Foundation Examples DR, Basma PDF

DESIGN OF MAT (RAFT) FOUNDATIONS
Design Steps and Equations

For an example on Design of Mat Foundations click here
3D View of Mat (Raft) Foundation
y
L1
L2
A
Pu1
C
Pu3
Pu2
ex
Column dimensions l i x bi
B1
Pu
ey
D
Pu4
Pu5
F
Pu6
B2
Pu7
G
Pu8
Pu9
I
L
Top View of Mat (Raft) Foundation
1 of 6
Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STEP 1 CHECK SOIL PRESSURE FOR SELECTED DIMENTION

Allowable load P = !Pi
Ultimate load
Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Ultimate ratio
ru =
Pu
, Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru
P
Locate the resultant load Pu

In x- direction:
!My-axis = 0,
ex &
In y- direction:
!Mx-axis = 0,
ey &
"Pu3 $ Pu9 # L2
% "Pu1 $ Pu7 # L1
Pu
"Pu1 $ Pu3 # B1
% "Pu7 $ Pu9 # B2
Pu
,P
My x
Mx y )
'
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = * u Iy
Ix '
*A
+
(
Where
A = Area = BL
Mx = Pu ey
and
My = Pu ex
Ix = ! B L
and
Iy = ! L B
For the mat shown in Top View, the following sign convention
is used to estimate qu,applied
x (+)
x (%)
A
C
y (+)
2 of 6
y (%)
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
The following values for x and y along with the sign conventions are
used to estimate qu,applied
Point
A
L1
L2
L1
L2
L1
L2
B1
B1
B1
B2
B2
B2
For the dimensions L and B to be adequate,

qu,max . qu
and
qu,min / 0
STEP 2 DRAW SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (L - DIRECTION)

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction as shown below where
B' = B/4.
y
L2
L1
B
A
B'
B1
B'
B
D
II
B'
B2
M
L
B'
III
3 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Calculations for Strip ABC:

a) The average uniform soil reaction, quI =
q uA $ quC
2
b) Total soil reaction Q = quI x (B1 x L) where B1 = B'

c) Total Column loads Pu, ABC = Pu1 + Pu2 + Pu3
d) Average load Pu, avg(ABC) =
Q $ Pu,
e) Load multiplying factor FABC =
ABC
2
Pu,
avg( ABC )
Pu,
ABC
f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (FABC) x (Pui)

, Pu, avg( ABC ) )
g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = quI x *
'
Q
*+
'(
h) The pressure distribution along the length of the strip
qu, L (ABC) =
0 P' ui
L
Note that the same can be done for strips DEF (B2 = 2B') and GHI (B3 =
B') where:
quII =
quIII =
q uD $ q uF
2
q uG $ q uI
2
Steps (b) to (h) are repeated as above
The shear and bending moment diagrams for strip ABC is shown below.
Other strips will have similar plots.
4 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
P'u1
P'u3
P'u2
L1
L2
B
C
qu, L (ABC)
+
V(kN)
Top Steel between

Column 2 and 3
Top Steel between

Column 1 and 2
%
M(kN.m)
+
Bottom Steel
under Column 2
Moment drawn on tension side
5 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Similar plots should be made for strips in B-direction as shown below

A
B
I
C
III
II
STEP 3 DEPTH OF CONCRETE, d'

Estimate d' for:
a) Column 1, 3, 7 and 9 by 2-way punching shear (p' = l + w).
b) Column 2, 4, 6 and 8 by 3-way punching shear (p' = 2l + w).
c) Column 5 by 4-way punching shear (p' = 2l + 2w).
(Use Equations For Punching Shear or approximate d' by Structural
Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure).
Select the largest d' from (a), (b) or (c)
STEP 4 REINFORCEMENT
The calculations below are repeated for every strip in L and B direction.
a) Select the appropriate moments for each strip (refer to moment
diagram) and estimate the moment per meter by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li
b) Using Mui/m, d', fc' and fy estimate the reinforcement As (refer to
Equations for Reinforcement or the percent reinforcement can be
obtained directly from Percent Steel Tables).
For an example on Design of Mat Footings click here
6 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 2
Mat Foundations (Design Equations)
Design Example
Design the mat foundation for the plan shown below. All column dimensions are 50
cm x 50 cm with the load schedule shown below. The allowable soil pressure is qall =
60 kPa. Use fc = 24 Mpa and fy = 275 MPa
4.25 m
4.25 m
8m
y
0.25 m
M
3.75 m
DL= 200 kN
LL= 200 kN
N
DL = 250 kN
LL = 250 kN
C
DL=250 kN
LL=200 kN
7m
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=650 kN
LL=550 kN
7m
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=650 kN
LL=550 kN
3.75 m
DL = 250 kN
LL = 250 kN
J
0.25 m
8m
DL=200 kN
LL= 200kN
21.5 m
7m
7m
0.1 m
Pu
7m
0.44m
DL=200 kN
LL=150 kN
8m
L
0.25 m
16.5 m
Plan of Mat Foundation with column loads and dimensions
1 of 9
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Ultimate load
Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Ultimate ratio
ru =
Pu
P
The table below shows the calculations for the loads:

