Beruflich Dokumente
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state is
the concept of
constitute points of failure of the law in so far as they fall in an indeterminate zone in relation to legal categories: on the one hand, in so far as they are
tolerated they are not straightforwardly illegal, but, on the other hand, neither are they legal; and as such, constitute a fundamental illegality at the heart
of the legal system. ieks point is that, rather than undermining the law, the obscene underside of the law sustains it the law is tol-erated because of
the little secret pleasures that people derive from its obscene underside. In Lacanian terms, we may say that the obscene underside of the law is the set of
necessary but repressed points of failure of the legal system in short, it is the symptom of the legal system. In particular, in the context of a legal state
apparatus that is held in place by a panoptic system of surveillance, the obscene underside of the law is a liminal zone of high anxiety that, like the
Emperors body under his new clothes, is obscenely visible to each of his subjects in the privacy of their own visual field, yet must be shrouded in a cloak
it is matter of not merely saying but also acting out publicly what
everyone knows in private but dares not say: not merely announcing in
public that the Emperor is naked, but arresting him for indecent exposure.
By Lacanianizing Foucault, as I have done here, we are able to understand the logic behind such heterodox strategies for opposing modern regimes of
surveillance.
Plan plank one is funding: all funds will be appropriated through normal
means
Plan plank two is enforcement: the counterplan will be enforced by the
executive branch
Plan plank three is specification:
o First, the CP legislation only allows for the preparation of muslim
genocide but bans it from ever actually being legislated or carried
out.
o Preparation will include the gathering and public display of 2.6
million coffins, the creation of fake gas chambers, public assembly
of the military, and the declaration of a state of emergency.
o The law will contain an amendment acknowledging its falsity yet
will maintain the secrecy of this amendment until protest forces the
law to be changed or until preparations are complete at which point
the law will be mandatorily extinguished.
engagement in protest (Major, 1994; Martin, 1986). Foster and Matheson (1999),
however, showed that the relation is more complex. They demonstrate that when
the groups experience becomes relevant for ones own experience i.e.
when the personal becomes political motivation to protest increases.
People who experience both personal deprivation and group deprivation
are the most strongly motivated to take to the streets. On the basis of a
meta-analysis, Van Zomeren et al. (2008) conclude that the cognitive component of
relative deprivation (as reflected in the observation that one receives less than the
standard of comparison) has less influence on action participation than the affective
component (as expressed by such feelings as dissatisfaction, indignation and
discontent about these outcomes). Next to relative deprivation, social psychologists
have applied social justice theory to theorize on grievances and protest (Tyler and
Smith, 1998). Social justice literature distinguishes between two classes of justice
judgements: distributive and procedural justice. Distributive justice is similar to
relative deprivation; it refers to the fairness of outcomes. Procedural justice refers to
the fairness of decisionmaking procedures and the relational aspects of the social
process (being treated with respect, dignity, etc.; Tyler and Smith, 1998). People
care more about how they are treated than about outcomes do authorities
treat them with respect, can authorities be trusted to do well by their
people? On the basis of these findings, Tyler and Smith proposed that procedural
justice might be a more powerful predictor of social movement
participation than distributive justice, although they never tested this idea directly
(but see Blader [2007] for a test in the context of labour union participation).
Grievances and protest. At the heart of every protest are grievances, be it
the experience of illegitimate inequality, feelings of relative deprivation,
feelings of injustice, moral indignation about some state of affairs, or a
suddenly imposed grievance (Klandermans, 1997). Illegitimate inequality is what
relative deprivation and social justice theories are about. Suddenly imposed
grievances refer to an unexpected threat or inroad upon peoples rights or
circumstances (Walsh, 1981). Grievances resulting from violated principles
refer to moral outrage because it is felt that important values or principles
are violated. In more general terms, intergroup conflicts can be framed as conflicts
of principles or conflicts of material interests (Van Stekelenburg and Klandermans,
2009). This distinction is important in the context of protest, because in a conflict of
interests people are more inclined to take an instrumental route to protest to
enforce change, whereas a conflict of principles more likely leads to protests
in which people express their views and indignation (Van Stekelenburg et al.,
2009).
