also provides the security

because it feed the dada only which is authorized to
access.
For local networking one option of wi fi is also

available. But one of the major problems that present it
is the already limited spectrum available for
communications. The remaining free spectrum has to
be used to its maximum potential, spread spectrum
technology presenting itself as a suitable means of
increasing performance. Splitting up of the
environment into a number of small cells also increases
the overall accessible bandwidth of the communication
system, but also increases the cost as more cell sites are
required. So it becomes costly. Security is also one of
the major issues. There are many proxy server such as
hotspot, tor are available which can easily crack the wi
fi system and provide the unauthorized browsing to the
user.
Some health issue are also related with wi fi.

Researchers are going on to find the effect of wi fi to
human health. So to prevent all of these problems we
need Li Fi technology. It promote high-speed optical
wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount
of radio-based wireless spectrum available by
exploiting a completely different part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The consortium believes it is
possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps, theoretically
allowing a high-definition film to be downloaded in 30
seconds. It uses the light as carrier so it is cheaper than
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2.3 Power Supply

Generally it is the component that converts AC
power into DC power. LIFI system requires a DC input
up to 28 volt. On this place a DC power source can also
be used.
2.4 Connection sequence

Emitter Assembly
Supply
RF driver
Power
3. How Li Fi works
When power source is connected to the RF deriver
then it generate the radio frequency which is amplified
by the power amplifier and it is coupled with the
emitter assembly, so it generate light emitting plasma.
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ISSN: 2278-0181
Solid-State Power Amplifier is used in the RF deriver

to create and amplify the RF energy. Process of light
generation in all LIFI systems can be understand by the
following steps-
An RF circuit is established by
connecting an RF power amplifier to
a ceramic resonant cavity known as
the puck.
In the center of the puck is sealed
quartz bulb that contains materials
consistent with metal-halide lamps.
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The ionized gas in turn heats up and

evaporates the metal-halide materials
which form a bright plasma column
within the bulb (blue to bright white
light).
This plasma column is centered
within the quartz envelope and
radiates light very efficiently.
In the back side of the bulb, a highly
reflective powder is used to reflect
nearly all of this light in the forward
direction.
Fig 1 Assembled RF circuit
The puck, driven by the power

amplifier, creates a standing wave
confined within its walls.
The electric field is strongest at the
center of the bulb which ionizes the
gasses inside the bulb (purple glow).
Fig. 3 Emitting plasma column
3.1 Process
The lamp driver is connected to internet server that
is the source of data. Lamp driver convert this data in to
RF energy and it is applied to the Led lamp. Lamp
generates the light which contains the data. It is
received by the receiver that is the photo detector. Then
this light signal detected is amplified and processed and
extract the data. In this way the Li Fi technology works.
3.2 Transmitter
This is the general process of transmitter. It can be
explained by the following points:-
Fig. 2 Emitting RF rays
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ISSN: 2278-0181
Fig.4 Block diagram of transmitter
High frequency amplifier amplify the

high frequency signal i.e. carrier
frequency.
Modulator is a AM modulator.
Modulator gives the output that is
directly proportional to the amplitude
of the message signal.
Modulated amplifier amplify the
output of the modulator i.e. AM
modulated signal.
It gives the desired power for the
transmission of signal.
A/D converter converts the AM
signal into equivalent Digital signal.
So we get a digital signal whose
amplitude is directly proportional to
the amplitude of the message signal.
LED driver drives the LED according
to the signal coming from primary
stages.
4. Environmental Condition
The lamp performance is stated for the following
environmental conditions:
Table 1. Environment condition table
Operating
Temperature
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Photo Diode, Photo Transistor, IR

Sensor.
Signal conditioner condition the
signal to bring it to desired level. It
may be attenuator or amplifier.
D/A converter again convert this
signal into analog signal.
Demodulator extracts the message
signal from the received signal.
Power amplifier increases the power
level of the message signal.
Storage Temperature
MI
N
MAX
UNIT
-45
40
Centigra
de
-40
100
Centigra
de
Humidity
5%
to
95% RH,
Non
Condensi
ng
3.3 Receiver
4.1 Effect of Temperature
Fig.5 Block diagram of receiver
5. Implementation
Process of receiver can be explained by the

following points:
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At ambient temperatures higher than

45 C, the driver temperature can
exceed its recommended limits which
will impact its long term reliability.
At ambient temperatures lower than 40 C, start time becomes longer and
can exceed the specification for the
system.
Light sensitive device is the device

that senses the light. It may be LDR,
5.1 Is it a proven technology?

After all of these theoretical parts a question arises
that is Li Fi a proven technology?
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ISSN: 2278-0181
Yes, this is already proven.