Column
DL, kN
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
200
250
250
800
800
650
800
800
650
200
250
200
LL, kN
P, kN
200
250
200
700
700
550
700
700
550
200
250
150
Total Loads =
400
500
450
1500
1500
1200
1500
1500
1200
400
500
350
11000
ru =
Pu, kN
620
775
690
2310
2310
1845
2310
2310
1845
620
775
535
16945
1.54
Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru = 60 x 1.54 = 92.4 kPa

Location of the resultant load Pu
In x- direction:
ex '
!My-axis = 0,
"620 % 2310 % 2310 % 620# $ 8
&
"690 % 1845 % 1845 % 535# $ 8
16945
= 0.44 m
In y- direction:
ey '
!Mx-axis = 0,
"620 % 775 % 690#x10.5 % "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 - "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 & "620 % 775 % 535#x10.5
16945
= 0.1 m
2 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
-P
My x
Mx y *
(
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = + u .
.
Iy
Ix (
+A
,
)
A = Area = BL = (16.5) x (21.5) = 354.75 m2
Where
Mx = Pu ey = (16945)(0.1) = 1694.5 kN.m

My = Pu ex = (16945)(0.44) = 7455.8 kN.m
1
Ix =
Iy =
12
1
12
BL =
12
1
LB =
12
(16.5) (21.5) = 13665 m4

3
(21.5) (16.5) = 8050 m4
Therefore,
7455.8 x
1694.5 y *
- 16945
qu,applied = +
.
.
(
8050
13665 )(
,+ 354.75
"
= 47.76 . 0.93 x . 0.124 y
Point
Sign for x Sign for y
8.25
10.75
56.77
10.75
49.09
8.25
10.75
&
41.42
8.25
10.75
&
54.10
10.75
&
46.43
8.25
10.75
&
&
38.75
qu,applied, kPa
For the dimensions L = 21.5 m and B = 16.5 m,

qu,max = 56.77 kPa < qu = 92.4 kPa
and
qu,min = 38.75 kPa > 0
Therefore, the dimensions are adequate.
3 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction (see figure on page 1).
The following strips are considered: AMOJ, MNPO and NCLP
The following calculations are performed for every strip:
a) The average uniform soil reaction, qu =
q u,
Edge 1
% qu
edge 2
Refer to table on page 3 for pressure values

Strip AMOJ: Edge 1 is point A
and
Edge 2 is point J
Strip MNPO: Edge 1 is point B
and
Edge 2 is point K
Strip NCLP: Edge 1 is point C
and
Edge 2 is point L
b) Total soil reaction Qi = qu x (Bi x L)

Strip AMOJ: B1 = 4.25 m
Strip MNPO: B2 = 8.00 m
Strip NCLP: B3 = 4.25 m
For all strips L = 21.5 m
c) Total Column loads Pu, total = !Pui
d) Average load Pu, avg =
Q i % Pu,total
2
e) Load multiplying factor F =
Pu,
avg
Pu,
total
f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (F) x (Pui)

- Pu, avg *
g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = qu x +
(
+, Q i ()
qu, L =
/ P' ui
L
4 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
The following table presents the calculations for the selected strips:
Strip
Bi, m Point
A
J
B
K
C
L
AMOJ 4.25
MNPO 8.00
NCLP 4.25
qu,
kPa
56.77
54.10
49.09
46.43
41.42
38.75
qu,avg
kPa
Q,
kN
Total Pu,
kN
Pu, avg, qu, mod

kN
kPa
55.44
5065.37
5860.00 5462.69 59.47 0.932
47.76
8214.72
6170.00 7192.36 40.97 1.166
40.09
3662.77
4915.00 4288.88 45.94 0.873
Based on table above, the adjusted column loads and the pressure under
each is strip are:
Strip
Column
DL, kN
LL, kN
P, kN
Pu, kN
AMOJ
F=0.932
P'u, kN qu,L, kN/m
200
200
400
620
800
700
1500
2310
2152.92
800
700
1500
2310
2152.92
200
200
400
620
577.84
Total =
2000
1800
3800
5860
5461.52
MNPO
250
250
500
775
F=1.166
800
700
1500
2310
2693.46
800
700
1500
2310
2693.46
250
250
500
775
903.65
Total =
2100
1900
4000
6170
7194.22
NCLP
250
200
450
690
F=0.873
650
550
1200
1845
1610.685
650
550
1200
1845
1610.685
200
150
350
535
467.055
Total =
1750
1450
3200
4915
4290.795
Total Loads =
5850
5150
11000
16945
577.84 254.02
903.65 334.61
602.37 199.57
The shear and bending moment diagrams for the selected strip in Ldirection are shown below.
5 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Strip AMOJ (B' = 4.25 m)

577.8 kN
0.25 m
2152.9 kN
2152.9 kN
7m
7m
7m
577.8 kN
0.25 m
254.02 kN/m
1500
1265.4
888.1
1000
510.8
500
63.4
V(kN)
& -500
10
15
20 -63.4
-510.8
-1000
-888 .1
-1265.4
-1500
Max. moment between columns

Steel at the bottom
2660.5
2660.5
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
M(kN.m)
&
1106.3
7.9
7.9
-500
5
-503.0
-1000
10
15
20
- 503.0
Max. moment under columns