Social movements are not distinct and self-contained; rather, they grow from and give birth to
other movements, work in coalition with other movements, and influence each other
indirectly through their effects on the larger cultural and political environment. Building on both political process and collective
identity perspectives, this paper uses a case study of the women's movement's impact on U.S. peace movement activity in the
1980s to develop a theory of movement-movement influence. We argue that this influence is shown by: 1) the adoption of feminist
ideological frames by the peace movement; 2) the spread of the women's movement's tactical innovations into peace protest; 3)
increased presence of women in leadership positions in both the institutionally-oriented and direct action wings of the movement;
and 4) the adoption of organizational structures that built on feminist processes designed to avoid hierarchy. Drawing data from both
movements a local and national levels, we suggest four mechanisms of transmission between the movements: 1) organizational
coalitions; 2) overlapping social movement communities; 3) shared personnel; and 4) broader changes in the external environment.
Social movement spillover effects have implications for our understanding of both the continuity and impact of social protest
movementsSocial movements are not self-contained and narrowly focused unitary actors, but rather are a collection of formal
organizations, informal networks, and unaffiliated individuals engaged in a more or less coherent struggle for change (Buechler
abeyance on one set of issues, its personnel and organizations may switch the grounds of the challenge to another set of issues.
Rosenthal et al Social movements struggle on a broad cultural plane, of which state policy is only one parameter
(Fantasia 1988; Gusfield 1980; Taylor and Whittier 1994). Wuthnow (1989) suggests that contemporary
social
movements are a primary agent of cultural change and , in fact, collective actors often
explicitly seek to alter the dominant culture. Campaigns may focus on changing discourse about a particular
topic, challenging the symbolic meaning of objects, or overturning behavioral norms. The women's movement sought to change
expectations about women's career and family positions, criticized language that relegated women to a subordinate position, and
argued against standards of feminine appearance requiring women to wear make-up and restrictive clothing (Taylor and Whittier
1993). Social movement strategies draw on the dominant culture as well as incorporate new symbols, reconstruct
discourse, and display alternative norms (Swidler 1986). Movements produce culture, and cultural
changes are an important product of collective action... The cultural changes promoted by a social movement affect not only the
external environment but also other social movements. As sexism and racism became less acceptable in U.S. society, for example,
they became less accepted in social movement organizations as well. Further, as Freeman (1983) argues, the social movements of
the 1960s encouraged activists to take up a broad variety of issues in extra-institutional challenges by demonstrating
protest explicitly try to change the "frames" through which activists view the world (Snow et al. 1986). Participants construct and
activists come to
see themselves as members of a group that is differentiated from
outsiders, interpret their experiences in political terms, and politicize their
actions in social movement contexts and in everyday life (Melucci 1989; Taylor and
Whittier 1992). Collective identities constructed during periods of peak mobilization
endure even as protest dies down. One-time movement participants
continue to see themselves as progressive activists even as organized
collective action decreases, and they make personal and political decisions
in light of this identity (Fendrich and Lovoy 1988; McAdam 1988, 1989; Whalen and Flacks 1987; Whittier 1994b).
By changing the way individuals live, movements affect longer term changes in the society
internalize oppositional collective identities in the process of collective action (Morris 1992). That is,
Finally, recognizing social movement spillover adds to our understanding of the continuity of challenges over time. As social
1988; Rupp and Taylor 1987; Taylor 1989; Whalen and Flacks 1987). Later movements may express predecessors' concerns and
absorb their activists; movements seemingly in decline may be reflected and transformed in ongoing social and political struggles.
For scholars spillover effects are cause for greater analytical inclusivity of interactions among movements and for research
determining: what factors make one set of issues most promising for political action at a given time; and what variables shape the
degree of inter-movement influence. For activists, spillover effects are cause for greater optimism about movement
survival and the scope of social movement influence.
AT Perm do both
Perm severs the entire af the CP necessitates the
continuation of all status quo anti-islamic institutions in order
to give the CP credibility and solvency thats key to
overconformity