Harald Haas demonstrated his invention using an
ordinary table lamp that successfully transmitted data at
speeds exceeding 10Mbps using light waves from LED
light bulbs to a computer located below the lamp. To
prove that the light bulb was the source of the
data stream, he periodically blocked the beam of light,
causing the connection to drop.
data (8 bits) which are received via the camera and then
translated into codes relating to specific information
content.
6. Benefits of Li-Fi technology
5.2 Problem in implementation

To implement this technology it is suggested that
the ordinary bulbs should be replaced by the Li Fi
lamps which will generate light emitting plasma. But
initially available Li Fi lamp has the bigger size. So
work on minimizing the size is started and now we
have the small circuit which can be used for generation
of light signal.
5.3 Implementation in daily life
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The next high-speed data networking connections

could be powered by a simple light bulb. Whilst older
filament bulbs aren't quite up to the task, due to the
speed at which light has to flicker, the new LED-based
lights are. The technology works by creating a flicker
that is indiscernible to the human eye but can be picked
up by a photo detector, which can pick up the stream of
binary which is created by a blinking bulb. The ones
and zeros are then compressed in order to up the
throughput of the data even more. It transmits the data
in the format of digital signal.
Due to the fact that every household and business

use light bulbs, it's possible that Li-Fi, as it's dubbed,
will become the communications technology of the
future. Companies intending to supply the new
technology are already popping up and it's these that
have adopted the name Li-Fi, so as to make it sound
attractive to potential buyers, who will automatically
connect the term to the word Wi-Fi.
7. Applications of Li Fi:
This technique is also known as Visible Light

Communications (VLC) in the research community and
the concept has been around since about 2003. VLC
could do away with the need for radio masts and that it
is faster, cheaper and safer than other types of
communications technology.
Casios Picapi Camera iPhone app claims to be the
worlds first app to use visible light communication
technology. Casio are using flashing dots (red, green,
blue) from a display, or even flashing coloured lights
(e.g. on a Christmas tree) to convey small amounts of
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Wide spectrum over the visible

wavelength range.
High speed data transmission.
Extremely high color fidelity.
Instant start-time.
Dynamic Dark - Brightness
modulation of lamp output to
enhance video contrast.
Easy thermal management.
Trouble-free integration into existing
light engine platforms.
The system has unique advantages in
that it can be used in areas where
radio frequency is not desirable.
The system also benefits from an
existing lighting infrastructure and
therefore does not require huge
investments.
It also offers greater security by
keeping the internet signal inside the
room in which the light is being used.
Li-Fi was developed as an alternative
to carrying data on radio frequencies,
which are becoming increasingly
crowded with the growth in smart
phone and tablet PC use.
The light emissions are harmless to
humans and can be transmitted even
if the light source is dimmed or
reflected around the room.
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It Can be used in the places where it

is difficult to lay the optical fiber like
hospitals. In operation theatre Li Fi
can be used for modern medical
instruments.
In traffic signals Li Fi can be used
which will communicate with
the LED lights of the cars and
accident numbers can be decreased.
Thousand and millions of street
lamps can be transferred to Li Fi
lamps to transfer data.
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In aircraft Li Fi can be used for data

transmission.
It can be used in petroleum
or chemical plants
where
other
transmission or frequencies could be
hazardous.
It can be used in offices to access and
transfer the data from one to another
employ.
It can be used in e learning system to
secure that the student cannot use
other data at the time of study.
7.1 Some Points of Li Fi
The light used to transmit the data is

called D-light by Harald Hass,the
inventor of Li Fi.
In future data for laptops,
Smartphone's, and tablets can be
transmitted through the light in a
room by using Li Fi
Security would be a snapif you
cant see the light, you cant access
the data.
8. Li Fi Technology At a Glance
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Li Fi is the fast and cheap wireless-communication

system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The
increasing demand for higher bandwidths, faster and
more secure data transmission as well as environmental
and undoubtedly human friendly technology heralds the
start of a major shift in wireless technology, a shift
from RF to optical wireless technologies. The
possibilities are numerous and can be explored further.
If his technology can be put into practical use, every
bulb can be used something like a Li Fi hotspot to
transmit wireless data.
10. References
[1] Borregas Avenue Sunnyvale, Data reliability, Luxim,
USA, September 24, 2010.
[2] Ignacio Mas and David Porteous, A Light transmission
World, QCGAP, USA, January 11, 2012.
[3] Gordon Povey, Visible Light Communications,
wordpress, UK, June 29, 2012.
[4] Dr. Joseph Shwartz, Next generation optical wireless
communication solution, IPMS, Germany, September 1,
2012.
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9. Conclusion
The LED bulb will hold a micro-chip

that will do the job of processing the
data.
The light intensity can be
manipulated to send data by tiny
changes in amplitude.
This technology uses visible
spectrum of light, a part of the
electromagnetic spectrum that is still
not greatly utilized.
In fact the technology transfers
thousands of streams of data
simultaneously, in parallel, in higher
speeds with the help of special
modulation, using a unique signal
processing technology.
Digital information can easily be
converted by a small device in the
light fitting into minute variations in
light, even at very low levels of light
and transfer to other devices many
times faster than the data coming into
the building.
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Next Generation Communication

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)