Steel at the top
Moment drawn on compression side

6 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Strip MNPO (B' = 8.0 m)

903.7 kN
0.25 m
2693.5 kN
2693.5 kN
7m
7m
7m
903.7 kN
0.25 m
334.6 kN/m
2000
1524.9
1500
1169.8
1000
814.7
500
83.6
V(kN)
& -500
10
15
20 -83.6
-814.7
-1000
-1169.8
-1500
-1524.9
-2000
Steel at the bottom
3000
2496.2
2496.2
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
+
&
449.1
10.5
M(kN.m)
10.5
-500
10
15
20
-1000
-982.4
-1500

Steelon
atcompression
the top
Moment drawn
side
-982.4

7 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Strip NCLP (B' = 4.25 m)

602.4 kN
0.25 m
1610.7 kN
1610.7 kN
7m
7m
7m
467.1 kN
0.25 m
199.6 kN/m
1000
845.0
632.6
500
420.4
+
V(kN)
50.1
0
&
-500
10
20 -49.7
15
-554.4
-766.6
-1000
-978.8
-1500
1500
1023.5

Steel at the bottom
1000
554.7
500
+
M(kN.m)
&
6.3
6.3
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
10
15
20
-446.6
-762.3
-1842.1

Steel at the top

8 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

The table below was prepared for the columns and d was estimated using
Structural Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure (fc' = 24 MPa).
Column
Punching
p', m
Pu, kN
d', m
A&J
1.00
620
0.29
B&K
1.50
775
0.27
1.00
690
0.31
D&G
1.50
2310
0.62
Maximum
E&H
2.00
2310
0.54
Use d' = 0.65 m
F&I
1.50
1845
0.53
1.00
535
0.25
L-direction Reinforcement: The table below is prepared by selecting the
appropriate moments for each strip and estimate the moment per meter
by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li . Using Mui/m, d' = 0.65, fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275
MPa*, p (percent steel) and thus As can be estimated by Percent Steel
Tables.
Strip
B', m
Location
AMJO
4.25
0-5 m / top
5-17 m / bottom
17-21.5 m / top
503
2660.5
503
MNPO
0-5 m / top
5-16.5 m / bottom
16.5-21.5 m / top
MNPO 4.25
Mu, kN.m Mu, kN.m/m
p, %
AS (cm2/m)
Reinforcement
118.4
626.0
118.4
0.11**
0.62..
0.11**
33.2
40.3
33.2
030@25 cm c-c
030@20 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
982.4
2496.2
982.4
122.8
312.0
122.8
0.11**
0.30**
0.11**
33.2
33.2
33.2
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
0-6 m / top
762.3
6-9 m / bottom
1023.5
9-13 m / top
446.6
1314.5 m / bottom 554.7
14.5-21.5 m / top 1842.1
179.4
240.8
105.1
130.5
433.4
0.18**
0.24**
0.10**
0.12**
0.43**
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
* For fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275 MPa, p(min) = 0.51%, and p(max) = 2.99%
** p < p(min) so use p(min) = 0.51%
+ AS = p x d' x 1 = (p/100) x (65) x (100)
B-direction Reinforcement: The same can be done for the B-direction

moments (step 2) by considering (refer to page 1) strips: ACNM (B' = 3.75
m), MNPO (B' = 7 m), OPRQ (B' = 7m) and QRLJ (B' = 3.75 m).
9 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m) BY PUNCHING SHEAR *
EDGE COLUMN
EXTERIOR COLUMN
INTERIOR COLUMN
2-Way Punch at d'/2

from sides of column
3-Way Punch at d'/2

4-Way Punch at d'/2

p' = l + w
p' = 2l + 2w
p' = 2l + w
f'c = 21 MPa
Dimension p'
Ultimate
Load, Pu
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
0.17
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.14
0.18
0.21
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.87
0.13
0.16
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.25
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
* Neglecting ultimate soils pressure qu. Values of d' in the table are thus 10% - 30% greater than actual values.
1 of 4
Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Depth of Concrete Footings by Punching Shear
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

f'c = 24 MPa
Dimension p'
Ultimate
Load, Pu
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
0.16
0.21
0.24
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.15
0.19
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.87
0.13
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.78
0.80
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.61
2 of 4

Dr. Adnan A. Basma

f'c = 28 MPa
Dimension p'
Ultimate
Load, Pu
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
0.15
0.19
0.23
0.26
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.43
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.85
0.86
0.14
0.17
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.78
0.80
0.81
0.83
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.74
0.76
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
3 of 4

Dr. Adnan A. Basma

f'c = 35 MPa
Dimension p'
Ultimate
Load, Pu
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
0.14
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.81
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.74
0.76
0.77
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.70
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.08
0.11
0.13
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
Equation (neglecting qu) : d' =
2
2 Pu
p'
p'
+ +
2
8.87 f 'c
2
(p' in m, Pu in kN, f'c in kPa)
4 of 4

Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Depth Factors for bearing capacity equations

Values of dq (inside table)
Df/B
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.08
1.00
1.01
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.16
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.07
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.24
1.00
1.03
1.05
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.13
1.15
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.32
1.00
1.03
1.05
1.07
1.10
1.11
1.13
1.15
1.16
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.31
1.00
1.03
1.06
1.08
1.11
1.13
1.15
1.17
1.18
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.35
1.00
1.03
1.06
1.09
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.21
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.38
1.00
1.03
1.07
1.10
1.12
1.15
1.17
1.19
1.21
1.23
1.24
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.40
1.00
1.04
1.07
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.43
1.00
1.04
1.07
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.19
1.21
1.23
1.25
1.27
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.44
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
dc
Prepared by Dr. Adnan Basma
STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m)

PUNCHING SHEAR
Punching shear failure occurs at a distance d'/2 from the sides of the column
INTERIOR COLUMN
EXTERIOR COLUMN
b
3-Way Punch at d'/2

4-Way Punch at d'/2

For equilibrium,
!F = 0 ,
where:
Pu " Vc " Fs = 0
Pu = Ultimate load on column
Vc = maximum shear force = Ac #c
For interior column Ac = 2( ! +d)d + 2(b + d)d'
For exterior column Ac = 2( ! +d/2)d + (b + d)d'
# c = 8.87 fc ' (SI units) with fc and #c are in kN/m2
Fs = Soil pressure under failed portion = ASoil qu

For interior column ASoil = ( ! +d)(b + d)
For exterior column ASoil = ( ! +d/2)(b + d)
Substitute in this equation and solve for d'. In many cases the effect of Fs is small
and thus it is neglected and d' is estimated from Pu = Vc . For this solution refer to
Structural Depth of Concrete for Punching Shear table for punching shear failure.
1 of 2
Foundation Engineering
Equations for Concrete Depth of Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
WIDE BEAM FAILURE (Uniform footing width B)

For wide beam shear, failure is assumed at a distance d' from the side of the column.
L
d'
Lw
Wide beam failure
at d' from column
For equilibrium
!F = 0 ,
where
Fs - Vc = 0
Fs = qua . Lw.1
Vc = #c . d . 1
# c = 4.56
Thus
d =
fc ' (SI units) with fc and #c are in kN/m2
L " ! " 2d'

qua $ # c d' , re-arranging term and solving
2
(L " ! )qua
2(# c % qua )
The value of d' is that by punching shear or wide beam whichever governs (larger
value).
2 of 2
Equations for Concrete Depth of Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
ESTIMATION OF REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

To resist tension in concrete we need reinforcements in such a way that
a#
&
Mu ) ( A S fy $ d' ' !
2"
%
where
(*)*0.9*for moment
As = total area of steel required (m2 /meter)
fy = yield strength of reinforcing bars (kN/m2)
fc = 28-days ultimate compressive strength of concrete (kN/m2)
d = footing thickness (m)
a=
A s fy
0.85 fc ' + 1
Percent steel p =
where
and
pmin )
As
d' +1
pmin , p , pmax
1400
fy
pmax . 0.5
indicates As / unit length (1m)
or 0.002 (0.2% )
fc '
600 + 103
+
fy ( fy - 600 + 103 )
fc and fy in kN/m2
Using the estimated value of AS, calculate number of bars / m = n =

where Ab = Area of bar with diameter db where db =
Spacing of bars, s =
/db
4
As
Ab
100 cm
n'1
This gives the spacing of the bars per m (100 cm) and is repeated for
every meter of the footing (L and B - direction)
Alternatively, the steel required can be obtained from Reinforcement Tables.
1 of 1

Equations for Reinforcement of Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Footing Depth by Punching Shear
Example 3a
Determine the depth of the footing d' by punching shear for the following conditions:
Loads:
DL = 1110 kN,
LL = 1022 kN
Materials:
fc'= 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa
Column:
45 cm ! 45 cm (at center of footing)
Soil:
Ultimate soil pressure qu = 365 kPa
SOLUTION:
Allowable load P = DL + LL = 1110 + 1022 = 2132 kN
Ultimate load Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4!1110 + 1.7!1022 = 3291.4 kN
Footing Depth, d' by Punching Shear (4-way punch)
l = 0.45m, b = 0.45 m and
3
vc = 8.87 21x 10 = 1287.4 kPa
Pu = Vc + Fs
Vc = vc!Ac
Ac = 2!(0.45+d')d + 2!(0.45+d')d = 4!(0.45+d')d = (1.8 + 4d')d
therefore, Vc = 1287.4!(1.8 + 4d')d
Fs = qu!As with
As = (0.45 + d')!(0.45 + d') = (0.45 + d')2
Fs = 365!(0.45 + d')2
Equating to Pu we get : 3291.4 = 1287.4!(1.8 + 4d')d + 365!(0.45 + d')2
Solving we find d' = 0.571m or 57.1 cm
Using Structural Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure with Pu =
3291.4 kN, p' = 2(0.45)+2(0.45) = 1.8 m and fc' = 21 MPa we get d' = 0.75 m.
This value however is determined after neglecting qu and is about 30% greater
than the actual value. Thus if one is to calculate the actual value it will be
0.75/1.3 = 0.576 or 57.6 cm which compares well with the calculated value
1 of 1
Punching Shear / Example
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Reinforcement
Example 3b
Determine the reinforcement for the following footing conditions:
Footing:
L = 4.1 m and B = 2.2m, d' = 0.65m
Loads:
DL = 1110 kN,
LL = 1022 kN
Materials:
Column:
Soil:
SOLUTION:
Ultimate moments in L and B directions
' 4.1 - 0.45 $

365.0 %
"
2
&
#
Mu (L) =
2
' 2.2 - 0.45 $

365.0 %
"
2
&
#
Mu (B) =
2
= 608.8 kN.m/m
= 139.9 kN.m/m
The moment in L-direction governs thus use Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m for steel
calculations in both directions
a=
(415x 103 ) A s
= 23.24 A s
[0.85x(21x 103 )x1]
Substituting in ultimate moment versus steel area equation we get

23.24 A s *
0.9 (415x103 ) A s + 0.650 ( = 608.8
2
,
)
Re-arranging the terms, the final result becomes
2
A s - 0.057 A s + 0.000143 = 0
1 of 2
Reinforcement / Example
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Solving we get As = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m. This value gives a percent steel
pmax = 0.5x
pmin =
p=
21x 103
600x 103
x
= 0.015
415x 103 (415x 103 + 600x 103 )
or 1.5%
1400
= 0.0033 or 0.002 whichever is larger
415x 103
0.0026
= 0.004
0.650x1
or
0.4%
Since the calculated percent area of steel is between pmin and pmax then use As =
26 cm2/m.
Using Reinforcement Tables with Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m, d' = 0.65m fc'= 21 MPa and
fy = 415 MPa the following are obtained
p(min) = 0.34 %
p(max) = 1.50%
and
p = 0.4%
These values compare well with calculated values. Note that As is calculated by:
AS = p x d' x 1 =
0. 4
! 0.65 ! 1 = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m.
100
The following are possible bas sizes and spacing that can be used (note that the
provided As must be equal to or greater than 26 cm2/m). These were obtained
from page 10 of Reinforcement Tables.
Alternative 1:
.22@16.7cm c-c
(provide As = 26.61 cm2/m)
Alternative 2:
.24@20.0cm c-c
Alternative 3:
.26@25.0cm c-c
The most ideal choice is alternative 3 (Alternative 2 will also work).
2 of 2
Advanced Foundation Engineering

Reinforcement / Example
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Reinforcement
Example #5 (Reinforcement)
Determine the reinforcement for the following footing conditions:
Footing:
L = 4.1 m and B = 2.2m, d' = 0.65m
Loads:
DL = 1110 kN,
LL = 1022 kN
Materials:
Column:
Soil:
SOLUTION:
Ultimate moments in L and B directions
' 4.1 - 0.45 $

365.0 %
"
2
&
#
Mu (L) =
2
' 2.2 - 0.45 $

365.0 %
"
2
&
#
Mu (B) =
2
= 608.8 kN.m/m
= 139.9 kN.m/m
The moment in L-direction governs thus use Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m for steel
calculations in both directions
a=
(415x 103 ) A s
= 23.24 A s
[0.85x(21x 103 )x1]
Substituting in ultimate moment versus steel area equation we get

23.24 A s *
0.9 (415x103 ) A s + 0.650 ( = 608.8
2
,
)
Re-arranging the terms, the final result becomes
2
A s - 0.057 A s + 0.000143 = 0
1 of 2

Example 5 - Reinforcement
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Solving we get As = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m. This value gives a percent steel
pmax = 0.5x
pmin =
p=
21x 103
600x 103
x
= 0.015
415x 103 (415x 103 + 600x 103 )
or 1.5%
1400
= 0.0033 or 0.002 whichever is larger
415x 103
0.0026
= 0.004
0.650x1
or
0.4%
Since the calculated percent area of steel is between pmin and pmax then use As =
26 cm2/m.
Using Reinforcement Tables with Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m, d' = 0.65m fc'= 21 MPa and
fy = 415 MPa the following are obtained
p(min) = 0.34 %
p(max) = 1.50%
and
p = 0.4%
These values compare well with calculated values. Note that As is calculated by:
AS = p x d' x 1 =
0. 4
! 0.65 ! 1 = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m.
100
The following are possible bas sizes and spacing that can be used (note that the
provided As must be equal to or greater than 26 cm2/m). These were obtained
from page 10 of Reinforcement Tables.
Alternative 1:
.22@16.7cm c-c
Alternative 2:
.24@20.0cm c-c
Alternative 3:
.26@25.0cm c-c
The most ideal choice is alternative 3 (Alternative 2 will also work).
2 of 2

Example 5 - Reinforcement
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
DESIGN OF MAT (RAFT) FOUNDATIONS

Design Steps and Equations
For an example on Design of Mat Foundations click here
3D View of Mat (Raft) Foundation
y
L1
L2
A
Pu1
C
Pu3
Pu2
ex
Column dimensions l i x bi
B1
Pu
ey
D
Pu4
Pu5
F
Pu6
B2
Pu7
G
Pu8
Pu9
I
L
Top View of Mat (Raft) Foundation
1 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Ultimate load
Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Ultimate ratio
ru =
Pu
, Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru
P
Locate the resultant load Pu

In x- direction:
!My-axis = 0,
ex &
In y- direction:
!Mx-axis = 0,
ey &
"Pu3 $ Pu9 # L2
% "Pu1 $ Pu7 # L1
Pu
"Pu1 $ Pu3 # B1
% "Pu7 $ Pu9 # B2
Pu
,P
My x
Mx y )
'
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = * u Iy
Ix '
*A
+
(
Where
A = Area = BL
Mx = Pu ey
and
My = Pu ex
Ix = ! B L
and
Iy = ! L B
For the mat shown in Top View, the following sign convention
is used to estimate qu,applied
x (+)
x (%)
A
C
y (+)
2 of 6
y (%)
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
The following values for x and y along with the sign conventions are
used to estimate qu,applied
Point
A
L1
L2
L1
L2
L1
L2
B1
B1
B1
B2
B2
B2
For the dimensions L and B to be adequate,

qu,max . qu
and
qu,min / 0

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction as shown below where
B' = B/4.
y
L2
L1
B
A
B'
B1
B'
B
D
II
B'
B2
M
L
B'
III
3 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Calculations for Strip ABC:

a) The average uniform soil reaction, quI =
q uA $ quC
2
b) Total soil reaction Q = quI x (B1 x L) where B1 = B'

c) Total Column loads Pu, ABC = Pu1 + Pu2 + Pu3
d) Average load Pu, avg(ABC) =
Q $ Pu,
e) Load multiplying factor FABC =
ABC
2
Pu,
avg( ABC )
Pu,
ABC
f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (FABC) x (Pui)

, Pu, avg( ABC ) )
g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = quI x *
'
Q
*+
'(
qu, L (ABC) =
0 P' ui
L
Note that the same can be done for strips DEF (B2 = 2B') and GHI (B3 =
B') where:
quII =
quIII =
q uD $ q uF
2
q uG $ q uI
2
Steps (b) to (h) are repeated as above
The shear and bending moment diagrams for strip ABC is shown below.
Other strips will have similar plots.
4 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
P'u1
P'u3
P'u2
L1
L2
B
C
qu, L (ABC)
+
V(kN)
Top Steel between

Column 2 and 3
Top Steel between

Column 1 and 2
%
M(kN.m)
+
Bottom Steel
under Column 2
Moment drawn on tension side
5 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Similar plots should be made for strips in B-direction as shown below

A
B
I
C
III
II

Estimate d' for:
a) Column 1, 3, 7 and 9 by 2-way punching shear (p' = l + w).
b) Column 2, 4, 6 and 8 by 3-way punching shear (p' = 2l + w).
c) Column 5 by 4-way punching shear (p' = 2l + 2w).
(Use Equations For Punching Shear or approximate d' by Structural
Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure).
Select the largest d' from (a), (b) or (c)
The calculations below are repeated for every strip in L and B direction.
a) Select the appropriate moments for each strip (refer to moment
diagram) and estimate the moment per meter by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li
b) Using Mui/m, d', fc' and fy estimate the reinforcement As (refer to
Equations for Reinforcement or the percent reinforcement can be
obtained directly from Percent Steel Tables).
For an example on Design of Mat Footings click here
6 of 6
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 2
Mat Foundations (Design Equations)
Design Example
Design the mat foundation for the plan shown below. All column dimensions are 50
cm x 50 cm with the load schedule shown below. The allowable soil pressure is qall =
60 kPa. Use fc = 24 Mpa and fy = 275 MPa
4.25 m
4.25 m
8m
y
0.25 m
M
3.75 m
DL= 200 kN
LL= 200 kN
N
DL = 250 kN
LL = 250 kN
C
DL=250 kN
LL=200 kN
7m
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=650 kN
LL=550 kN
7m
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=800 kN
LL= 700 kN
DL=650 kN
LL=550 kN
3.75 m
DL = 250 kN
LL = 250 kN
J
0.25 m
8m
DL=200 kN
LL= 200kN
21.5 m
7m
7m
0.1 m
Pu
7m
0.44m
DL=200 kN
LL=150 kN
8m
L
0.25 m
16.5 m
Plan of Mat Foundation with column loads and dimensions
1 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Ultimate load
Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Ultimate ratio
ru =
Pu
P
The table below shows the calculations for the loads:

Column
DL, kN
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
200
250
250
800
800
650
800
800
650
200
250
200
LL, kN
P, kN
200
250
200
700
700
550
700
700
550
200
250
150
Total Loads =
400
500
450
1500
1500
1200
1500
1500
1200
400
500
350
11000
ru =
Pu, kN
620
775
690
2310
2310
1845
2310
2310
1845
620
775
535
16945
1.54
Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru = 60 x 1.54 = 92.4 kPa

Location of the resultant load Pu
In x- direction:
ex '
!My-axis = 0,
"620 % 2310 % 2310 % 620# $ 8
&
"690 % 1845 % 1845 % 535# $ 8
16945
= 0.44 m
In y- direction:
ey '
!Mx-axis = 0,
"620 % 775 % 690#x10.5 % "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 - "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 & "620 % 775 % 535#x10.5
16945
= 0.1 m
2 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
-P
My x
Mx y *
(
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = + u .
.
Iy
Ix (
+A
,
)
A = Area = BL = (16.5) x (21.5) = 354.75 m2
Where
Mx = Pu ey = (16945)(0.1) = 1694.5 kN.m

My = Pu ex = (16945)(0.44) = 7455.8 kN.m
1
Ix =
Iy =
12
1
12
BL =
12
1
LB =
12
(16.5) (21.5) = 13665 m4

3
(21.5) (16.5) = 8050 m4
Therefore,
7455.8 x
1694.5 y *
- 16945
qu,applied = +
.
.
(
8050
13665 )(
,+ 354.75
"
= 47.76 . 0.93 x . 0.124 y
Point
Sign for x Sign for y
8.25
10.75
56.77
10.75
49.09
8.25
10.75
&
41.42
8.25
10.75
&
54.10
10.75
&
46.43
8.25
10.75
&
&
38.75
qu,applied, kPa
For the dimensions L = 21.5 m and B = 16.5 m,

qu,max = 56.77 kPa < qu = 92.4 kPa
and
qu,min = 38.75 kPa > 0
Therefore, the dimensions are adequate.
3 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction (see figure on page 1).
The following strips are considered: AMOJ, MNPO and NCLP
The following calculations are performed for every strip:
a) The average uniform soil reaction, qu =
q u,
Edge 1
% qu
edge 2
Refer to table on page 3 for pressure values

Strip AMOJ: Edge 1 is point A
and
Edge 2 is point J
Strip MNPO: Edge 1 is point B
and
Edge 2 is point K
Strip NCLP: Edge 1 is point C
and
Edge 2 is point L
b) Total soil reaction Qi = qu x (Bi x L)

Strip AMOJ: B1 = 4.25 m
Strip MNPO: B2 = 8.00 m
Strip NCLP: B3 = 4.25 m
For all strips L = 21.5 m
c) Total Column loads Pu, total = !Pui
d) Average load Pu, avg =
Q i % Pu,total
2
e) Load multiplying factor F =
Pu,
avg
Pu,
total
f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (F) x (Pui)

- Pu, avg *
g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = qu x +
(
+, Q i ()
qu, L =
/ P' ui
L
4 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
The following table presents the calculations for the selected strips:
Strip
Bi, m Point
A
J
B
K
C
L
AMOJ 4.25
MNPO 8.00
NCLP 4.25
qu,
kPa
56.77
54.10
49.09
46.43
41.42
38.75
qu,avg
kPa
Q,
kN
Total Pu,
kN
Pu, avg, qu, mod

kN
kPa
55.44
5065.37
5860.00 5462.69 59.47 0.932
47.76
8214.72
6170.00 7192.36 40.97 1.166
40.09
3662.77
4915.00 4288.88 45.94 0.873
Based on table above, the adjusted column loads and the pressure under
each is strip are:
Strip
Column
DL, kN
LL, kN
P, kN
Pu, kN
AMOJ
F=0.932
P'u, kN qu,L, kN/m
200
200
400
620
800
700
1500
2310
2152.92
800
700
1500
2310
2152.92
200
200
400
620
577.84
Total =
2000
1800
3800
5860
5461.52
MNPO
250
250
500
775
F=1.166
800
700
1500
2310
2693.46
800
700
1500
2310
2693.46
250
250
500
775
903.65
Total =
2100
1900
4000
6170
7194.22
NCLP
250
200
450
690
F=0.873
650
550
1200
1845
1610.685
650
550
1200
1845
1610.685
200
150
350
535
467.055
Total =
1750
1450
3200
4915
4290.795
Total Loads =
5850
5150
11000
16945
577.84 254.02
903.65 334.61
602.37 199.57
The shear and bending moment diagrams for the selected strip in Ldirection are shown below.
5 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Strip AMOJ (B' = 4.25 m)

577.8 kN
0.25 m
2152.9 kN
2152.9 kN
7m
7m
7m
577.8 kN
0.25 m
254.02 kN/m
1500
1265.4
888.1
1000
510.8
500
63.4
V(kN)
& -500
10
15
20 -63.4
-510.8
-1000
-888 .1
-1265.4
-1500

Steel at the bottom
2660.5
2660.5
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
M(kN.m)
&
1106.3
7.9
7.9
-500
5
-503.0
-1000
10
15
20
- 503.0

Steel at the top

6 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Strip MNPO (B' = 8.0 m)

903.7 kN
0.25 m
2693.5 kN
2693.5 kN
7m
7m
7m
903.7 kN
0.25 m
334.6 kN/m
2000
1524.9
1500
1169.8
1000
814.7
500
83.6
V(kN)
& -500
10
15
20 -83.6
-814.7
-1000
-1169.8
-1500
-1524.9
-2000
Steel at the bottom
3000
2496.2
2496.2
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
+
&
449.1
10.5
M(kN.m)
10.5
-500
10
15
20
-1000
-982.4
-1500

Steelon
atcompression
the top
Moment drawn
side
-982.4

7 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Strip NCLP (B' = 4.25 m)

602.4 kN
0.25 m
1610.7 kN
1610.7 kN
7m
7m
7m
467.1 kN
0.25 m
199.6 kN/m
1000
845.0
632.6
500
420.4
+
V(kN)
50.1
0
&
-500
10
20 -49.7
15
-554.4
-766.6
-1000
-978.8
-1500
1500
1023.5

Steel at the bottom
1000
554.7
500
+
M(kN.m)
&
6.3
6.3
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
10
15
20
-446.6
-762.3
-1842.1

Steel at the top

8 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

The table below was prepared for the columns and d was estimated using
Structural Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure (fc' = 24 MPa).
Column
Punching
p', m
Pu, kN
d', m
A&J
1.00
620
0.29
B&K
1.50
775
0.27
1.00
690
0.31
D&G
1.50
2310
0.62
Maximum
E&H
2.00
2310
0.54
Use d' = 0.65 m
F&I
1.50
1845
0.53
1.00
535
0.25
L-direction Reinforcement: The table below is prepared by selecting the
appropriate moments for each strip and estimate the moment per meter
by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li . Using Mui/m, d' = 0.65, fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275
MPa*, p (percent steel) and thus As can be estimated by Percent Steel
Tables.
Strip
B', m
Location
AMJO
4.25
0-5 m / top
5-17 m / bottom
17-21.5 m / top
503
2660.5
503
MNPO
0-5 m / top
5-16.5 m / bottom
16.5-21.5 m / top
MNPO 4.25
Mu, kN.m Mu, kN.m/m
p, %
AS (cm2/m)
Reinforcement
118.4
626.0
118.4
0.11**
0.62..
0.11**
33.2
40.3
33.2
030@25 cm c-c
030@20 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
982.4
2496.2
982.4
122.8
312.0
122.8
0.11**
0.30**
0.11**
33.2
33.2
33.2
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
0-6 m / top
762.3
6-9 m / bottom
1023.5
9-13 m / top
446.6
1314.5 m / bottom 554.7
14.5-21.5 m / top 1842.1
179.4
240.8
105.1
130.5
433.4
0.18**
0.24**
0.10**
0.12**
0.43**
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
030@25 cm c-c
* For fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275 MPa, p(min) = 0.51%, and p(max) = 2.99%
** p < p(min) so use p(min) = 0.51%
+ AS = p x d' x 1 = (p/100) x (65) x (100)
B-direction Reinforcement: The same can be done for the B-direction

moments (step 2) by considering (refer to page 1) strips: ACNM (B' = 3.75
m), MNPO (B' = 7 m), OPRQ (B' = 7m) and QRLJ (B' = 3.75 m).
9 of 9
Dr. Adnan A. Basma

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DESIGN OF MAT (RAFT) FOUNDATIONS

Design Steps and Equations

STEP 1 CHECK SOIL PRESSURE FOR SELECTED DIMENTION

Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]

Locate the resultant load Pu

For the dimensions L and B to be adequate,

STEP 2 DRAW SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (L - DIRECTION)

Calculations for Strip ABC:

b) Total soil reaction Q = quI x (B1 x L) where B1 = B'

e) Load multiplying factor FABC =

f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (FABC) x (Pui)

Steps (b) to (h) are repeated as above

Top Steel between

Top Steel between

Moment drawn on tension side

Similar plots should be made for strips in B-direction as shown below

STEP 3 DEPTH OF CONCRETE, d'

For an example on Design of Mat Footings click here

Plan of Mat Foundation with column loads and dimensions

STEP 1 CHECK SOIL PRESSURE FOR SELECTED DIMENTION

Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]

The table below shows the calculations for the loads:

Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru = 60 x 1.54 = 92.4 kPa

"620 % 2310 % 2310 % 620# $ 8

"690 % 1845 % 1845 % 535# $ 8

Mx = Pu ey = (16945)(0.1) = 1694.5 kN.m

(16.5) (21.5) = 13665 m4

(21.5) (16.5) = 8050 m4

= 47.76 . 0.93 x . 0.124 y

Sign for x Sign for y

For the dimensions L = 21.5 m and B = 16.5 m,

STEP 2 DRAW SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (L - DIRECTION)

Refer to table on page 3 for pressure values

Strip MNPO: Edge 1 is point B

Strip NCLP: Edge 1 is point C

b) Total soil reaction Qi = qu x (Bi x L)

e) Load multiplying factor F =

f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (F) x (Pui)

Pu, avg, qu, mod

5860.00 5462.69 59.47 0.932

6170.00 7192.36 40.97 1.166

4915.00 4288.88 45.94 0.873

P'u, kN qu,L, kN/m

Strip AMOJ (B' = 4.25 m)

Max. moment between columns

Max. moment under columns

Moment drawn on compression side

Strip MNPO (B' = 8.0 m)

Max. moment under columns

Moment drawn on compression side

Strip NCLP (B' = 4.25 m)

Max. moment between columns

Max. moment under columns

Moment drawn on compression side

STEP 3 DEPTH OF CONCRETE, d'

Use d' = 0.65 m

Mu, kN.m Mu, kN.m/m

B-direction Reinforcement: The same can be done for the B-direction

STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m) BY PUNCHING SHEAR *

2-Way Punch at d'/2

3-Way Punch at d'/2

4-Way Punch at d'/2